1 Outdoor Stakeholder Meeting #2 California Statewide Utility Codes and Standards Program Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. Clanton & Associates, Inc. September 29, 2010
2 Exterior Focus Areas Compare Zones (LZ) across T-24 and ASHRAE 90.1 Compare LPA values and calibrate with ASHRAE 90.1-2007 where differences occur Consider exterior lighting controls (occupancy based) for exterior application Consider electronic ballasts for ext. fixtures Consider controls measures for parking garages
3 Item #1: Compare Zones zones do not exactly match, but do mostly Difference appears to occur in LZ1 (lowest lighting zone), where ASHRAE/IES takes a different philosophical approach (higher light levels recommended) THIS IS DUE TO THE INCLUSION OF LZ-0 IN THE IES/ASHRAE TABLE ASHRAE permits LZ designations to be set in fine resolution (zoning mapping), T-24 encourages large-scale mapping
4 Item #1: Compare Zones Zone Category Title 24 Zone Description LZ1 Dark LZ2 Low LZ3 Medium LZ4 High IESNA/ASHRAE Zone Description LZ0 None LZ1 Low LZ2 Moderate LZ3 Mod-High LZ4 High
5 Item #1: Compare Zones Proposed Code Changes (NONE) Because the primary difference is in LZ1 (and LZ0), the differences do not impact a large portion of the developable state land LZ0 and LZ1 in the IESNA/ASHRAE document essentially equate to LZ1 in California T-24 CEC should leave their LZ mapping the same to maintain consistency for this revision
6 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Direct comparisons are difficult because of different methods for calculation and accounting Layered vs. non-layered Tradable vs. non-tradable MOST values appear to be similar SOME T-24 values are more restrictive (these do not change) SOME ASHRAE values are more restrictive, however, some appear too low to permit IES design recommendation light levels to occur All differences are calculated and new LPA values recommended (following Tables)
7 Title 24-2008 ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Who's Lower? Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 LZ1 LZ2 LZ3 LZ4 Area Wattage Allowance (AWA) 0.036 0.045 0.092 0.115 Uncovered Parking 0.04 W/sf 0.06 W/sf 0.10 W/sf 0.13 W/sf 90.1 Nearly Equal: 90.1 90.1 90.1 Linear Wattage Allowance (LWA) 0.36 W/lf 0.45 W/lf 0.92 W/lf 1.15 W/lf Initial Wattage Allowance (IWA) 340 W 510 W 770 W 1030 W Base Site 500 W 600 W 750 W 1,300 W T24 Nearly Equal: Nearly T24 T24 Equal: 90.1 Building Entrances or Exits 30 watts 75 watts 100 watts 120 watts Main Entries 20 W/lf 20 W/lf 30 W/lf 30 W/lf T24 90.1 Nearly 90.1 Equal: 90.1 Other Doors 20 W/lf 20 W/lf 20 W/lf 20 W/lf T24 90.1 90.1 90.1 Primary Entrances to Senior Care 45 watts 80 watts 120 watts 130 watts Loading areas for law 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf T24 T24 Equal Nearly Facilities, Police Stations, Hospitals, Fire Stations, and Emergency Vehicle Facilities enforcement Equal: 90.1 Drive Up Windows 40 watts 75 watts 125 watts 200 watts Drive-up windows/doors 400 W per 400 W per 400 W per 400 W per T24 T24 T24 Equal drive-thru drive-thru drive-thru drive-thru Vehicle Service Station Uncovered Fuel Dispenser 120 watts 175 watts 185 watts 330 watts No equivalent n/a n/a n/a n/a No Equivalent Allowance Outdoor Sales Frontage Hardscape Ornamental Building Facades No Allowance Outdoor Sales Lots 0.164 Vehicle Service Station 0.014 Hardscape Vehicle Service Station Canopies 0.514 Sales Canopies 22.5 36 45 Sales street frontage W/linear ft W/linear ft W/linear ft No Allowance 0.02 0.04 No 0.18 0.35 Allowance No Allowance 0.555 0.155 1.005 0.655 0.758 0.308 1.358 0.908 No allowance 10 W/lf 10 W/lf 30 W/lf See Detailed Outdoor Sales Analysis 0.06 Landscape 0.04 W/sf 0.05 W/sf 0.05 W/sf 0.05 W/sf T24 T24 T24 90.1 0.50 Facades No allowance 1.285 0.485 2.285 1.135 0.1 W/sf or 0.15 W/sf 2.5 W/lf or 3.75 W/lf 0.2 W/sf or 5 W/lf Equal 90.1 90.1 90.1 Equal T24 Nearly Equal Equal: T24 Equal 90.1 90.1 90.1 Outdoor sales open areas 0.25 W/sf 0.25 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.7 W/sf See Detailed Outdoor Sales Analysis See Detailed Analysis n/a n/a n/a n/a See Detailed Service Station Analysis See Detailed Analysis n/a n/a n/a n/a See Detailed Service Station Analysis Sales Canopies 0.6 W/sf 0.6 W/sf 0.8 W/sf 1.0 W/sf T24 Nearly Equal: 90.1 Nearly Equal: 90.1 Non-sales Canopies 0.084 0.205 0.408 0.585 Entry Canopies 0.25 W/sf 0.25 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.7 W/sf T24 T24 T24 T24 Guard Stations 0.154 0.355 0.708 0.985 Entrances and gate-house 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf 0.5 W/sf T24 T24 90.1 90.1 inspection stations at guarded facilities Student Pick-up/Drop-off zone No 0.12 0.45 No No equivalent n/a n/a n/a n/a No Equivalent Allowance Allowance Allowance Outdoor Dining 0.014 0.135 0.258 0.435 Feature Areas 0.14 W/sf 0.14 W/sf 0.16 W/sf 0.2 W/sf T24 Nearly Equal: 90.1 90.1 T24 Special Security for 0.007 0.009 0.019 No Parking near 24 hour retail 800 W per 800 W per 800 W per 800 W per T24 T24 T24 T24 Retail Parking and Pedestrian Allowance entrances main entry main entry main entry main entry Hardscape Nearly Equal: 90.1
8 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Table 147-A Remains the same Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 General Hardscape Allowance Area Wattage Allowance (AWA) Linear Wattage Allowance (LWA) Initial Wattage Allowance (IWA) 0.036 0.045 0.092 0.115 0.36 W/lf 0.45 W/lf 0.92 W/lf 1.15 W/lf 340 W 510 W 770 W 1030 W
9 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Table 147-B Recommended Changes Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Wattage Allowance per Application Building Entrances or Exits. 30 watts 75 watts 60 watts 100 watts 90 watts 120 watts 90 watts Primary Entrances to Senior 45 watts 80 watts 120 watts 130 watts Care Facilities, Police Stations, Hospitals, Fire Stations, and Emergency Vehicle Facilities. Drive Up Windows. 40 watts 75 watts 125 watts 200 watts Vehicle Service Station Uncovered Fuel Dispenser. 120 watts 175 watts 185 watts 330 watts - Building Entrances/Exits: Values tightened to match ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Main Entry Door values in LZ2 through LZ4 (assuming 3 door width)
10 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Table 147-B Recommended Changes (Cont.) Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Wattage Allowance per Unit Length (W/lf). Wattage Allowance per Hardscape Area Outdoor Sales Frontage. Hardscape Ornamental. No Allowance No Allowance 22.5 W/linear ft 36 W/linear ft 45 W/linear ft 0.02 0.04 0.06 - Outdoor Sales Frontage values were re-evaluated and should remain the same!
11 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Table 147-B Recommended Changes (Cont.) Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Wattage Allowance per Specific Area (W/sf). Building Facades. Outdoor Sales Lots. Vehicle Service Station Hardscape. Vehicle Service Station Canopies. No Allowance 0.18 0.35 0.50 0.164 0.555 0.758 1.285 0.014 0.155 0.308 0.485 0.514 1.005 1.358 1.300 2.285 2.200 -Outdoor Sales Lots: Values were re-evaluated and should remain the same! - Vehicle Service Station Canopies: Tightened in LZ3 and LZ4. A substantially different method of calculating allowances makes direct comparison with 90.1 almost impossible
12 Item #2: Compare LPA Values with ASHRAE Table 147-B Recommended Changes (Cont.) Allowance Type Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Wattage Allowance per Specific Area (W/sf). Sales Canopies. Non-sales Canopies. Guard Stations. 0.154 Student Pick-up/Drop-off No zone. Allowance Outdoor Dining. Special Security for Retail Parking. No Allowance 0.655 0.908 1.135 0.084 0.205 0.408 0.585 0.355 0.708 0.985 0.12 0.45 No Allowance 0.435 0.400 0.014 0.135 0.258 0.240 0.007 0.009 0.019 No Allowance Outdoor Dining: ASHRAE does not include a specific allowance for this application, so it was compared to Feature Areas allowance and tightened
13 Item #3: Consider Ext. Controls (occ-based) Technology is advancing, but the majority of sensors are limited (coverage range, form factors, availability from multiple manufacturers) for outdoor applications Ballast bi-level options are problematic as well (electronics have heat sensitivity, standardization and warranty issues, etc) T-20 integral sensor requirement (for 150-400 W MH fixtures) may be in conflict with T-24 requirements if this is pursued T-24 cannot be technology-specific in its requirements to avoid T-20 conflict. T-20 must address this particular issue! CURRENTLY NOT RECOMMENDED FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN THIS CODE REVISION CYCLE AS A MANDATORY MEASURE
Item #4: Consider EHID Ballasts for Energy Calculation Baseline 14 Electronic ballasts for HID have numerous technology issues that make them currently questionable for mandatory implementation. Two MAJOR problems are: Operating temperature range limitations (very low maximum case temperature ~90 C, magnetic is good up to 180 C) Lamp/ballast cross-compatibility warranty support from lamp manufacturers. (starting method, frequency, waveform, etc.). Refer to NEMA Document LSD 14-2002 These create a potential for considerable premature ballast and lamp failures CURRENTLY NOT RECOMMENDED FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN THIS CODE REVISION CYCLE
15 Parking Garages will remain in Unconditioned Spaces (Interior) Parking Garage, Top Floor is considered a Parking Lot and falls under Exterior (Table 147). This is consistent with previous T-24 revisions (NO CHANGE)
16 Options for Parking Garage Controls Measures Look at occupancy sensors and daylight-responsive controls as mandatory measure Mandatory measures have rigorous costeffectiveness criteria Look at occupancy sensors and daylight-responsive controls using the PAF infrastructure This approach is easier to justify, but results in lower energy savings to the state
17 Current T-24 2008 Allowed Power Densities Area Category Method Parking Area 0.20 W/sf Ramp/Entry Zones 0.6 W/sf Stairwells, etc. 0.6 W/sf T-24 2008 Allowed Power Densities Complete Building Method 0.30 W/sf
18 Daylight Sensors in Garages
19 Calculations show ~31% of 24-hour energy consumption in Primary Daylight Zone can be eliminated through ON/OFF controls IF: Min. 40% window opening (min. 50% for partially obstructed daylight access) 25 primary daylight zone (in from window wall) Full Lot car obstruction Presuming PC set to turn OFF lights at 5X design level. These results are independent of: Orientation Geographical Location
20 Issues with Daylighting in Garages Location in the State (Latitude) Orientation of building facades Exterior objects blocking daylight access Quality of Daylight Useful vs. glare
21 15 Year TDV Calculations show Daylighting Controls are cost effective. 0.2 WSF Power Density ON/OFF control approach (non-dimming) OFF point set to 5X the design criteria (25 fc) Full and partial parking conditions Including four orientations of building Including clear and cloudy weather conditions
22 Current Recommendation: Make Daylighting Controls a mandatory measure when the minimum requirements are met
23 Requirements for Daylight Sensors in Parking Garages: Parking garage orientations with open sky exposure must have a minimum of 40% open walls. (50% open walls required for orientations with obscured or limited sky exposure) Areas within 25ft of the perimeter wall are considered the primary daylight zone, assuming there is greater than 35 of window wall Luminaires located in the primary daylighted zone MUST be switched OFF when detected illuminance levels exceed no more than five times the design criteria within the zone. This can be done by dimming or ON/OFF controls Minimum of one daylight sensor for each floor and orientation
24 Occupancy Sensors in Garages
25 Prediction Models Predict ~14% energy savings and only ~3% savings for entry floor for Moderate Activity Level Garage Assuming 50% setback energy use About 10 hours of low use with 2 visits per hour Entry floor will have 5 discreet visits per hour 10 minute delay on sensors Garages with Low Activity Levels will show improved energy savings, up to ~28% savings and ~9% for entry floor
26 High Activity Level Central Downtown with Shopping, Food, Bars Large Airport Medium Activity Level Large Malls Busy office Parks Campus Parking Near Dorms Low Activity Level Small Shopping Areas Office Parks Limited Hours Facilities (sports arenas, etc.)
27 Issues with occupancy controls in Parking Garages: Limited entries/exits results in a lot of ON time for entry and lower floors Delay times reduce energy savings even with a transient population Low temperature effects on ballasts/lamps when switching or dimming (Fluorescent) Switching of some lamp technologies are a problem (HID)
28 15 Year TDV Calculations show Occupancy Sensors are cost effective 0.2 WSF Power density 100% to 50% high/low power consumption ~10 hours a day of low occupancy with 50% of time at low setting ~14 hours a day of high occupancy with 83% of time at high setting
29 Current Recommendation: Make Occupancy Sensors a mandatory measure for all parking garages
30 Requirements for Occupancy Sensors in Parking Garages: Auto On/Off (High/Low) controls must be used Automatically reduce lighting power when unoccupied by 50-80% per control zone This applies to parking deck areas only Adaptation lighting zones, dedicated ramps, and entrances to exit stairwells or elevator lobbies are not required to have occupancy sensors Are there other areas or garage types that should be excluded? Maximum delay time of 10 minutes
31 MORE INFO NEEDED ON OCCUPANCY/USE PROFILES TO REFINE THE ANTICIPATED SAVINGS ANALYSIS! Please email Michael Mutmansky at: michael@clantonassociates.com Or call 303-530-7229 If you have any useful information.
32 Exterior Measures? QUESTIONS & COMMENTS