Sustainable Shipping San Francisco 1 October 2009 CO2 Reduction: Operational Challenges Bill Lind Director, Technology & Business Development Ships ABS 1
Current Boundary Conditions Public demands (aircraft, railroad, ship, autos) no tolerance for loss of life, spillage of oil, air pollution Good intentions have unexpected consequences Dramatic environmental improvements made during difficult economic times Need to see shipping in context of globalization December 2009 Conference of the Parties (COP15) in Copenhagen Predictions are not always valid It is doubtful whether there is going to be as much engineering or scientific progress during the next 100 years as there has been in the last century. June 1942 aptitude test by Stevens Institute of Technology Human Engineering Laboratory 2
Shipping Follows Other Industries TIME magazine (28 April 2008 issue) sporting a non-traditional green frame and quote Rx for a Cooler America Put a firm price on greenhouse gas pollution by passing national cap-and-trade program like the Lieberman-Warner bill, and use that leverage to bring developing countries into an international carbon regimen Offset rising power prices caused by carbon cap by priming the economy for a massive efficiency surge that will cut waste and improve energy productivity Cap and trade Efficiency surge Renewable energy sources Pump up research-and-development into renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and support companies bringing new technologies to market 3
ABS Operational CO2 Index Know where you are: Operational index voyage specific: g of CO2 emitted (based on fuel burnt) t of cargoes carried * N-M traveled Design index design specific: g of CO2 emitted (based on specific fuel consumption) Design cargo capacity * Design speed Various deduction allowed in numerator: Innovative technologies that reduces fuel consumption CO2 capture Weather factor allowed in denominator: improving hull shape 4
CO2 Reduction Integrated Systems Approach Improve ship design Reduce hull resistance: hull form, wave-making resistance, slamming Reduce skin friction: coating, cleaning, air bubbles Prop and rudder design Economy of scale 5
CO2 Reduction Integrated Systems Approach Improve machinery and propulsion Improve engine efficiency/fuel consumption Heat recovery and electrical systems LNG, bio-diesels and nuclear 6
CO2 Reduction Integrated Systems Approach Improve operations Voyage planning and weather routing Reduce speed Regional trade routes Cold iron shore power 7
Improve Ship Design Typical drag distribution (vary with ship type): Friction: 75-90% Wave: 5-20% Wind: 5-10% 8
Improve Ship Design High Efficiency Marine Gas Turbine and Electric Propulsion System Reduction of environmental impacts (NOx, Sox, CO2, noise and vibration) NMRI Super Eco-Ship Podded Propulsor with CRP Easy berthing Optimum Hull Form High propulsive performance Increase Cargo Capacity Economical improvement Source: ISOPE 2005 Y Minami et al, National Maritime Research Institute, Japan 9
Improve Ship Design NYK Super Eco-Ship 2030 Strategies: Reduce hull weight Reduce friction LNG-based fuel cells Solar energy Wind power Source: NYK press release 10
Improve Ship Design Wallenius Wilhelmsen s Photovoltaic panels Environmentally-sound ship: Orcelle No ballast water pentamaran hull, no stern propeller and no rudder Sails No emission only renewables: wind, wave, current, fuel cell and hydrogen Target: 2025 Fins to harness wave energy Source: Wallenius Wilhelmsen Green Flagship 11
Improve Ship Design Propulsors efficiency (~65-70% efficiency) Improved propeller design Blade design, RPM, DIAM, CFD Rudder/propeller interaction CONTRA rotating propellers Podded propellers Fins, caps, wake improvements 12
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Engine designers: Electronically controlled engines Improved turbo charger Improved cylinder lubrication Better fuel nozzles Improved fuel/air mixture LNG burning Biodiesels (US Navy) Nuclear Suppliers, vendors, inventors: Fuel treatment Fuel additives 13
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Energy savings: Optimizing systems (pumps, pipings, fans) Switch-off consumer Reefer optimization: water cooled, reefer compressors Direct air intake to diesel engines Energy audits: Consumption meters: Present status/improvements Awareness Alternative energy: Solar Sails 14
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Nuclear power Need to truly get good at disposal Excellent safety record (US) Need to have ships and ports hands off (Homeland Security) 150 ships and 12,000 reactor years of operation Submarines, aircraft carriers, ice breakers Smaller nuclear power plants possible 15
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Source: Ecospec press conference 16 January 2009 16
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Wind energy Wartsila s concepts: Wing shaped sails of composite material installed on deck: possible efficiency gain of ~20% Flettner rotors installed on deck: provides thrusts in direction perpendicular to wind Source: www.wartsila.com 17
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Skysails: weather and route dependent On trial for two feeder-size ships Michel A and Beluga Skysails Towing force example: model SKS320 16 metric tons with 25 kt wind; 133 m MPP vessel propeller thrust 23 metric tons Annual fuel saving: 10-30% claimed Source: www.skysails.info 18
Improve Machinery & Propulsion Solar Energy NYK s PCC Auriga Leader 200 m x 32 m x 34 m; 6200 cars; 18,700 dwt 328 solar panels, US $1.68 m, 40 kw, ~0.3% of installed power Source: www.crunchgear.com 19
Improve Operations Scenario: move 10 million TEU 5,000 NM within 1 year (250 sailing days) Slow steaming will result in reduced CO2 emission, despite increase in number of ships employed At which point this becomes uneconomical? Source: BIMCO at WMTC 2009 20
www.eagle.org 21