Implementing Transport Demand Management Measures Dominik Schmid, GIZ Transport Policy Advisory Services Urban Mobility India Conference, Delhi, December 2013 Page 1
Agenda Context: Why Transport Demand Management (TDM)? The TDM toolbox Implementing TDM measures: The role of different actors 27/12/2013 Page 2
Context: Failures in Urban and Transport Planning There is no way of building our way out of congestion 2 3 1 4 5 Page 3
Conclusion: - Supply-oriented measures often have negative side effects, will not help to ease transport problems in the long term, and will be a heavy burden on city budgets - One alternative approach: Limit investments in new infrastructure and transport systems, and make more efficient use of what is already there => Transport Demand Management (TDM) n.b.: TDM Traffic Management Page 4
Transport Demand Management (TDM) Rationale: Demand for transport services is not given, but depends on transportation policies, pricing, investments & choices Definition: TDM is a strategy which aims to maximize the efficiency of the urban transport system by discouraging unnecessary private vehicle use and promoting more effective, healthy and environmentalfriendly modes of transport, in general being public transport and non-motorised transport. Page 5
Transport Demand Management (TDM) Transport demand management measures (including fiscal policies) Land use development controls Public transport integration Parking controls and management Regulatory controls such as odd/even systems Physical measures such as bus and pedestrian priority Pricing & charges through fuels, annual taxes Congestion charging TDM policies should never be implemented as isolated instruments, but for being successful have always to be embedded in a comprehensive framework of Transport Demand Management measures. Page 6
The TDM toolbox Planning Instruments Integration of Land Use and Transport Planning Public Transport Promotion Strategies for Non-Motorised Modes e.g. Transit-oriented developement e.g. Priority at Intersections e.g. Cycling Policy Page 7
The TDM toolbox Regulatory Instruments Physical Restraint Measures Traffic Management Measures Regulation of Parking Supply Low Emission Zone Speed Restrictions (30 km/h) e.g. Pedestrian zones ITS Maximum parking limits In City Center In built up areas Page 8
The TDM toolbox Economic Instruments Road Pricing Tax Incentives Parking Pricing e.g. during peak hours e.g. for cleaner vehicles Off- and on-street parking Page 9
The TDM toolbox Information Instruments Public Awareness Campaigns Stakeholder Conferences Driver Training / Eco Driving Promotion of Mobility Management in Companies E.g. participation in Mobility Weeks On transport policy documents e.g. for City drivers e.g. Employer Passes, flexible work hours Page 10
The TDM toolbox Technology Promotion of Cleaner Technology e.g. Green Procurement Modern technology for transport systems ITS, passenger information, etc. Page 11
Some examples of impacts of TDM measures Page 12
General approaches for cities Focus on measures open to rapid implementation by the local government, with limited reliance on help from the national level or foreign donors Consider least cost principle considering how to maximise mobility at the lowest cost, including demand management options Involve the public: Consultative workshops, seminars, focus groups, meetings, public awareness campaigns Responsibilities for TDM can be shared it s not only the cities which implement such measures Page 13
National governments National governments need to create favourable conditions and support local initiatives Focus of possible actions on the national level: Setting a nationwide legislative framework Influencing travel behavior through taxes and financial incentives Supporting local budgets for sustainable transportation Support research and pilot projects Page 14
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Example EU countries 17 of the EU s 27 member states apply CO 2 based car taxation 15 countries also offer cash incentives for buying electric vehicles Seventeen member states levy CO2-related taxation on cars. Source: www.acea.bes Page 15
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Case Study: Environmentally-orientated taxation system for new cars in France Since January 1, 2008, a car owner who buys a new car emitting more than 160 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer will be charged a one-off penalty of up to 2,600 ($3,309). Photo by Manfred Breithaupt Photo by http://www.knmaltitude.com/ Flight%20Attendant%20Training.html Page 16
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Bonus system for new cars Buyers of more environmentallyfriendly cars receive a bonus ranging from 200 ($255) to 5,000 ($6,365), depending on emission levels Extra cash award for scrapping a polluting old vehicle at the same time For the cleanest of all those emitting less than 60 grams of carbon dioxide, currently mainly electric cars -- the state will pay out a special super-bonus of 5,000. Photo by Hickmann Page 17
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Overview on charges in France Eco Bonus Eco Penalty CO² Emission Rate (Grams/Km) Amount 2010 2011 2012 60 5 000 5 000 5 000 >60 90 1 000 1 000 1 000 >90 95 1 000 1 000 700 >95 100 700 700 700 >100 105 700 700 700 >105 110 700 700 700 >110 115 700 700 200 >115 120 200 200 200 >120 125 200 200 0 >125 130 0 0 0 Source: http://www.french-property.com/news/money_france/car_emission_tax_bonus/ CO² Emission Rate (Grams/Km) Tax Amount 2010 2011 2012 150 0 0 0 >150 155 0 200 200 >155 160 200 750 750 >160 165 750 750 750 >165 190 750 750 750 >190 195 750 1 600 1 600 >195 200 1 600 1 600 1 600 >200 240 1 600 1 600 1 600 >240 245 1 600 2 600 2 600 >245 250 2 600 2 600 2 600 Page 18
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Overview on charges in France (as of 2011) Source: Mityom and Rubik 2011, based on data from ADEME 2011 Page 19
Vehicle-Related Taxes and Charges Impacts Emission limits are toughened regularly, to encourage manufacturers to keep developing cleaner cars. Some 50 percent of new vehicles sold in France in 2009 emitted less than 120 grams of CO 2 /km. The average carbon dioxide emissions for new vehicles sold in France declined by 16 grams per kilometer between the end of 2007 and the end of 2009. Emissions from vehicles purchased in France are now 12.7 grams under the European average, putting France a top European ranking. Page 20
Local authorities Local authorities can develop policies suitable for dealing with the specific problems and challenges a city faces Focus of possible actions on the local level: Spatial and urban planning Provision of public transport Infrastructure for cycling and walking Page 21
Promoting cycling: Paris Page 22
Promoting cycling: Paris Velib public bike scheme started in July 2007 as PublicPrivatePartnership Can be used with public transport SmartCard, short-term subscription, credit cards, Has more than 20,000 bikes and more than 1,200 stations 110,000 rentals daily Vandalism and road safety remain an issue Page 23
Local companies and organisations The local private sector is a powerful player in urban transportation: It often operates public transport services Local businesses have a strong interest in offering good access to customers Large companies can actively influence travel behavior of employees Page 24
Local companies and organisations Large companies can actively influence travel behavior of employees Example: Provide job tickets for regional/local transport to employees at low cost or as part of salary/benefits package Limit number of parking spaces at offices, price them or provide benefits for employees who do not commute by car and do not use parking space Provide e.g. parking for bicycles, locker rooms, showers, Page 25
Conclusion TDM offers the chance of improving urban transportation at low cost and within a rather short time Stakeholders at different levels can implement TDM measures, coordination of actions is important Successful TDM strategies involve a good set of measures of both the pull and push categories: There will be no success in pushing car drivers to other means of transport if there is no good offer of public transport and non-motorized transport! Page 26
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