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Putting Science into Standards (PSIS) Workshop 2016 "Driving Towards Decarbonisation of Transport: Safety, Performance, Second life and Recycling of Automotive Batteries for e-vehicles" Session 3: Second life applications Industry: Bart in t Groen - DNVGL JRC Petten 22-23 September 2016

Index - Second life applications - Creating a business chain for second life batteries Involvement of Stakeholders State of health batteries; technical requirements on measurements and analysis of batteries Applications for energy storage by second life batteries Future recommendat ions (standardization and R&D for battery reuse)

Index - Second life application - Creating a business chain for second life batteries Involvement of Stakeholders State of health batteries; technical requirements on measurements and analysis of batteries Applications for energy storage by second life batteries Future recommendat ions (standardization and R&D for battery reuse)

Creating a business chain for second life batteries Continues evolution of the electricity grid International connections Transmission grid distribution grid large scale production 220 / 380 kv Interregional transport TSO 110 / 150 kv Regional transport industry marine large scale RES 10 / 50 kv regional transport DSO business consumer industry bio fermitation medium voltage 400/ 230 V Low voltage combined heat power wind park Railway Local RES Source: De Bosatlas van de energie; november 2012

Creating a business chain for second life batteries Continues evolution of the electricity grid International connections (pumped) Hydro CSP Transmission grid Secondary reserve distribution grid large scale production 220 / 380 kv Interregional transport TSO Marine - Large vessels - Barges 110 / 150 kv Regional transport Geothermal Wind (grid support) CES (island) marine industry HEMS + PV consumer 10 / 50 kv regional transport large scale RES industry business DSO medium voltage Primary Reserve UPS bio fermitation 400/ 230 V Low voltage combined heat power Railway wind park Wind (grid support) Railway Grid support Utility vehicles Local RES e-bike + PV Source: De Bosatlas van de energie; november 2012

Creating a business chain for second life batteries High RES penetration; intermittency imbalance supply / demand

Creating a business chain for second life batteries High RES penetration; Day night imbalance on the grid for solar energy

Power Creating a business chain for second life batteries Grid imbalance, problems occur at different time scales 50,06 50,04 Frequency (Hz) Solar power Solar Power Network load 50,02 50,00 49,98 Network Load 49,96 49,94 Seconds day Solar Power year Second based control Ancillary services Primary/Secondary reserve Day- load shifting Energy Management Systems Seasonal load shifting Hydro storage

Creating a business chain for second life batteries Grid imbalance; instruments to allow high RES penetration Flexible Power Demandside management Energy storage Supergrid

Creating a business chain for second life batteries Second life; Reusing batteries for storage of RES-energy Increasing market: Renewable Energy Increasing market: Electric vehicles Increasing market: Energy storage Electric vehicle: http://www.globalinfodirect.com/electric-vehicles-future-automobile-industry/ Irena study: http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=subcat&primenuid=36&catid=141&subcatid=604

Value Creating a business chain for second life batteries Second Life; providing cheap electricity storage Battery Reuse for local electricity storage E-storage demand First life Second life

remaining capacity [%] Creating a business chain for second life batteries Battery Service life 20% DoD Second Life: 70-80% Capacity 80% DoD e.g. PV Recycling: 50-60% Capacity 100% DoD number of cycles

Creating a business chain for second life batteries An End of Life Question? Appraisal / Check SECOND LIFE Refurbish for high value Grid Applications Recycling Material recovery

power 1st life battery pack module 1 module 2 module 3 module 4 module 5 module x 1st life battery pack module 1 module 2 module 3 module 4 module 5 module x Creating a business chain for second life batteries Various ways to implement second life First life Second life 1st life battery pack module 1 module 2 module 3 module 4 module 5 module x Stack of 2ndlife batteries packs 2nd life battery pack module 1 module 2 module y 2nd life battery pack module 1 Stack of 2ndlife batteries packs 2nd life battery pack module 1 module 2 module y 2nd life battery pack module 1 1st life battery pack module 1 module 2 module 3 module 4 module 5 or.. 2nd life battery pack module 2 module y module 1 module 2 2nd life battery pack module 2 module y module 1 module 2 module x module y module y time

Creating a business chain for second life batteries Various ways to implement second life Complete packs Universal box Storage system dc/ac grid Storage system dc/ac grid Battery Pack 1 Battery Pack 4 universal box 1 universal box 2 universal box 3 Battery Pack 2 Battery Pack 3 universal box 4 universal box 5 universal box 6 both have advantages & disadvantages

Involvement of Stakeholders Second Life; involved stakeholders data OEMS Government Energy storage (industry) service EV right EoL battery EoL battery 2 nd life bat. 2 nd life bat. money Consumers Collection Refurbishment of batteries Distribution centre Energy storage (consumer) Electricity market Advisory roll experience Different kind of Storage applications

State of health batteries; technical requirements State of health check Visual inspection Open circuit voltage measurements kwh capacity Remaining cycle life Rated power Discharge time at rated power DC ohmic resistance Efficiency Self discharge Source http://www.mpoweruk.com/lithium_failures.htm

State of health batteries; technical requirements Cell types (by combinations of materials) Anode Cathode Electrolyte Separator Source: A Roadmap for the Next Generation of Batteries Materials, Chemistries, Performance and Cost; Kai-Christian Möller; Project Group Electrochemical Energy Storage; Fraunhofer, 3 Israeli Power Sources Conference 2013 (Powerpoint presentation)

Applications for energy storage Production/trade Transmission/Distribution Final user Transmission Generation Distribution Value areas for storage Bulk Storage; >50 MW Aggregated Utility Scale; 2-50 MW Utility Scale; 0,1-10 MW Commercial, industrial & residential Behind the meter; <10MW Optimizing supply and demand Base load operation APX System balancing Postponing investment in transport capacity Reducing Net losses Day night tariff < connectioncapacity Minimizing OPEX and CAPEX CAPEX delay prod. capacity Increased turbine efficiency Alternative transport Minimising AC/DC conversion Integration of Renewable Energy Support renewable energy Congestion management Support decentral production > Reliability Power Quality Black start facilities Frequency and reactive control Volt control Support for downtimes Island operation

Applications for energy storage Capturing the value of storage Generation Transmission Distribution Commercial, industrial & residential Bulk Storage>50 MW Aggregated utility Scale 2-50 MW Utility scale 100kW-2MW Distributed scale 25kW-100kW Battery use KERMIT grid simulation PLEXOS production cost PLATOS distribution valuation SOPRA optimizer end use DNV GL proprietary tools Battery XT Aging Bulk storage applications Large renewable support shifting, smoothing or firming Fossil generation support Contingency reserve, resource adequacy Utility scale applications Distribution circuit upgrade deferral PV smoothing Customer scale applications Customer bill management Outage mitigation Micro-grid applications Remote eff-grid Islands Energy independence Battery capacity fade algorithms Loss as function of T, C-rate, SOC, DOD Based on chemistry test results

Wind power for grid support Primary spinning reserves Secondairy reserve Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Marine; Large vessels Marine; Barges Rail station application for grid support Home Energy Management System (HEMS) + PV Community E- Storage systems for grid support Community Energy Storage systems with RES, Island situation Utilities vehicles e.g. Forklift, golfcars E bike station +PV Grid connected 25

Applications for energy storage Fields of applications Source: DNV GL routekaart energieopslag

Applications for energy storage Second life Application: Pampus Power island Pampus - Avoided Grid cost: 2 000 000 for a cable Aim: Autarky rate of 70%, local RE production and local use with a 24 kwh battery (without the diesel generator / grid) Pampus - Avoided Grid cost: 2 000 000 for a cable Aim: Autarky rate of 70%, local RE production and local use with a 24 kwh battery (without the diesel generator / grid) http://www.pampus.nl/en/

Applications for energy storage Refurbishment: From single cells to a 30 kwh battery container

Applications for energy storage Carbon footprint analysis for second life batteries http://www.arn.nl/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/carbon-footprint-analyse-2bcycled.pdf

Future recommendations Second life batteries could provide economic and environmental benefits Research & demonstration topics: Dismantling / refurbishment / Safety Demonstrations needed Business case analysis, State of health determination, Legislative and juridical aspects Economics / Environmental benefits Standardization for energy storage and second life applications Communication protocols BMS Energy storage for second life batteries, e.g. state of health determination, risk mitigation etc. Industrial Recommended Practice (DNVGL-RP-0043) on gridconnected energy storage Guidelines and methods to evaluate, assess and test safety, operation and performance of grid-connected ES Referencing ISO, IEC and IEEE standards if possible, enhancing where needed Industry supported: created by consortium of 7 parties, 36 parties involved in review process Comprehensive Free to use Defining building blocks for an open competitive market place Continuous updates following technology development and end-user applications For more information, see www.dnvgl.com/services/gridstor-recommended-practice-for-grid-connected-energystorage-52177 and rules.dnvgl.com/docs/pdf/dnvgl/rp/2015-12/dnvgl-rp-0043.pdf

Thank you Bart in t Groen Bart.intgroen@dnvgl.com +31 26 356 2258 Department Renewables & Storage NL; New Energy Technologies (NET) www.dnvgl.com Utrechtseweg 310, 6812 AR Arnhem (Building B31) P.O. Box 9035, 6800 ET Arnhem The Netherlands SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER 32