Operation of an ultralight weightshift aircraft for environmental research: Properties, advantages and lessons learned Wolfgang Junkermann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Wolfgang Junkermann
Operation of an ultralight weightshift aircraft for environmental research: Properties, advantages and lessons learned WHY A TRIKE? Wolfgang Junkermann
PROBLEM TO BE ADRESSED RADIATION TRANSFER MODULATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES BY CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION QUANTITIES (λ) TEMP / rh, OZONE OPTICAL PROPERTIES PRESS / GPS / ALT KEEP IT SIMPLE Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
THE FIRST APPROACH SENSORS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
THE FIRST APPROACH SENSORS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
THE SECOND APPROACH ADDING AN ENGINE Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
THE SOLUTION DOUBLE SEATER UL, ~ 50 kg SCIENTIFIC PAYLOAD Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
THE SOLUTION (1998) ROTAX 582 CEILING FL 120 CRUISE 50 kt END 4h FSSP / GROUND POWER OZONE SCATT. COEFF T/DP AEROSOL, UPW RADIATION Wolfgang Junkermann
WHY A TRIKE? VERTICAL PROFILES OVER THE PO-VALLEY Wolfgang Junkermann
1998-2004 MILANO VENEZIA FORMAT A > 2000 agl TFS QUEST BOLOGNA Wolfgang Junkermann
3D-distribution of UV-radiation, ozone and aerosols during the ESCOMPTE campaign
AVIGNON PERTUIS SALON Mediterranean National Research Center of the Sea Helmholtz Association MARSEILLE
June 24, 2001 June 24, 2001 8:14-11:08 UTC 8:14-11:08 UTC 4000 4000 AVIG_PERT PERTUIS ALTITUDE a.m.s.l 3000 2000 1000 AVIG_PERT PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l 3000 2000 1000 PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON 0 0 10 20 30 PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] 0 0 30 60 90 120 OZONE [ppb] D-MIFU
Southern France, Provence, hazy, AOT 340 nm 0.48, 500 nm 0.42 4000 June 24, 2001 8:14-11:08 UTC 4000 June 24, 2001 8:14-11:08 UTC 4000 June 24, 2001 8:14-11:08 UTC AVIG_PERT AVIG_PERT ALTITUDE a.m.s.l 3000 2000 1000 AVIG_PERT PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l 3000 2000 1000 PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l 3000 2000 1000 PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON 0 0 10 20 30 PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 300 nm / REF 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 380 nm / REF
4000 4000 ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. 3000 2000 1000 AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] 3000 2000 1000 0 0 20 40 60 80 OZONE [ppb] AVI-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SAL SALON 4000 4000 12.7. 6:30-10:00 UTC ESCOMPTE, France, 2001 3000 2000 AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON 3000 2000 AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON AVIGNON-PERTUIS-SALON 1000 1000 AOT 340 nm BDL, 500 nm, 0.092 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 300 nm / REF 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 380 nm / REF
JULY 10, 2001 JULY 10, 2001 JULY 10, 2001 4000 12:00-14: 40 UTC Salon 4000 12:00-14: 40 UTC Salon 4000 12:00-14: 40 UTC Salon ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. 3000 2000 1000 Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. 3000 2000 1000 Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. 3000 2000 1000 Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 GLOBAL_DN rel. 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 300 nm TOT/REF 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 380 nm TOT/REF Cloud area CLOUDS AOT 340 nm 0.52, 500 nm 0.44
Aerosols over the Mediterranean DESERT DUST Climate impact: affecting shortwave and longwave? radiation Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
NO FERRY FLIGHT OVER OPEN WATER Take a ferry Wolfgang Junkermann
1999 SW 2004 SW 2008 LW GIMBALLED PLATFORM FOR RADIATION SENSORS (IR) Special permit from Palermo ULM & CA
1999 SW 2004 SW 2008 LW 2013 Aerosol NO permit from ENAC despite UL_AVANZATO
RADIATION/CLOUD/AEROSOL AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS RADIATION PROFILE, ATTENUATION (4000-0 m) UP TO 60 % MAJOR PARAMETERS: PBL HEIGHT, AOD. CLOUD ALBEDO ~IN AGREEMENT WITH CURRENT MODELS HAZE AROUND (BETWEEN) BROKEN CLOUDS AEROSOL EFFECTS MASK 3D CLOUD FEATURES
But How do aerosols modify clouds? Can we investigate aerosol-cloud interactions with the microlight (or it s instrument package)?
But How do aerosols modify clouds? Can we investigate aerosol-cloud interactions with the microlight (or it s instrument package)? WHY SUCH A SMALL AIRCRAFT
How do aerosols modify clouds? NUMBER CONC. OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI SIZE AND CONC. OF CLOUD DROPLETS >> CLOUD ALBEDO, LIFETIME, RAINDROP PRODUCTION BLACK CARBON ABSORPTION GIANT CCN TRIGGERING ICE NUCLEATION Wolfgang Junkermann
How do aerosols modify clouds? NUMBER CONCENTRATION OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI CONTROLLS NUMBER AND SIZE OF CLOUD DROPLETS >> CLOUD ALBEDO, LIFETIME, RAINDROP PRODUCTION BLACK CARBON ABSORPTION >> CLOUD OPTICS GIANT CCN TRIGGERING ICE NUCLEATION Wolfgang Junkermann
HEIGHT 0 15 km HEIGHT 0 15 km HEIGHT 0 15 km AEROSOLS AND CLOUDS, Zhao et al, 2012 ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE RADIATIVE EFFECTS RADIATIVE EFFECTS CLOUD MICROPHYSICS EFFECTS Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Aerosols and Clouds, Zhao et al, 2012 Climate impact: Affecting Clouds and rainfall (-30 % regional scale) Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
MEASUREMENTS BELOW CLOUDS AEROSOL SOURCES Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION? INSTRUMENTATION? Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Ozone UV-Photometer CO 2 /H 2 O 20 Hz IRGA Act. Rad. 300 nm JO1D Act. Rad. 380 nm JNO2 Global radiation Albedo 400, 550, 650, 990 nm (NDVI) Infrared Temperature Humidity Pressure Position Wind (horizontal) 10 Hz Surface / Sky Temperature 2 Filterradiometers 2 Filterradiometers 2 LICOR Pyranometers 2 four channel irradiance sensors 2 CGR4 Pyrgeometers Pt 100 /fast Thermocouple Chilled mirror GPS GPS/Compass/INS IR sensors 2014 CN / number CPC4 (> 4.5 nm) Aerosol / size distr. OPC, 300 nm 20 um Submicron aerosol size distribution (SMPS) 4.5-350 nm Scatt. coeff. / visibility HSS-AVMIII, 870 nm Absorption coefficient (BC) 7 wavelength Aethalometer Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Roberts CCN Spectrometer CLOUD DROPLET SPECTRA FSSP-100 Turbulence, 3D windvector Attitude / Heading 5 hole noseboom probe Oxford Tech. INS
AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION 4.5 nm 20 um, 2 min / > 300nm 6 s / # 1 s 15 kg ONLINE_DISPLAY
THE WORK PLACE AIRCRAFT GPS RADIO FRESH S- MODE TRANSPONDER ONLINE_DISPLAY
FLYING LOW AND SLOW (PBL) Wolfgang Junkermann
FRESH 30 min 2 h AGED ~4 h + nucl
CLOUD RELEVANT PARTICLES VEGETATION INVISIBLE PARTICLES UFP / CCN WITHIN THE PBL INDUSTRY SHIPS Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
CLOUD RELEVANT PARTICLES FINLAND MARCH 2003 Winter operation ~10 o C Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Corsica, June/July 2012 Prof. Max Mustermann - Title
CORSICA, VESSAER (GREG ROBERTS) Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO 150000 cm-3, < 600 m 3000 ~ 50-100000 over both islands FINE 2500 PARTICLES (> 300 nm) cm -3 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO 150000 cm-3, < 600 m 3000 ~ 50-100000 over both islands 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 3000 2500 2000 1500 ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (> 4.5 nm) cm -3 0 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 500 0 0 50000 100000 150000 MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO 150000 cm-3, < 600 m ~ 50-100000 over both islands 107000 3000 2500 2000 78000 1500 1000 500 0 0 50000 100000 150000 MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT Wolfgang Junkermann
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT PBL < 600 m agl Wolfgang Junkermann
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT? TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT FOR WSMA AND APP. IN CHINA Wolfgang Junkermann
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT LOW LEVEL (50 m) FLIGHTS FOR TURBULENCE AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS, INNER MONGOLIA Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS WINDS /GUSTS Max ground wind speed 15 kt Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS OROGRAPHIC TURBULENCE Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS OPEN WATER Wolfgang Junkermann
LIMITS PERMITS Switzerland Spain Italy... Wolfgang Junkermann
ADVANTAGES SIMPLE REGULATIONS, CERTIFICATION ETC. Wolfgang Junkermann
ADVANTAGES Pusher Configuration Simple inlet systems Versatile modular instrument system also for other platforms Wolfgang Junkermann
ADVANTAGES SIMPLE WORLDWIDE TRANSPORT CHINA INNER MONGOLIA AIR FREIGHT MEXICO (PUEBLA) ROAD Wolfgang Junkermann
ADVANTAGES STOL, LOW REQUIREMENTS ON LANDING STRIP Wolfgang Junkermann
ADVANTAGES STOL, LOW REQUIREMENTS ON LANDING STRIP COST Wolfgang Junkermann
DIS-ADVANTAGES Sensitive to orographic turbulence Sensitive to weather (hangar required) Low gliding angle In case of emergency Legislative limits (Switzerland/Italy/Spain) Availability of pilots Wolfgang Junkermann
VERSATILE PLATFORM WITH HIGLY MODULAR INSTRUMENT SYSTEM Requires small size instruments compatible with UAV Low speed allows to use slow instruments SUMMARY Wolfgang Junkermann
SUMMARY VERSATILE PLATFORM WITH HIGLY MODULAR INSTRUMENT SYSTEM Major App. PBL research Regional scale Instrument pods useful also for other platforms Wolfgang Junkermann
WSMA COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER SMALL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AIRCRAFT (SERA) COVERING A SPECIAL NICHE AT LOW COST HOWEVER, FOR CERTAIN PROBLEMS OTHER SERA s WOULD BE MORE SUITABLE SUMMARY TURBULENT OPEN WATER Wolfgang Junkermann
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Wolfgang Junkermann
Wolfgang Junkermann
Wolfgang Junkermann