Power System Fundamentals

Power System Fundamentals Horace Horton Senior Market Trainer, Market Training, NYISO New York Market Orientation Course (NYMOC) June 5-8, 2018 Rensselaer, NY 12144

Session Objectives At the end of this session attendees will be able to Understand the Fundamentals of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System Identify the Physical Components of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System Explain the Purpose behind Operational Ancillary Services 2

Basic Fundamentals. 3

NYCA Power System Basic Fundamentals Bulk Power vs. Retail Load Distribution NYCA Zones Neighboring Control Areas Common Terms 4

Bulk Power vs. Load Distribution Bulk Power Transmission NYISO is responsible for controlling the transmission of power across the high-voltage transmission network, which is maintained by the Transmission Owners Distribution System Transmission Owners are responsible for distributing power across the lower voltage transmission network to consumers Management of Retail Load Consumption Load Serving Entities buy power at the wholesale level to sell to consumers at the retail level 5

Bulk Power vs. Distribution vs. Retail Load GENERATE Diverse Set of Generators Produce Energy ENERGY PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY TRANSFORM Transformers Step-Up Voltage for Transmission TRANSMIT High Voltage Transmission Lines Transmit Power TRANSFORM Transformers Step-Down Voltage for Distribution DISTRIBUTE Local Utility Supplies Power Via Distribution System CUSTOMERS Power Used for Homes, Business, and Industry Step-Up Step-Down Energy Suppliers Bulk Power System - Grid Distribution System Wholesale Energy Market - NYISO Retail - Customers Retail Load 6

New York Control Area Load Zones Upstate Zones A - E A B C E F D A B C D E F G H I J K WEST GENESE CENTRL NORTH MHK VL CAPITL HUD VL MILLWD DUNWOD N.Y.C. LONGIL B Downstate Zones F - K J I G H K 7

New York Control Area Load Zones A B C D E F G H I J K Marcy WEST GENESE CENTRL NORTH MHK VL CAPITL HUD VL MILLWD DUNWOD N.Y.C. LONGIL 8

Neighboring Control Areas IESO HQ D ISO-NE A B E F C B PJM I G H J K 9

Basic Fundamentals Common Terms Load (Demand) Total electric power consumed by all users connected to the distribution network of a system, and also the power used to compensate for losses in all parts of the network. Generation Equipment that converts energy sources, e.g. mechanical, solar, etc. into electrical energy for consumption by the load. Transmission Bulk transfer of electrical energy from the generating power plants to electrical substations located near load (demand) centers. 10

Basic Fundamentals Common Terms Bus A conductor or group of conductors that serve as a common connection point for two or more electric circuits. Contingency A circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty. Constraint A limitation to the system that prevents optimal transfer of power from generation to load. Contingency Circuit Breaker Tripping 11

Basic Fundamentals Common Terms Watt Unit of power that measures the rate of energy transfer. Megawatt Equal to 1 million watts. Generation is produced/sustained on this scale. Megawatt-Hour 1 million watts consumed over 1 hour = 1 MWHr ½ million watts over 2 hours = 1 MWHr Voltage The force that moves electricity. 100 Watts 10,000-100W Lightbulbs = 1MW 10,000-100W Lightbulbs energized for 1 hour would consume 1 MWHr 12

Basic Fundamentals Common Terms New York Control Area (NYCA) The area in which the NYISO, among other things, balances load and generation, which includes the entire state of New York. Rest of State (ROS) For purposes of the Capacity Market, all areas of the New York control area excluding Load Zones G (Hudson Valley), H (Millwood), I (Dunwoodie), J (NY City), and K (Long Island). Interface Group of transmission lines that define an internal or external boundary. 13

Physical Components of the NYCA Power System. 14

Physical Components of NYCA Power System Load Generation GENERATION TRANSMISSION Transmission LOAD 15

Load Power Consumed off of NYCA Grid GENERATION TRANSMISSION LOAD LOAD 16

2017 NYCA Load Profile Seasonal and Hourly Low Points Morning Pickup Peak Summer Peak Fall & Winter 17

NYCA Load Profile Historical Record Peak Days 35,000 Record Summer Peak 33,956 MW - 2013 30,000 25,000 Record Winter Peak 25,738 MW - 2014 20,000 15,000 2013_July_19 2014_Jan_7 10,000 5,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18

NYCA Load by Zone July 19, 2017 Total = 29,664 MWs Zones A I = 14,472 MWs Zones J-K = 15,192 MWs (NYC & LI) IMPORTANT FACT Nearly 51% of electric load was located in NYC & LI B 1,798 MW A 2,435 MW C 2,557 MW E 1,147 MW J 10,240 MW F 2,024 MW G 2,061 MW D 512 MW H 603 MW I 1,335 MW K 4,952 MW 19

Let s Review Load NYISO Control Area load profiles reflect which of the following: a. Zone J&K load total nearly equal to the Rest of State total b. Peak usage is always between 1200 and 1400 c. Less load in the summer than winter d. All of the above 20

Generation. 21

Generation Electrical energy for load consumption GENERATION TRANSMISSION LOAD 22

NYS Major Generation MW Values from 2017 Summer Capability ST. LAWRENCE 856 MW Wind Farms 1740 MW Somerset 686 MW NIAGARA - 2435 MW 9 MILE 1 625 MW 9 MILE 2 1310 MW FITZPATRICK 838 MW OSWEGO 1639 MW BLENHEIM-GILBOA 1170 MW BETHLEHEM 760 MW GINNA 580 MW = COAL = NUCLEAR = OIL/GAS = HYDRO = PUMP STORAGE = COMBINED CYCLE = WIND FARMS SITHE INDEPENDENCE 949 MW BOWLINE 1125 MW RAVENSWOOD 2190 MW ASTORIA EAST 1126 MW ASTORIA -760 MW ARTHUR KILL - 844 MW NYPA ASTORIA 467 MW ATHENS 981 MW ROSETON 1189 MW INDIAN PT. 2 1000 MW INDIAN PT. 3 1041 MW NORTHPORT 1574 MW 23

Capacity vs. Energy Two very different commodities! Capacity measured in MW Refers to the electric power output for which a generating system, plant, or unit is rated Energy measured in MWh Is the amount of energy produced (from capacity) over time 24

Generating Capacity vs. Energy New York Statewide Generating Capacity by Fuel Source: 2017 * New York Statewide Energy Production by Fuel Source: 2017 *If Nuclear ran at full capacity for a year: 5375 MW x 24 hrs x 365 days = 47,085 GWh Produced Source: 2017 and 2018 Power Trends Report New York Independent System Operator 25

NYCA Load vs. Generation LOAD 7/19/17 HB18 (Top Number) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- GEN CAPACITY Summer 17 (Bottom Number) A 2,435 MW 3,965 MW B 1,798 MW 768 MW C 2,557 MW 6,636 MW 51% of NYCA load was in Zones J and K (NYC and LI) 62% of NYCA Generation Capacity was in Zones A - I E 1,147 MW 1,037 MW I 1,335 MW 0 MW J 10,240 MW 9,612 MW F 2,024 MW 4,411 MW G 2,061 MW 3,004 MW D 512 MW 1,927 MW A B C D E F G H I J K H 603 MW 2,092 MW WEST GENESE CENTRL NORTH MHK VL CAPITL HUD VL MILLWD DUNWOD N.Y.C. LONGIL K 4952 MW 5,325 MW 26

Let s Review Generation Fossil Fuels are used by less than 25% of the Generation Capacity in the NYCA: a. True b. False 27

Let s Review Generation Which best describes the Concentration of Generation and Demand in the NYCA: Option Zones A - I Zones J and K (NYC/LI) a. 62% Gen 51% Load b. 70% Load 30% Gen c. 30% Load 70% Gen d. 63% Gen 37% Load 28

Transmission. 29

Transmission Bulk transfer of electrical energy GENERATION TRANSMISSION LOAD 30

NYCA TRANSMISSION OWNERS NEW YORK POWER AUTHORITY Transmission Lines Throughout State ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION - NATIONAL GRID NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC AND GAS CORPORATION ORANGE AND ROCKLAND UTILITIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED EDISON CO OF NEW YORK, INC. CENTRAL HUDSON GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION LONG ISLAND POWER AUTHORITY 31

NYCA Transmission System 765/500 kv Transmission 32

NYCA Transmission System 345 kv Transmission 33

NYCA Transmission System 230 kv Transmission 34

DC/VFT Transmission Cross Sound DC Cable (ISO-NE) Hudson Transmission Project (PJM) Linden VFT (PJM) Neptune DC Cable (PJM) 35

NYCA Transmission System Bulk Transmission Note: There are some 115 and 138 kv facilities considered part of the Bulk Power System 36

Transmission Interfaces Definition of Interface A defined set of transmission facilities that separate Load Zones and that separate the NYCA from the adjacent Control Areas Internal Interface Obey transfer limitations across the internal interface to deliver generation to load within NYCA External Interface Obey transfer limitations across the external interface to import or export scheduled power transactions between RTO/ISOs 37

Load Zone Interfaces Moses South Multiple transmission lines make up the interface between the load zones Interface limits can create constraints on the flow of power between zones Some interfaces are more impacting on the flow of power A B West Central Dysinger East B C Volney East E Millwood South Dunwoodie South F G D H I J K Total East Central East UPNY SENY UPNY Con Ed Con Ed-LIPA 38

New York State Transmission System Internal Interfaces * * Not all NYCA internal interfaces are shown 39

Example Interface Definitions * Interface DYSINGER EAST Name of Line/Equipment Line ID Somerset Rochester (Station 80) SR1 39 Niagara Rochester NR2 Lockport N. Akron 108 Lockport Oakfield 112 Lockport Sweden 1 111 Lockport Shelby 113 Lockport Telegraph 107 Lockport Telegraph 114 Stolle Road High Sheldon 67 Andover Palmiter 157 932 Interface Central East Name of Line/Equipment Line ID Edic New Scotland 14 Marcy New Scotland 18 Porter Rotterdam 30 Porter Rotterdam 31 East Springfield Inghams 7-942 Inghams PAR Inghams Bus Tie Plattsburg-Sand Bar PAR R81 PV-20 * As found in the NYISO Operating Study Summer 2017, Appendix E Interface Definitions 40

Interface Transfer Limits Transfer limits create constraints on the flow of energy Types of Transfer Limits Thermal Limits Summer and Winter Ratings Voltage Collapse Limits Varies on equipment in-service Stability Limits Varies on lines in-service or load on selected lines Total Transfer Capability = Min(Thermal Limit, Voltage Collapse Limit, Stability Limit) Real time transfer limits vary with system conditions and are posted at the 5 minute level, both positive and negative limits. 41

Interface Congestion Congestion creates constraints on the transmission system 42

Example of Interface Flows Central East Interface at Limit 43

Let s Review Transmission The majority of the bulk power transmission in NYS is at what level? a. 115 kv b. 230 kv c. 345 kv d. 765 kv 44

Let s Review Transmission Which definition best describes a transmission interface? a. A piece of equipment that connects a clutch and transmission b. A defined set of transmission facilities that separate zones and that separate the NYCA from adjacent Control Areas c. A standard used for connecting computers d. 765 kv 45

Operational Ancillary Services. 46

Operational Ancillary Services Purpose Behind Voltage Support Regulation & Frequency Control Operating Reserves Black Start Service 47

Voltage Support Voltage Support is needed to: Transfer power from the generation to the load Prevent equipment damage from high voltages Prevent voltage collapse during high load periods Water Pressure Analogy No Pressure No Flow 48

Operational Ancillary Services Voltage and Reactive Power VAR = Volt-Amperes Reactive = Reactive Power Reactive Power supports the Voltage that must be controlled within limits for System Reliability Too few VARs, Voltage goes Down Too many VARs, Voltage goes Up Not load but cannot move WATTs without VARs Wheelbarrow analogy Reactive Power lifting the wheelbarrow handles Real power move the load by pushing the wheelbarrow 49

Operational Ancillary Services System Voltage Control Voltage Control is a Continuous Process System Voltage Control provided by the Voltage Support Service is an Optional program in which Generators can participate Generator monitors local voltage Must utilize Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Transmission Owners (TO) are responsible for Local Control within their Network 50

Non-Generator Voltage Support - Examples Legend: 765 kv 500 kv 345 kv 230 kv 115 kv (Reactive Support) Moses- SC St. Lawrence Dennison Colton Whiteh Blissville Adirondack Cap all Oswego Hoosick Bennington Complex Somerset StatCom Cap Beck Rotterdam Marcy Niagara Sta.80 Pannell Cap Cap Rx New Robinson Rd. Clay Edic Porter Scotland Cap Huntley Cap Lafayette Gilboa Alps Stolle Rd. Richfield Inghams Leeds Gardenville Meyer Springs Cap Cap Cap SVC SVC Dunkirk Andover Palmiter Cap Watercure Fraser Hillside Oakdale Coopers Cap Corners Pleasant Valley Cap Roseton Homer City SC = Synchronous Condenser Rock Buchanan Tavern Cap Millwood SVC = Static VAR Compensator Ramapo Cap Sprainbrook = Shunt Capacitor Bank(s) W49St/Rainey Dunwoodie Rx = Shunt Reactors Shore Rd. Rx Farragut E.Garden City StatCom = Static Compensator (FACTS) Goethals Saunders Cap Massena Rx Chateauguay Willis Plattsburgh Sandbar 51

Let s Review Voltage Support A Generator s Voltage Regulators may be used to: a. Decrease power on the system b. Increase loads on the system c. Support voltage on the system d. None of the above 52

Operational Ancillary Services Regulation and Frequency Control Areas are Controlled by Functional Entities defined by NERC as Balancing Authorities (BA) The NYISO is a Balancing Authority 53

Operational Ancillary Services Control Area Operation Criteria is set forth to instantaneously Balance Load and Generation throughout the Eastern interconnection In order to sustain a 60 Hz Frequency Load Generation 54

Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Changes Load Increases without Generation Increase L F Generation Increases without Load Increase G F 55

Operational Ancillary Services Frequency Control 17,000 MW 17,000 MW 60 MPH 56

Operational Ancillary Services Frequency Control Effect of Increasing Load 17,000 MW 17,200 MW 59.98 Hz 17,000 MW 59.98 MPH 57

Operational Ancillary Services Frequency Control Generation needs to be increased to maintain Load-Gen Balance and to maintain frequency at 60 Hz. 17,200 MW 17,200 MW 58

Operational Ancillary Services Area Control Error (ACE) ACE is an error signaled created when the Actual Net Interchange and Desired Net Interchange (scheduled) are different 0 The ACE formula also uses the system frequency to ensure the Balancing Authority is contributing to frequency regulation of the interconnection A negative ACE means that the control area is under generating A positive ACE means that the control area is over generating The ACE signal is used to move the regulating units up or down A reserve pick-up may be used to return to schedule if the Area Control Error (ACE) exceeds ( )100 MW 59

Operational Ancillary Services Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Compensates for Over or Under Generation NYISO measurements are gathered every 6 Seconds Automatic control provided by Regulating units (Regulation Service) Regulating units are dispatched every 6 Seconds based on ACE 60

Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Impacts Industrial & Commercial Equipment Operating at 60 Hz will be impacted Industrial Motors, Refrigerators, Laundry Machines, Clocks, etc. Generator s Rotational Speed is tied to the Frequency of the System Cascading effect to Generation Load continually increasing, Generation trips off-line 61

Let s Review Regulation Regulation Service provides the following: a. Regulates Installed Capacity to ensure Blackouts do not occur b. Regulates System Loads to maintain System Frequency c. Regulates Generation Output to maintain System Frequency d. None of the above 62

Operational Ancillary Services NYCA Black Start Service Generators capable of starting without an outside Electric Supply, following a System-Wide blackout 9 Nov 1965 13 July 1977 14 August 2003 63

Black Start - Priorities in Restoration Energizing the backbone transmission path of the NYS Power System. Synchronizing the NYS Power System with the interconnection. Restoring off-site power supplies to nuclear power plants. The next priority shall be load restoration. If there is limited energy available within the NYCA, preference shall be given to generating station startup, followed by the restoration of the high-density load portions of the system. 64

Operational Ancillary Services Operating Reserves Backup Generation in the event of a System Contingency NYSRC Total Operating Reserve Requirement: Must Procure to 1.5 x times the Largest Single Contingency (in MW) Largest Single Contingency is 1310 MWs NYISO Procures 2 x Largest Single Contingency 2 x 1310 = 2,620 MWs of Total Reserves each Market Day Regional/Locational Requirements Time/Product Type Requirements 65

Operational Ancillary Services Largest Single Contingency Q: What is the largest single generation contingency for this system? A: MW Q: According to NYISO s Reserves scheduling process, how much in Operating Reserves would be scheduled in this example? A: MW 100 MW B 200 MW C 40 MW D off line A 66

Example: Small Reserve Pickup New reserve units would need to be selected to maintain Operating Reserves. 301 Lightning strikes the 92 line 92 90 Substation A Substation B 91 Substation C The reserves being held in NYC & LI would be asked to start generating. 67

Let s Review Operating Reserves Identify the NYISO Reserve Requirement for a largest single contingency of 1000 MWs: a. 500 MWs b. 750 MWs c. 1000 MWs d. 2000 MWs 68

Putting it all Together The following is an Exercise in Maintaining Reliable Operations of a Simplified NYCA Power System It Highlights: The Principles Driving Generation Dispatch Three Factors Affecting Transmission System Limitations The Criteria for a Reliable Operating Scenario The Impact of Contingencies 69

Power System Analysis Secure for System Contingencies Forced Generator Outage Forced Line Outage Secure for System Constraints Obey Transmission Limitations Thermal Limitations Voltage Limitations Stability Limitations Obey Generator Limitations Ramp Rates, Upper Operating Limits, Emergency Operating Limits 70

Contingency Example Lightning Strikes Sub Station 71

Simple Power System Analysis Office Load Generator 2 Max Gen = 500 MW Line D Limit = 400 MW Line A Limit = 175 MW Generator 1 Max Gen = 400 MW Line C Limit = 300 MW Line B Limit = 200 MW Assume No Losses House Load 72

Generation Load Balance Office Load = 150 MW Generator 2 Max Gen = 500 MW Gen Output = 0 MW Line D Limit = 400 MW Flow = 50 MW Line A Limit = 175 MW Flow = 100 MW Generator 1 Max Gen = 400 MW Gen Output = 150 MW Assume No Losses Line C Limit = 300 MW Flow = 50 MW Line B Limit = 200 MW Flow = 50 MW House Load = 0 MW Generator 1 More economical to run 73

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Let s Review Power System Analysis Which of the following could affect flows on a NYCA interface line: a. Dispatch of a Generator in the Area b. Generator Outage c. Line Forced out of Service d. All of the above 78

Summary Power Systems Fundamentals NYISO Responsible for NYCA Bulk Power Operations Three Primary Components to Power System Load, Generation, & Transmission Operational Ancillary Services in place to meet the following System Requirements: Maintaining power transfer capability of the transmission system (Voltage Support) Maintaining balance between Generation and Load (Regulation and Frequency Support) Securing System for Contingencies & Constraints (Reserves) System Restoration (Black Start Service) 79