UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: BATTERY LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012 Saya AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: G 46 TAMAN SELESA NOR LAILI BINTI ISMAIL BANDAR AL-MUKTAFI BILLAH SHAH ( Nama Penyelia ) 23400 DUNGUN TERENGGANU Tarikh: 21 JUNE 2012 Tarikh: : 21 JUNE 2012 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
I declare that I have read this work and in my opinion this work is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding a Bachelor s Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power System). Signature Name of Supervisor Date :. : NOR LAILI BINTI ISMAIL :.
BATTERY LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI Submitted to the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Bachelor in Electrical Engineering (Power System) Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang JUNE 2012
ii I declare that this work as the product of my own effort with the exception of excerpts cited from other works of which the sources were duly noted Signature Author s name :. : AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI Date : 19 th June 2012
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION OF THE THESIS ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRAK iv ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLES x LSIT OF FIGURES xi LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Project Scope 2 1.4 Problem Statement 2 1.5 Thesis Outline 3 2 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Battery 4 2.3 Microcontroller 6 2.3.1 Origins 6 2.3.2 PIC Memory organization 7
viii 2.4 Battery Charging Control Methods 8 2.4.1 Constant Voltage Charging 8 2.4.2 Constant Current Charging 8 2.4.3 Two-step Charging 9 2.5 State Of Charge (SOC) Monitoring 10 2.6 PIC Simulator IDE 10 2.6.1 PIC Simulator IDE main features 11 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 13 3.2 Hardware Implementations 14 3.2.1 Sealed Lead Acid Battery 14 3.2.2 DC Power Supply 15 3.2.3 Voltage Regulator LM317 and LM7805 16 3.2.4 Microcontroller PIC16F876A 17 3.2.4.1 Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) 18 3.2.5 Mosfet 18 3.2.6 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module 19 3.2.6.1 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features 20 3.2.7 Charging the Lead Acid Battery 22 3.2.8 Charging Circuit 24 3.3 Software Implementation 26 3.3.1 Flow chart of the programming 27 3.3.2 Burning Hex file Into PIC by using PIC USB 27 programmer 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Power Circuit 31 4.3 Circuit Testing 32 4.4 LCD Testing 34 4.5 Charging Circuit testing 36 4.6 Charging Circuit Result
ix 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion 40 5.2 Problem 41 5.3 Recommendation 41 REFFERENCES 42 APPENDICES 44
x LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Characteristics of Lead Acid battery 5 2.2 Advantages and limitations of lead acid batteries 6 3.1 The Sealed Lead Acid Battery specifications 15 3.2 Pin connection of PIC16F876A for the battery level monitoring system. 18 3.3 Alphanumeric LCD Module Pin and functions 21 3.4 Recommended voltage limit on the recharge and float charge of the SLA 23 4.1 Charging circuit testing 36
xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Constant voltage charging curves for batteries 8 2.2 Constant current charging curves for batteries 9 2.3 Two-step charging curves for batteries 9 2.4 PIC Simulator IDE 11 3.1 Battery Level Monitoring System Block Diagram 13 3.2 12 Volt 12 Ah Sealed Lead Acid Battery 14 3.3 DC Power Supply 15 3.4 Voltage Regulator LM7805 16 3.5 Voltage Regulator LM317. 17 3.6 PIC16F876A Pin Diagram 17 3.7 Mosfet 19 3.8 Alphanumeric LCD Module 20 3.9 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Specifications 21 3.10 Alphanumeric LCD Module Block Diagram 22 3.11 Lead Acid Battery Charging-Profile 23 3.12 Schematic diagram for charging circuit 24 3.13 Charging 25 3.14 Discharging 26 3.15 PIC USB Programmer 28 3.16 Programmer Overview 28 3.17 The PICkit 2 programmer 30 4.1 Power Circuit 32 4.2 The simulation in PROTEUS. 33 4.3 The hardware testing 33 4.4 The tested LCD on hardware 35 4.5 The simulation tested in PROTEUS 35 4.6 Graph Voltage Input vs. Voltage Output 36 4.7 Charging Circuit 37
xii 4.8 Selecting Program on LCD display. 38 4.9 The voltage charge is up to 10.76 V. 38 4.10 The voltage value is 10.77 V after 22 minutes. 39
xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS DC - Direct Current AC - Alternating Current MOSFET - Metal Oxide semiconductor field effect transistor PIC - Peripheral interface controller LCD - Liquid Crystal Display Pb - Lead PbO 2 - Lead Oxide H 2 SO 4 - Sulphuric Acid PbSO 4 - Lead sulphate H 2 O - Water H + - Hydrogen UPS - Uninterruptable Power Supply SOC - State of Charge Hz - Hertz Ah - Ampere Hour ADC - Analogue to Digital Converter SLA - Sealed Lead Acid LED - Light Emitting Diode
xiv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A The schematic circuit of battery charger. 44 B Project Coding 46 C Datasheet PIC 16F876A 54 D Datasheet Mosfet IRF540 57 E Datasheet 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD 60 F Datasheet LM317 63 G Cost of project 66 H Project Circuit 68