Welcome to the Dekati/ExIS/ Pegasor seminar 2010-05-24 Peter Ahlvik
ExIS AB Exhaust Instruments Scandinavia ExIS AB is a Swedish-based company that offers equipment for particle measurements and measurement and consultant services on the Scandinavian market 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 2
Partners and network Instrument and equipment suppliers Control Sistem, Italy CVS (full, mini, micro), driving robot Dekati, Finland Particle instruments & dilution Ecomesure, France Distributor, PMP instrument Grimm Aerosol, Germany Particle instruments Matter Engineering, Switzerland Dilution and particle instruments Pegasor, Finland Pegasor Particle sensor (PPS) Topas, Germany Aerosol generators, filter testing 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 3
Automotive legislation and market trends Peter Ahlvik
PM (mg/km) Overview of measurement technologies Legislative test methods R&D purpose PM PN CPC Σ 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 4.3 NEDC Various principles Real-time PM, PN, Size distribution Volatile/solid Elemental composition PAH content etc 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 5
Direct injection for otto engines Wall and air motion guided A/F prep. Late injection, stratified charge. Early injection, homogenous charge Spray controlled A/F prep. Late injection, stratified charge 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 6
Particle mass emissions in the PMP test programme Euro 5: 4,5 mg 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 7
Particle number emissions in the PMP test programme Euro 5-6: 6x10 11 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 8
HD Euro VI (Reg. (EC) No 595/2009) some open issues New driving cycles (WHTC, WHSC), April 2010 Technical Regulation (comitology) not ready OBD system to control real-world emiss. Tamper-free consumable reagent system NO 2 component of NO X (if applicable) Retrofitting issues (e.g. NO 2 of NO X ) PN limit (April 2010) and measurement methodology Off cycle emissions & PEMS 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 9
Emission limit values for HD Euro VI Cycle and engine type Limit values (mg/kwh, ppm, #/kwh) CO THC NMHC CH 4 NO X NH 3 PM PN ESC (CI) 1,5 130 400 10 10 Set by ETC (CI) 4,0 160 400 10 10 April 2010 ETC (PI) 4,0 160 500 400 10 10 WHSC --- Set by April 2010 --- WHTC --- Set by April 2010 --- 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 10
Particulate Measurement Programme PMP Peter Ahlvik
Particle number (PN) emission limits Mass limit not considered sufficient The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) was initiated by EU to develop new measurement methods and set limits Solid particle total number limit was desired due to anticipated health effects Enforced gradually in Euro 5 & 6 limits in the timeframe 2009-2015 (diesel first) 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 12
Typical size distribution of exhaust aerosol 23 nm cutoff nuclei mode condensed Nuclei mode is highly variable with CVS sampling conditions accumulation mode Soot Coarse mode Source: Kittelson et al. 2002 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 13
PMP sampling and dilution Dilution tunnel Venturi AC & HEPA PND2 cold Evaporation tube, 350ºC PND1 hot CPC VPR: Volatile Particle Remover 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 14
PMP approach some intentions CVS tunnel preferred sampling point CVS sis well-know by industry and agencies Thermodenuder not preferred Losses would be too high Consumables (and risk of overloading) Thermodilution is the preferred solution! CPC preferred for number counting Highest sensitivity Early drafts: very detailed geometry requirements 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 15
PMP outcome CVS, results o Losses in mini dilution systems lower than CVS o Micro dilution systems probably even better Thermodilution, results o Similar losses as a Thermodenuder w. RD (!!!) o High DR TD consumables would be low CPC still the only accepted option for counting o Needs very high DR due to low max. conc. o Alternatives cannot be used for homologation o Not suitable for on-board measurements (PEMS) Final: regulates function rather than geometry; recommendations have been included 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 16
Particle penetration [%] Particle penetrations for various alternative PMP dilution systems 100% 95% 90% 85% P (30 nm) P (50 nm) P (100 nm) 95% 90% 88% 86% 83% 100% 98% 96% 80% 75% 70% 65% 71% 68% 65% 70% 71% 72% 60% 55% 50% 52% Competitor A Competitor B1 Competitor B2 EMPA homemade DEED Source: PMP ILCE_HD final report 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 17
HD PMP test results on CVS and partial dilution background vs. engine PM 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 18
Actual vs. real particle level Scematic impact of preconditioning (i.e. clean/dirty dilution tunnel) 300% 250% Clean tunnel Dirty tunnel 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% Time 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 19
RS-PMP measurement system for automotive particle number meas. Based on proven components Substantial simplification Very low particle losses DR: 1:100 1:2 000 (1:10; 1:80 000) Pre-DPF sampling option Touch screen PC control with simple interface +AK protocol Successful tests at several sites Further developments... 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 22
Trends in PMP measurements PN with size distr. instr., e.g.: ELPI: exclude < 30 nm channel DMS500: numerical data treatment DMM-230A: calibration Simpler principles: Nanomet III: Diffusion battery Pegasor: PPS-M Key point is that no CPC is used PN for PEMS measurements to be developed 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 24
Some bold statements about PMP for further discussion Automotive manufacturers will invest in PMP instruments in every test cell Automotive manufacturers will only need a few instruments for homologation and research Increasing focus on otto (petrol) engine PN Pre-DPF measurements will be of increasing importance (DPF loading, reg. strategy, dur ). More information is needed (size, mass, etc ) AVL & Horiba will claim 90% of PMP market New: PEMS applications will come! 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 25
Portable Emission Measurement Systems PEMS Peter Ahlvik
Candidate portable instrument systems Adopted from JRC presentation AVL Micro Soot Sensor Control Sistem Micro-PSS Dekati ETaPS Dekati DMM Horiba OBS-TPRM Sensors PPMD (MPS+QCM) 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 27
Phase 1 - preliminary results Adopted from JRC presentation 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 28
PEMS approach by Control Sistem Starting from PSS-20 experience Control Sistem developed its portable version that can be used for on-road tests 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 29
Standard PSS-20 vs Micro-PSS 1(2) 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 30
Standard PSS-20 vs Micro PSS 2(2) Structure PSS-20 19 rack cabinet and minitunnel trolley Micro PSS Single box unit 25 x 20 x 14 Filter size 70 + 47 mm 47 mm Bypass line Filter, proportional valve, sampling valve Not present Pumps 240V AC, 10.000 nl/h 24V DC, 4.750 nl/h Flow meters Rotary piston G16 Rotary piston G16 Control unit Industrial PC on the main cabinet Laptop with TCP/IP I/O system Power supply 240V AC, 1.8 kw 24V DC, 20 A Weight 250 kg < 40 kg 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 31
Micro-PSS main components Sample inlet Mixing zone Dilution air in Dilution tunnel Filter cartridge Filter holder Diluted gas out 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 32
Micro-PSS main components Pumps Dil. air filter Gas flow meter Dil. Air heater Pumps drivers Air flow meter I/O system 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 33
Exhaust flow [kg/h] Sample flow [g/h] Micro-PSS flow control Correlation coefficient = 0.985 ( >0.95) Standard error of estimate = 2.48% ( <5%) Intercept of regression = 0.33% ( < 2%) ETC cycle (simulated) Filter diameter 47 mm Filter face velocity 35 70 cm/s Filter temperature 47 ± 5 C 2000 600 1800 1600 500 1400 400 1200 1000 300 800 600 200 400 100 200 0 0 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 Time [sec] 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 34
Sampling strategy The distance between the Micro-PSS and the tailpipe can vary depending on vehicle configuration Sampling probe on vehicle exhaust pipe < 2m particulate heated transfer line Auxiliary exhaust transfer pump Heated or insulated 5 m line. Sampling point near to the microtunnel SAMPLE TRANSFER LINE EXHAUST TRANSFER LINE VENT DILUTION AIR DILUTION AIR FILTER FILTER EXHAUST EXHAUST DILUTED GAS DILUTED GAS 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 35
JRC installation for PEMS program 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 36
Meeting at JRC, May 6 Control Sistem, Pegasor & ExIS All testing at JRC so far with PPS prototype; new tests in June with final production unit. Issues w. Micro-PSS to deal with: Sensitivity: high-sensitivity version Zero drift (?) JRC will make tests with final version Micro-PSS available for Round Robin PSS-20 with PPS-M to be exhibited at the Automotive Testing Expo Demo is possible at customer sites in Q3 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 37
Pegasor signal (%) Pegasor integrated signal (%) Some JRC test results 3.0 2.5 Pegasor (%) Integrated (%) 120 100 2.0 80 1.5 60 1.0 40 0.5 20 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 38
Pegasor PPS-M will be the heart of many other measurement systems RS-PMP CVS-R03 Micro-PSS PSS-20 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 39
PEMS (PM) summary & conclusions PEMS has focused on replicating lab meas. Laboratory testing in finished at JRC Next phase will be a Round Robin phase for onboard testing. Two candidate systems: Horiba: OBS Control Sistem: Micro-PSS PEMS will also be interesting for non-highway vehicles and (presumably) light-duty vehicles JRC contemplates about PEMS for PN Production version of Micro-PSS & PSS-20 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 42
This concludes the presentation Thank you for your attention! More information available at: www.exisab.com 2010-05-24 Legislation and trends 43