Functional Requirements for Energy on the Utility Grid EPRI Renewable Council Meeting Bill Steeley Senior Project Manager Dan Rastler Program Manager April 5-6, 2011 The Role of Electricity on the Grid each location requires different requirements Step-Up Transformer Bulk Central Plant Industrial Smart Grid Infrastructure Transmission Substation Renewables Smart Distribution Substation Ancillary Service PV Distributed Distributed Commercial Residential Residential PHEV / V2G 2 Industrial Commercial 1
Functional Requirements for Energy Systems Project Goal: To develop functional requirements for energy storage systems connected to the electric grid that can be used in specific ways (e.g., use cases / operational modes). Project Outcome: From such functional requirements, vendors will be able to develop energy storage system products that best meet utility needs. 3 Project Guidelines & Definitions Adherence to a technology neutral approach No evaluation of specific storage technologies to satisfy specific applications Economic justification of the applications not addressed Utilities / suppliers must separately justify specific projects Functional requirements are not detailed specifications Utilities must specify their ultimate list of requirements through their normal procurement process Not all storage applications included Only a few of high priority applications are to be assessed 4 2
Functional Requirements Overview (Part 1 of 2) Functional Requirements Use Cases / Operation Modes Interconnection Notes Substation Grid Support 1 20 MW 2 6 hours Includes both Stationary Transportable Peak load management Frequency regulation Capacity market (RTO/ISO) Reactive support Distribution voltage (4kV 34kV) Substation or feeder Use cases are listed in order of priority Products do not need to meet all use cases Peak load management is controlled using substation/feeder real time load signals Frequency regulation controlled using signals from ISO Capacity market controlled using signals from ISO Distributed Energy System (DESS) 25 200 kw (individual unit rating) Single phase (25 75 kw) 3 phase (up to 200 kw) 2 4 hours Peak load management Increased customer reliability (backup power) Voltage regulation/ Reactive power support Frequency regulation (may require aggregation to meet minimum size requirements) Capacity market (RTO/ISO) Secondary (customer) voltage Utility side of meter May operate as island 5 Peak load management is controlled using substation/feeder real time load signals Frequency regulation controlled using signals from ISO May be used in capacity markets Reactive power dispatch based on local voltage If only frequency regulation is desired, duration may be as low as 15 minutes Functional Requirements Overview (Part 2 of 2) Functional Requirements Use Cases/ Operating Modes Interconnection Notes A. PV Transient Support Power up to several MVA (TBD by utility site) 1 second to 20 min (TBD by utility) B. Wind Smoothing (Ramping) 1 100 MW 2 15 minutes Life equivalent to 10,000 full energy cycles Eliminate rapid voltage and power swings (flicker) on distribution systems where high penetration levels of PV systems are found Ensure windfarm ramp rates (MW/min) are kept to within design limits; Maintain local transmission and distribution system voltage Provide frequency regulation Provide low voltage ride through (LVRT) for wind farm C. Load Shifting Shift renewable generation to peak times Utility demand response resource kws to hundreds of Participate in capacity markets (and load MWs balancing) as a dispatchable resource Up to 10 hours Within a utility s operating system, energy control system(s) may be used to facilitate load balancing where renewable production is uncertain and variable Energy arbitrage Inc. All Ancillary rights reserved. services 6 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Distribution voltage (4kV 34kV) Distribution or transmission voltage Mainly transmission and distribution voltages Could also apply to secondary distribution voltages Better manage the intermittency of solar real power output due to cloud cover (act like an electric shock absorber). Reactive power controlled based on local voltage Typically windfarm owned and operated May be directly coupled and sized to local renewable resource or sized and operated independently May also serve to smooth windfarm output and/or dampen PV transients 3
2010 Report Chapter Outline for each Functional Requirement I. Overview Description of Application Block Diagram II. Use Cases/Operating Modes VI. Electrical Interface Standards Disconnect Breaker Contactor III. Performance Ratings System Definition Auxiliary System Rating Practices IV. System Effectiveness System Efficiency Performance Curve V. Physical Characteristics Size Transportation Standards Rigging/Harnessing Status Lights and Alarms Environmental Conditions 7 VII. Communications, Control and Data Mgmt Communications Method Communications Protocol Integrated Interface Operational Data Event-triggered Data Data Access VIII. Installation and Maintenance IX. Safety Sample Block Diagram for Load Shifting Utility Renewable Resource (Optional) Transformer (As Required) Disconnect Aux. (Optional) Contactor Energy and Power Conditioning 8 4
Functional Requirements for Energy Systems: 2011 Project Outlook Main focus in 2010: Functional requirements for applications on utility side of meter Proposed 2011 focus: Functional requirements for applications on customer side of meter Further develop storage requirements to mitigate PV transients Incorporate developments and standardization in communication protocols Line Voltage and Current Measurements Distribution Line Transformer (Optional) Disconnect Aux. (Optional) Contactor Energy and Power Conditioning Block Diagram of Solar PV Voltage Transient Support Applications 9 Functional Requirements - Overview (Proposed) Functional Requirements Use Cases / Operation Modes Interconnection Notes Commercial / Industrial Customer Energy System 10 kw to multi MW 2 4 Hours Demand clipping TOU period time shifting Response to real time pricing signals Utility control in emergencies PV capacity firming and smoothing Backup power 3 phase or 1 phase Secondary voltage on customer side of the meter Utility control would be similar to utility load control special tariffs used Dispatch with PV could employ solar forecasting methodologies May be tied in to facility energy management systems Residential Customer Energy System 1 10 kw 2 4 Hours TOU period time shifting Response to real time pricing signals Utility control in emergencies PV capacity firming and smoothing Backup power 1 phase (120/240 V) Utility control would be similar to utility load control special tariffs used Dispatch with PV could employ solar forecasting methodologies Simpler interface for consumer use as compared with commercial/industrial 10 5
Customer Energy Utility Distribution Transformer M Energy Meter Customer Contactor Energy & Power Conditioning 11 Questions & Discussion 12 6
Together Shaping the Future of Electricity 13 7