Power Cycles. Ideal Cycles, Internal Combustion

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Transcription:

Gas Power Cycles

Power Cycles Ideal Cycles, Internal Combustion Otto cycle, spark ignition Diesel cycle, compression ignition Sterling & Ericsson cycles Brayton cycles Jet-propulsion cycle Ideal Cycles, External Combustion Rankine cycle

Modeling

Ideal Cycles Idealizations & Simplifications Cycle does not involve any friction All expansion and compression processes are quasi-equilibrium processes Pipes connecting components have no heat loss Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy (except in nozzles & diffusers)

Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

Gas Power Cycles Working fluid remains a gas for the entire cycle Examples: Spark-ignition engines Diesel engines Gas turbines

Air-Standard Assumptions Air is the working fluid, circulated in a closed loop, is an ideal gas All cycles, processes are internally reversible Combustion process replaced by heat-addition from external source Exhaust is replaced by heat rejection process which restores working fluid to initial state

Cold-Air-Standard Assumption Air has constant specific heats, values are for room temperature (25 C or 77 F)

Engine Terms Top dead center Bottom dead center Bore Stroke

Engine Terms Clearance volume Displacement volume Compression ratio

Mean effective pressure (MEP) Engine Terms

Otto Cycle Processes of Otto Cycle: Isentropic compression Constant-volume heat addition Isentropic expansion Constant-volume heat rejection

Otto Cycle

Otto Cycle Ideal Otto Cycle Four internally reversible processes 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection

Otto Cycle Closed system, pe, ke 0 Energy balance (cold air std)

Otto Cycle Thermal efficiency of ideal Otto cycle: Since V 2 = V 3 and V 4 = V 1 Where r is compression ratio k is ratio of specific heats

Otto Cycle

Spark or Compression Ignition Spark (Otto), air-fuel mixture compressed (constant-volume heat addition) Compression (Diesel), air compressed, then fuel added (constant-pressure heat addition)

Diesel Cycle

Diesel Cycle Processes of Diesel cycle: Isentropic compression Constant-pressure heat addition Isentropic expansion Constant-volume heat rejection

Diesel Cycle For ideal diesel cycle With cold air assumptions

Diesel Cycle Cut off ratio r c Efficiency becomes

Brayton Cycle Gas turbine cycle Open vs closed system model

Brayton Cycle Four internally reversible processes 1-2 Isentropic Compression (compressor) 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion (turbine) 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

Brayton Cycle Analyze as steady-flow process So With cold-air-standard assumptions

Brayton Cycle Since processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, P 2 = P 3 and P 4 = P 1 where

Brayton Cycle

Brayton Cycle Back work ratio Improvements in gas turbines Combustion temp Machinery component efficiencies Adding modifications to basic cycle

Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles For actual gas turbines, compressor and turbine are not isentropic

Regeneration

Regeneration Use heat exchanger called recuperator or regenerator Counter flow

Regeneration Effectiveness For cold-air assumptions

Brayton with Intercooling, Reheat, & Regeneration

Brayton with Intercooling, Reheat, & Regeneration For max performance

Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles

Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles Propulsive power Propulsive efficiency

Turbojet Engines Turbofan: for same power, large volume of slower-moving air produces more thrust than a small volume of fast-moving air (bypass ratio 5-6) Turboprop: by pass ratio of 100

Jets Afterburner: addition to turbojet Ramjet: use diffusers and nozzles Scramjet: supersonic ramjet Rocket: carries own oxidizer

Second Law Issues Ideal Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles are internally reversible 2 nd Law analysis identifies where losses are so improvements can be made Look at closed, steady-flow systems

Second Law Issues For exergy and exergy destruction for closed system: For steady-flow system:

Second Law Issues For a cycle that starts and end at the same state:

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