Development of a method for assessing real-world emissions of hybrid diesel light duty vehicles By order of European Commission DG Environment Service Request ENV.C.3/SER/2013/0034 Presentation to RDE stakeholder group January 25, 2016 Dr. Jan Hammer (TÜV NORD) Helge Schmidt (TÜV NORD) Dr. Vicente Franco [p] (ICCT) Dr. Francisco Posada Sánchez (ICCT) Prof. Zissis Samaras (LAT) Theodora Zacharopoulou (LAT) 1
Project goal & scope To support for the implementation of the Euro 6 legislation for hybrid diesel cars and to provide answers to the following questions: What is the emission level of Euro 5 or 6 diesel hybrid cars? What modifications to the RDE procedure are needed to test diesel hybrid cars? What are the emission control technologies needed to make diesel hybrid vehicles compliant with Euro 6 NEDC and Euro 6 RDE standards? 2
Test vehicles 3
Emissions of diesel-hybrids WLTP and NEDC Results (Mercedes-Benz S300 BT Hybrid, 126 g/km CO 2 ) Emission component Unit Result WLTP Result NEDC HC [mg/km] 0,000 3,173 CH 4 [mg/km] 1,020 2,637 NMHC [mg/km] 0,0000 1,1745 NO X [mg/km] 64,1132 41,0016 NO [mg/km] 38,7592 39,5000 HC+NO x [mg/km] 64,1132 44,1748 CO [mg/km] 14,6949 39,6463 CO 2 [g/km] 147,88 117,42 Particle [mg/km] 0,760 0,115 Particle number [1/km] 5,18E+09 8,87E+08 Fuel consumption [l/100km] 5,609 4,456 4
Emissions of diesel-hybrids WLTP and NEDC Results (Volvo V60 Plug-In Hybrid, 48 g/km CO 2 ) Emission component Unit Result WLTP Result NEDC HC [mg/km] 0,2433 1,3329 CH 4 [mg/km] 0,8272 0,8231 NMHC [mg/km] 0,0533 0,8454 NO X [mg/km] 102,7114 58,1588 NO [mg/km] 71,2868 44,8203 HC+NO x [mg/km] 102,9547 59,4918 CO [mg/km] 9,4177 30,3254 CO 2 [g/km] 57,82 54,21 / 42,84 Fuel consumption [l/100km] 2,19 2,058 / 1,626 Electric range also tested for this vehicle: 54.5 km (vs 57.25 km manufacturer claim) 5
PEMS Testing 6
PEMS Testing Test routes Number of tests: min. 3 times per route (1 cold start per route ) Route characteristics (target): Route1: 1/3 urban, 1/3 rural, 1/3 motorway (average topography) Route2: 1/3 urban, 1/3 rural, 1/3 motorway (heavy topography) Route3: 1/6 urban, 1/6 rural, 2/3 motorway (average topography) Route4: 2/3 urban, 1/6 rural, 1/6 motorway (average topography) Measuring systems: Sensors SEMTECH Ecostar and DS: Analyzer: NDIR (CO, CO 2 ) NDUV (NO, NO 2 ) FID (THC) Electro-chemical O 2 -Sensor Sensors Ecostar EFM (Exhaust Flow Meter) Hioki 3390 Power Analyzer 7
PEMS Testing Problems during testing Measuring of HV-Voltage was not possible due to missing access point (to guarantee safe driving conditions). Measuring of SoC signal not possible No corresponding signals via OBD 8
Overview of PEMS results (diesel hybrid vs conventional diesel) Average NO X [g/km] 1.5 1 0.5 Peugeot (Euro 5 hybrid) M.Benz (Euro 6 mild hybrid) Volvo (Euro 5 plug-in hybrid) Above Euro 5 limit Above Euro 6, below Euro 5 limit Below Euro 6 limit Euro 5 emission limit Euro 6 emission limit 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Average CO [g/km] 9
Overview of PEMS results (Mercedes-Benz S300 BT Hybrid) Average NO X [g/km] 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 xh4 1 xh4 2 xh1 3 M.Benz xh1 2 xh3 3 xh1 1 xh2 3 xh3 1b xh3 1 xh4 1b Average CO [g/km] 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 xh4 1b xh1 3 xh1 1 xh4 2 M.Benz xh2 3 xh3 1 xh1 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Average CO [g/km] 0 0 50 100 150 Average CO [as % of type approval] 2 0.7 Above type approval CO Average NO X [g/km] 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 xh4 1 xh4 2 xh1 3 xh4 1b M.Benz xh1 1 xh1 2 xh2 3 xh3 1b xh3 1 Below or equal to type approval CO 2 Above Euro 5 limitco 2 Above Euro 6, below Euro 5 limitco 2 Below Euro 6 limitco 2 Euro 5 emission limit Euro 6 emission limit 0 0 50 100 150 Average CO [as % of type approval] 2 10
Overview of PEMS results (Volvo V60 Plug-In Hybrid) Average NO X [g/km] 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 xph2 2b xph1 3 xph1 2 xph2 2 xph3 2 xph2 3 xph3 4 Volvo xph3 1 xph1 1b xph1 1 xph2 1 xph3 1b xph4 1b xph4 1 Average CO [g/km] 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 xph4 1b xph1 1 xph1 1b xph2 1 xph3 1b xph4 1 xph2 2 Volvo xph3 3 xph1 3 xph3 1 xph1 2 xph3 4 xph3 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Average CO [g/km] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Average CO [as % of type approval] 2 Above type approval CO 0.6 xph4 1 Below or equal to type approval CO 2 Average NO X [g/km] 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 xph4 1b xph2 2 xph2 2b xph2 3 xph1 2 xph1 3 xph3 2 xph3 2b Volvo xph3 4 xph3 3 xph1 1b xph3 1 xph1 1 xph3 1b xph2 1 Above Euro 5 limitco 2 Above Euro 6, below Euro 5 limitco 2 Below Euro 6 limitco 2 Euro 5 emission limit Euro 6 emission limit 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Average CO 2 [as % of type approval] 11
Overview of PEMS results: dynamic boundary conditions 30 25 Peugeot Mercedes Benz Volvo Proposed RDE upper boundary Motorway 95th percentile of axv [W/kg] 20 15 Urban Rural 10 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Average bin speed [km/h] 12
Emission control technologies to comply with Euro 6 under real-world conditions Euro 6 compliant aftertreatment layout An SCRF was modelled, replacing the installed DPF Modeling using axisuite by Exothermia S.A. NH 3 injection control α=0.95 (NH 3 /NO x ) No injection for T<200 C No injection for zero mass-flow periods 13
Emission control technologies to comply with Euro 6 under real-world conditions NO x emissions and cumulative mass pre-scrf and post-scrf over route 1-2-23 14
Emission control technologies to comply with Euro 6 under real-world conditions Summary of PEMS tests windowing after SCRF application Route Distance [km] mean NOx out per window [g/km] Fi > T/A [%] Fi > 1.5*T/A [%] NOx cum [g] Cold start 22 1 1 76.224 0.116 43.7 36.8 7.11 1 22 2 2 88.47 0.138 86.5 42.2 10.62 0 22 3 3 107.836 0.101 44.5 18.1 10.25 0 23 1 1 76.154 0.127 54.9 38.6 7.23 1 23 1 2 76.144 0.114 67.1 49.3 8.71 0 23 1 3 76.113 0.115 77.5 41.5 9.68 0 24 2 1 88.541 0.098 43.3 31.4 6.90 1 24 2 2 88.756 0.134 77.9 38.4 10.53 0 24 2 3 88.593 0.125 66.2 43.5 9.94 0 25 3 1 107.881 0.095 56.5 19.9 10.14 1 25 3 2 107.778 0.118 80.7 25.1 11.80 0 28 3 1 111.976 0.081 40.2 2.4 9.38 1 28 3 2 112.067 0.119 94.0 33.8 13.38 0 28 4 3 50.583 0.045 6.9 3.8 7.42 0 29 4 1 50.61 0.156 95.8 62.1 9.11 1 30 4 1 50.544 0.147 99.8 60.5 3.95 1 15
Summary & conclusions NEDC Compliance The measured values of the Daimler S300 BT Hybrid and the Volvo V60 Plug- In Hybrid confirm the exhaust gas regulation and the manufacturer values WLTP The Mercedes-Benz S300 BT Hybrid and the Volvo V60 Plug-In Hybrid pass the exhaust gas regulation (715/2007) under WLTP as well PEMS No special treatment of diesel-hybrids within RDE in terms of route characteristics recommended Handling of Plug-in hybrids to be further discussed. Two tests to be conducted, one with full and one with empty battery similar to WLTP/NEDC? Additional measurement signals need to be accessible to calculate the energy consumption of the electrical system, e.g., HV signal, SoC Assessment of PEMS data Diesel hybrids show no special advantage in terms of regulated emissions, may gain unfair advantages from current RDE data evaluation approaches 16
Thank you for your kind attention! 17