ENERGY BALANCE STUDY FOR 4 STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE ANALYSES ABDULLAH SHARIFFUDIN MOHAMAD BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

ENERGY BALANCE STUDY FOR 4 STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE ANALYSES ABDULLAH SHARIFFUDIN MOHAMAD BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: Saya ENERGY BALANCE STUDY FOR 4 STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE ANALYSES SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010 ABDULLAH SHARIFFUDIN MOHAMAD (870305-06-5171) (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: ( Nama Penyelia ) PLA 1003 Kg Parit Pekan Lama, En Mohd Fadzil Bin Abdul Rahim 26600 Pekan, Pahang Darul Makmur Tarikh: 30 NOVEMBER 2009 Tarikh: : 30 NOVEMBER 2009 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING I certify that the project entitled Energy Balance Study For 4 Stroke Gasoline Engine Analyses is written by Abdullah Shariffudin Bin Mohamad. I have examined the final copy of this project and in our opinion; it is fully adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering. We here with recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering. Examiner Signature

ENERGY BALANCE STUDY FOR 4 STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE ANALYSES ABDULLAH SHARIFFUDIN BIN MOHAMAD Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering With Automotive Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG 30 NOVEMBER 2009

ii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Signature Name of Supervisor: MR MOHD FADZIL ABDUL RAHIM Position: LECTURER Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2009

iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidate of any other degree. Signature Name: ABDULLAH SHARIFFUDIN MOHAMAD ID Number: MH06064 Date: 30 NOVEMBER 2009

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE STATEMENT OF AWARD SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study 2 1.4 Scopes of the Study 2 1.5 Flow Chart of the Study 3 1.6 Organization of Thesis 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The importance of Energy Balance Analysis 5 2.3 Foundation or Theoretical of Energy Balance 2.3.1 Basic Principles of Energy Balance 7

viii 2.3.2 The Concept of Open System 7 2.3.3 The Theoretical Equation and Formula 10 2.4 Energy Balance Analysis from Previous Study 11 2.5 Summary 14 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 15 3.2 Process of Energy Distribution 15 3.3 Sample of Calculation 20 3.5 Method of Identifying Influential Factor 27 3.6 Summary 27 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 28 4.2 Analysis of Experimental Data 4.2.1 Calculated Result 28 4.2.2 Heat Balance Diagram 32 4.3 Factor Heat Losses 4.3.1 Cooling Losses 39 4.3.2 Exhaust Losses 44 4.3.3 Friction Losses 48 4.4 Summary 51 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion 52 5.2 Recommendations for Future Work 53

REFERENCES 54 ix

x LIST OF TABLES Table No Page 2.1 The inflows and outflows of heat balance 8 3.1 Experimental result 20 4.1 Heat of combustion at different engine speed 27 4.2 Brake power at different engine speed 27 4.3 Coolant losses at different engine speed 28 4.4 Friction losses at different engine speed 28 4.5 Mass air flow rate at different engine speed 29 4.6 Exhaust losses at different engine speed 29 4.7 Exhaust gases temperature at different engine speed 30

xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Page 1.1 Flow chart of overall procedure of the study 3 2.1 Distribution of energy in a typical SI engines 9 2.2 External Heat Balance 10 4.1 Heat balance bar chart at 1500 rpm 31 4.2 Heat balance bar chart at 2000 rpm 32 4.3 Heat balance bar chart at 2500 rpm 33 4.4 Heat balance bar chart at 3000 rpm 34 4.5 Heat balance bar chart at 3500 rpm 35 4.6 Heat balance bar chart at 4000 rpm 36 4.7 Effect of engine speed to cooling losses 37 4.8 Effect of ignition timing to cooling losses 38 4.9 Effect of fuel flow rate to cooling losses 39 4.10 Effect of air flow rate to cooling losses 40 4.11 Effect of outlet coolant temperature to cooling losses 41 4.12 Effect of engine speed to exhaust losses 42 4.13 Effect of ignition timing to exhaust losses 43 4.14 Effect of fuel flow rate to exhaust losses 44 4.15 Effect of air flow rate to exhaust losses 45 4.16 Effect of engine speed to friction losses 46 4.17 Effect of ignition timing to friction losses 47

xii 4.18 Effect of fuel flow rate to friction losses 48 4.19 Effect of air flow rate to friction losses 49

xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS A B C d C P d F P g h I P k m n R N P P b P Q R r e Independent Variable Dependent Variable Discharge Coefficient Specific heat Diameter Friction Power Gravitational Acceleration Height Indicated Power Coefficient Mass Flow Rate Number of Crank Revolution For Each Power Stroke per Cylinder Engine Speed Local Gauge Pressure Brake Power Pressure Drop Volumetric Flow rate Standard Universal Gas Constant Expansion Compression Ratio

xiv t T v V V d Time Temperature Volume Flow Velocity Displacement Value % Percentage

xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABDC ATDC BDC CA EVO FMEP ICE IMEP IP LHR LPM MEP rpm SI TDC WOT After Bottom Dead Centre After Top Dead Centre Bottom Dead Centre Crank Angle Exhaust Valve open Friction Mean Effective Pressure Internal Combustion Engine Indicated Mean Effective Pressure Indicated Power Low Heat Rejection Liter per Minute Mean Effective pressure Revolution per Minute Spark Ignition Top Dead Centre Wide Open Throttle