Diesel Retrofit & Replacement Strategies Roundtable on Low Sulfur and Alternative Fuels São Paulo, Brazil December 2004 Diane Bailey, Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council is a national, non-profit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has more than 550,000 members nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Introducing São Paulo Crowded buses grind down streets spouting black smoke, - Fodor s Pocket São Paulo Introduction In-Use Fleet Clean-up Strategies Existing Programs Prioritizing Fleets for Clean-up Costs & Benefits of Clean-up Strategies 1
Replacements Fleet Clean-Up Strategies Prioritize the oldest vehicles for Retirement; new vehicles should be cleanest available. Retrofits Add pollution control devices to existing vehicles Repowers Replace vehicle engine, retaining existing chassis Others: Fuels, Idling Controls, Maintenance Replacements & Repowers Largest Particulate (PM) & Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) reductions & Improved Fuel Economy Replacements: Improved Safety Fleet Modernization: Replace oldest tucks w/ 1990 s & newer trucks; $20,000-$45,000 New Vehicles: ~$300,000 (buses), Repowers: Difficult in older vehicles $20,000 - $90,000 (w/ installation) Retrofits: PM Control Devices* BASIC CONTROL Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC): 20-50% PM Reduction, $1,000 - $3,000, Best for Older Vehicles/Compatible with all vehicles MID-LEVEL CONTROL Flow Through Filters (FTF): ~50% PM Reduction, $3,500 - $5,500, Best for electronically controlled vehicles w/ moderate emissions HIGH EFFICIENCY CONTROL Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF): 90+% PM Reductions, $5,000 - $8,000, Best for newer vehicles Retrofits: NOx Control Devices BASIC CONTROL Lean NOx Catalysts (LNC): ~25% NOx Reduction, $6,500 - $10,000 MID-LEVEL CONTROL Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR): 40-50% NOx Reduction, $13,000 - $17,000, Difficult to retrofit & may increase PM emissions slightly must be used w/ PM control HIGH EFFICIENCY CONTROL Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR): Up to 90% NOx Reductions, $20,000 +, Requires reductant (Urea) availability/infrastructure * These controls also achieve substantial Carbon Monoxide (CO) & Hydrocarbon reductions 2
Other Controls Cleaner Fuels: Emulsions, Biodiesel, Synthetic Diesel Up to 50% PM reductions, -15% to 20% NOx reductions Costs $0.20 - $1.00 Certain usage restrictions: High loads, infrequent use Idling Restrictions: Fuel Savings Greenhouse Gas & Pollution Reductions Difficult to enforce Inspections & Maintenance Shifting some diesel truck & bus transport to rail Diesel Clean Up Incentive Programs U.S. Carl Moyer, California > $100 million/year 11 tons per day of NOx reduced, ~$4,000 per ton Texas Emission Reduction Program (TERP): ~$42.5 million & growing 4.56 tons per day of NOx reductions, ~$5,500 per ton Hong Kong ~$77 million for Oxidation Catalysts Mexico City Pilot program, DPFs on 20 buses Prioritizing Diesel Fleets for Clean-up Significant public health benefits Largest contributors to local pollution and/or health effects Sensitive populations: Children, Elderly, etc. Heavily-populated urban centers Centralized fueling Sophisticated maintenance practices Government funding, contracting, or licensing Highly visible fleets Fleet Clean Up Strategies: A Case Study 2 Fleets compared Mexico City & California Trucks & Buses Oldest portion of the fleet responsible for bulk of emissions 3
Vehicle Ages and Relative Contributions to PM Pollution of Heavy-duty Vehicles Strategies Applied to Mexico City Trucks Total Vehicles, 62,700 Strategies Applied to Mexico City Buses Strategies Applied to California Trucks Total Vehicles, 25,200 Total Vehicles, 162,900 4
Strategies Applied to California Buses Findings Pre-1990s vehicles: Largest PM reductions at the lowest cost. - Fleet Modernization is best -DOCs2 nd Best 1990 through 1994 vehicles - FTFs Best -DOCs2 nd Best Post-1994 engines - DPFs Best -DOCsorFTFs2 nd Best Total Vehicles, 9,800 Conclusions Reducing PM yields highest public health rewards Cleaning up the oldest vehicles first maximizes PM reductions. Diesel Clean Up Programs work best with Centrally managed and fueled fleets, like transit buses Investments in diesel clean up pay for themselves in reduced health care costs Thank You. Questions, Comments? Diane Bailey Health and Environment Program Natural Resources Defense Council 111 Sutter St, 20th Floor San Francisco, CA, 94104 Phone 415-875-6100; Fax 415-875-6161 dbailey@nrdc.org; www.nrdc.org 5