Performance of a Compression-Ignition Engine Using Direct-Injection of Liquid Ammonia/DME Mixture Song-Charng Kong Matthias Veltman, Christopher Gross Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Acknowledgements: Iowa Energy Center; Norm Olson, Kevin Nordmeyer 1
Background Motivation Ammonia (NH 3 ) combustion does not generate CO 2 Hydrogen carrier, renewable, etc. Challenges Ammonia is very difficult to ignite Octane number ~ 13 Autoignition T ~ 651 ºC (gasoline: 44 ºC; diesel: 225 ºC) Ammonia flame temperature is lower than diesel flame T Ammonia emissions can be harmful Potential high NOx emissions due to fuel-bound nitrogen Gas phase at atmospheric pressure; Erosive to some materials Low energy content (~4% of that of diesel fuel per unit mass) 2
Thermodynamics/Chemistry Stoichiometric chemical reaction NH.75 ( O 3.76 N ) 1.5 H O 3.32 N 3 2 2 2 2 Fuel Molecule Boiling Point ( C) (Air/Fuel) s Latent Heat (kj/kg) Energy Content (MJ/kg-fuel) Energy Content (MJ/kgstoichiometric mixture) Methanol CH 3 OH 64.7 6.435 123 2 2.69 Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH 78.4 8.953 85 26.9 2.727 Gasoline C 7 H 17 --- 15.291 31 44 2.5781 Diesel C 14.4 H 24.9 --- 14.3217 23 42.38 2.766 Ammonia NH 3 33.5 6.456 1371 18.613 2.6414 3
Approach #1 Introduce ammonia to the intake manifold Create premixed ammonia/air mixture in the cylinder Inject diesel fuel to initiate combustion Without modifying the existing injection system Induce NH3 combustion Burn out premixed NH3 Diesel ignition 4
Engine Setup John Deere (4 cylinder, 4.5 liter) Operated at various load and speed conditions Vapor ammonia introduced into the intake duct after turbo, before manifold Fuel line Liquid NH3 tank Fuel line Induction point 5
Engine Torque (ft-lb) Energy by NH3 (%) Engine Torque (ft-lb) Energy by NH3 (%) Test Results Constant NH 3 Flow Rate Engine torque increases suddenly once ammonia is inducted 5 4 14rpm Engine Torque Energy replacement by NH3 5 5 18rpm Engine Torque 3 Diesel+ NH3 4 Energy replacement by NH3 4 2 2 3 1 Diesel baseline -5 2 Diesel+ NH3-2 -4 6 2 4 6 8 1 12 Engine Load (%) Diesel baseline 1-6 -8 2 4 6 8 1 12 Engine Load (%)
Power (kw) Test Results Constant Torque Fixed at specific diesel fueling, adjusted NH3 flow rate to maintain constant torque Can achieve 5% diesel / 95% NH 3 energy ratio 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 from NH 3 Contribution from NH3 diesel Diesel Only NH3 + Diesel 2 4 6 8 1 Power Contribution from Diesel Fuel (%) 7
NH3 (ppmv) Mass Conversion Efficiency (%) NH 3 Exhaust Concentrations Concentrations vary depending on NH 3 fueling rate Further study is required to reduce NH 3 emissions. 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 High NH 3 fueling 4 Low NH 3 3 fueling 2 2 4 6 8 1 Power Contribution from Diesel Fuel (%) 1 9 8 7 6 5 Ammonia combustion efficiency Constant Engine Torque 2 4 6 8 1 Diesel Load (%) 8
Approach #2 Use direct liquid fuel injection Confine combustion mixture near the center To reduce exhaust ammonia emissions Ignition source dimethyl ether (CH 3 -O-CH 3 ) Mixture of DME and NH3 Fuel mixing and storage at high pressure New fuel injection system without fuel return Injection pump, injector, electronic control Fuel injector 9
Engine Setup Yanmar diesel engine (L7V, 32 c.c.) Rated power at 6.26 hp at 348 rpm Develop new fuel injection and engine control systems Bosch GDI type injector (up to 2 bar injection pressure)
Setup Mixing and storage of ammonia/dme at high pressure Exhaust emissions measurements Horiba MEXA-71DEGR (CO 2, CO, O 2, HC) Horiba 117NX (NO x, NH 3 ) Emissions analyzers AVL Smoke Meter (PM) Fuel mixing system
Operating Conditions Operating map using original diesel injection system 12
Test Results Baseline operation using 1% DME Explore operating range before using NH3/DME mixture For each operating point, various start-of-injection timings were tested Provide flexibility for future optimization SOI= 3 ~ 2 BTDC SOI= 35 ~ 2 BTDC SOI= 3 ~ ATDC SOI= 25 ~ 5 BTDC SOI= 3 ~ 2 BTDC 13
Soot (FSN) NOx (ppm) CO & HC (ppm) 1% DME Mode 7 (2548 rpm) emissions 1% DME 1% DME.1 5 2.8 Soot - Smoke number 4 15.6 3 CO 1.4 2.2 NOx 1 5 HC -3-25 -2-15 -1-5 -3-25 -2-15 -1-5 14
Soot (FSN) NOx (ppm) Effects of Ammonia Combustion (Mode 7) 1%DME vs. 2%NH3/8%DME Soot remains at low level NOx increases due to fuel-bound nitrogen.1 Mode 7 (2548 rpm) 8 Mode 7 (2548 rpm) 7.8 6 1%DME.6 5 2%NH3/8%DME 4.4 3.2 2%NH3/8%DME 2 1 1%DME 15-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5
CO (ppm) HC (ppm) Effects of Ammonia Combustion (Mode 7) 1%DME vs. 2%NH3/8%DME Lower combustion temperature of ammonia causes more CO and HC emissions Implication to fuel efficiency 4 Mode 7 (2548 rpm) 6 Mode 7 (2548 rpm) 35 5 3 2%NH3/8%DME 25 4 2%NH3/8%DME 2 3 15 2 1 1%DME 1%DME 5 1 16-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5
NOx (ppm) Soot (FSN) CO & HC (ppm) Effects of Ammonia Combustion (Mode 21) Comparable combustion and fuel efficiency at this lower speed.2 Mode 21 (22 rpm) 25 Model 21 (22 rpm) 25.15 2%NH3/8%DME 2 1%DME 2%NH3 2 CO 15 15.1 6 Model 21 (22 rpm) 1 1.5 5 1%DME 4-35 -3-25 -2-15 -1-5 5 3 5 2%NH3/8%DME HC -35-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5 5 5 2 1 1%DME 17-35 -3-25 -2-15 -1-5 5
NH3 (ppm) Effects of Ammonia Combustion Exhaust ammonia emissions much lower than Approach#1 Direct injection strategy benefits exhaust ammonia emissions 4 NH3 Emissions (2%NH3/8%DME) 35 3 Mode 2 (22 rpm, medium) 25 2 Mode 7 (2548 rpm, low) 15 1 5 Mode 21 (22 rpm, low) 18-4 -35-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5
Alternate Injection Strategy To extend the operating range Proposed strategies Double fuel injections Offer flexibilities in fuel delivery Used in industry for emissions and noise reduction New fuel injector Original: single hole Alternate: eight holes help with air utilization x % (1 x) % pilot main 19
Soot (FSN) NOx (ppm) Double Injection, 1% DME Current system modified for using double injections Engine operations possible using double injections Comparable fuel efficiency and emissions Results based on Mode 7 (2548 rpm) Pilot SOI= 45 ~ 35 ATDC Pilot quantity=3% of total fuel Main SOI= 1 ATDC Exploring other conditions Varying the three injection variables Other operating points.1.8.6.4.2 Double Injections (Mode 7) Soot - Smoke number NOx 6 55 5 45 4 35 3-5 -45-4 -35-3 Pilot 2
Soot (FSN) NOx (ppm) Multi-Hole Injector Change from single hole to 8 holes Higher exhaust NOx may imply higher combustion temperature to sustain higher load operation Exploring combination of using 8-hole injector in combination with double injections.25 Mode 7 (2548 rpm) 6 Mode 7 (2548 rpm).2 5.15 4 3.1 Single hole 2 8 holes.5 8 holes 1 Single hole 21-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5-3 -25-2 -15-1 -5
Summary Demonstrated ammonia combustion in diesel engines Port induction of ammonia coupled with direct-injection diesel fuel Exhaust ammonia level at thousands of ppm under the conditions studied Direct injection of ammonia/dme Exhaust ammonia level at hundreds of ppm under the conditions studied Exploring optimal injection strategies for ammonia combustion Perspectives effects of engine size Challenges for small engine: more heat loss, higher engine speed required, lower fuel injection pressure Large engine will favor ammonia combustion 22