Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping Ken Harford, P.Eng.
Presentation Outline Brief history - Robert Allan Ltd. Naval Architecture Fundamentals Regulations vs Ship Design Practical Solutions Summary
Company History Canada s most senior firm of Naval Architects Founded in 1930 in Vancouver
Company History Three Generations of Family Ownership: - Robert Allan (Robert) President 1930 1960 - Robert F. Allan (Bob) President 1960 1981 - Robert G. Allan (Rob) President 1982 2008
Company History 2008, new era of Management Ownership Current technical staff ~ 75 Diverse Management Team
80 Years Always a Focus on Innovative and Diverse designs CNG-powered Short-Sea Drop Trailer Ferry US Navy Z-Tech Harbour Tugs Arctic Shipping Self-loading/unloading Log Barges
Independent Engineering Services Not affiliated with any equipment manufacturers, shipyards or ship owners We work with them all to provide independent professional design services.
ISO 9001 Quality Assurance Program
Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping Solutions for Sustainable Shipping = a low environmental impact Low environmental impact = low energy footprint = high energy efficiency For Naval Architects, high energy efficiency = low resistance Save fuel/reduce emissions by efficient design
Hydrodynamics Using sophisticated Computational Fluid Dynamics programs, hull shapes, appendages, propellers and all their interactions can be optimized. Back to Basics Speed, Length, Displacement
Speed 130m Drop-Trailer Ro-Ro LOA 130.0m vs. 260.0m B 23.7m vs. 11.9m T 6.0m vs. 6.0m 10,000 tonnes 25000 14000 20000 12000 Installed Power (hp) 15000 10000 47% 5000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Installed Power (kw) 0 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Speed (kts)
Length Long and Slender
Short and Wide
Length: Twice as long, ½ beam 130m Drop-Trailer Ro-Ro LOA 130.0m vs. 260.0m B 23.7m vs. 11.9m T 6.0m vs. 6.0m 10,000 tonnes / 130m x 11.9m 10,000 tonnes / 260m x 6m 25000 14000 20000 12000 Installed Power (hp) 15000 10000 65% 10000 8000 6000 Installed Power (kw) 5000 4000 2000 0 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Speed (kts)
Long Slender Ship Concepts The Pentamaran by Nigel Gee, UK Norasia: Stabilised Mono-hulls One Hull of a Catamaran Designed for High speed Some High Speed Design principles work at conventional speeds too Long Slender Hulls have lower resistance
Displacement 130m Drop-Trailer Ro-Ro LOA 130.0m vs. 260.0m B 23.7m vs. 11.9m T 6.0m vs. 6.0m 10,000 tonnes 8,000 tonnes 25000 14000 20000 12000 Installed Power (hp) 15000 80% 10000 10000 8000 6000 Installed Power (kw) 5000 4000 2000 0 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Speed (kts)
Ballast = Unwanted Displacement Transporting Ballast Water requires energy Ballast water contains environmental contaminants Requires ballast water treatment/exchange Eliminating or Minimizing Ballast has great potential for reducing environmental impacts of shipping
Ballast Free Ship DNV Triality Concept Flared hull shape to ensure propeller submersion
Ballast Free Ship DNV Triality Concept Longitudinal cargo segregations and symmetrical cargo filling/discharge to control bending moments DNV claims 11% reduced energy consumption on round trip
Fundamental Solutions Slower ships have lower resistance Longer ships have lower resistance Lighter ships have lower resistance Lower resistance saves fuel/reduces emissions Efficient design reduces resistance Regulations can be a major obstacle to efficient design
Regulations vs. Efficiency ARTICULATED TUG-BARGE SYSTEMS: - DOMINATE USA COASTAL OIL TRADE
Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems More efficient than a towed barge Seldom take advantage of Drop & Swap economics
Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems ATB s are fundamentally inefficient in comparison to a ship 15-20% Losses due to notch connection between tug and barge Smaller propellers
Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems Designed to circumvent manning regulations: 5 person crew on a pusher tug 11 person crew on a coastal tanker Why? Manning regulations based on length of the powered vessel
US Regulatory Tonnage Unlike the International Tonnage, measures to the inside of framing. Allows deep Tonnage Framing and other dodges to reduce US Regulatory Gross Tonnage
US Regulatory Tonnage Tonnage Framing serves no useful structural purpose Installed to avoid licensed crews and other regulations based on Regulatory Tonnage.
US Regulatory Tonnage Significant Energy wasted - to make the redundant steel - to fabricate the steel - to haul the redundant steel around - to maintain the redundant structure - to recycle the redundant structure
Practical Solutions Slow Down Slow Steaming operations Voyage Planning Maximize Ship Length Long slender ships Lessons from High Speed Craft Minimize Ship Displacement Reduce Lightship Particularly valid for high volume/low weight cargos ferries Greater use of materials like aluminum Lessons from High Speed Craft Minimize Ballast Minimize Fuel carried Eliminate regulations that encourage inefficient ship designs
Cradle to Grave? The most Practical Solutions for Sustainable Shipping Don t happen between the cradle and grave They occur at conception.