FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES BJ Yurkovich Center for Automotive Research
Energy Use Source: A. Majumdar, ARPA-E
Energy use and per capita GDP
ENERGY (FUELS)
Natural Gas for Mobility
WHY USE ELECTRICITY FOR MOBILITY? Infrastructure exists everywhere! Electricity is cheap (at least for now) Electricity generation is more flexible than liquid fuels: ability to easily use renewables without disrupting the automotive market!
Renewables as a Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption, 2010 From EIA - International Energy Outlook 2011
TYPES OF VEHICLES ON ROAD TODAY Conventional Vehicles Gasoline Diesel Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Fuel Cell Vehicles PEM Natural Gas Vehicles CNG, LNG So what can we expect for the future?
A BIG PART OF THE FUTURE Energy Storage! What types exist? Conventional Fuels Compressed Gases BioDiesel Batteries/Capacitors Flywheels
WHAT ARE WE SEEING TODAY? Vehicles using batteries. Vehicle Electrification Electric Vehicles Example: Tesla, Nissan Leaf Plug In Hybrids (PHEVs) and Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs) Chevy Volt, Ford Fusion Energi Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Toyota Prius, Honda Insight,
BATTERIES IN VEHICLES What main automotive battery chemistries exist? Lead Acid (PbA) Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)
REFUELING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE Level 1 Charging Max Power Level: 1.3kW Specifications: 120V/10A (AC) Charge anywhere there is a socket! Level 2 Charging Max Power Level: 3.3kW - 6.6kW Specifications: 220-240V, 30A (AC) Charging stations like GE Wattstation, Blink, Coulomb Chargepoint DC Fast-charging (Level 3) Max Power level: 20+kW Specifications: Various DC levels CHΛdeMO, Combo Coupler, Tesla, etc
SMALL LIST OF AVAILABLE CHARGERS ABB (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO and Combo) AddEnergie Technologies (DC Level 2 & 3 planned) Advanced Charging Technologies (A.C.T.) (DC Level 2 dual cable CHAdeMO/Combo) Aerovironment (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO & DC Level 3) Aker Wade (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) Andromeda Power (Portable DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) BTCPower (DC Level 2) Blink (ECOtality) (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO, charging network) Coulomb Technology (DC Level 2, charging network) DBT EV Charging Solutions (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) Delta Electronics, Inc. (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) Eaton Corporation (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) Efacec (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO and Combo) Epyon (DC Level 2) (Now part of ABB) EvCollective (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO; onboard battery) EVTEC AB (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO and Combo) Fuji (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO, 25kW) IES Synergy (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO and Combo) JFE Engineering Corporation (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) Nichicon (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) Nissan (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) Primearth EV Energy CO., LTD. maybe CHAdeMO?? Schneider Electric (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO, 50kW) Signet Systems, Inc (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO)
SAMPLE EV CHARGE TIMES AND AMOUNTS Vehicle Type Energy Miles per Charge (all electric) Level 2 Charge Time Nissan LEAF EV 24 kwh 80-100 miles 8 hours (3.3kW) BMW ActiveE EV 32 kwh 150 miles 4-5 hours Ford Fusion Energi PHEV 7.6 kwh 10 miles 2.5 hours Tesla S EV 80 kwh 200 miles 12 hours Toyota Plug-In Prius PHEV 4.4 kwh 10 miles 1.5 hours Chevy Volt PHEV (EREV) 16 kwh 40 miles 4 hours NOTE: These times assume you are charging from empty!!
BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE. Metal-Air Batteries
HOW DO WE DECIDE WHAT VEHICLES WE SHOULD BUY FOR THE FUTURE?
MODELING AND SIMULATION SYSTEMS We can use computer models to accurately model and predict how our vehicles will behave, consume fuel, and drive based on our preferences
FleetCalc is a web-based tool that allows fleet owners to cost-effectively Evaluate overall fleet costs and policy impact for an existing fleet by utilizing sophisticated computer models and fleet-owner specific data Create alternative fleet options incorporating new vehicle technologies, future policies, and fuel prices Compare existing and alternative fleet options to assess the cost and emissions savings between existing and future fleets www.fleetcalc.com
How is FleetCalc different from other fleet comparison services? FleetCalc uses sophisticated computer models, allowing the system to simulate the real routes of fleet vehicles that are entered by the user. www.fleetcalc.com