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SWL 1500 kg, SF 5:1 Cyclic loadings 30 x 3000 kg (2 SWL) Compression load 6000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) SWL 1250 kg, SF 6:1 Cyclic loadings 70 x 5000 kg (4 SWL) Compression load 5000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) SWL 1000 kg, SF 8:1 Cyclic loadings 70 x 6000 kg (6 SWL) Compression load 4000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL)
The compression load of 4 x SWL shall not be taken as the allowable stacking load in service. Other factors which effect stacking are the actual contents used in service, FIBC dimensions and design, stacking method etc. SWL 1500 kg, SF 5:1 Cyclic loadings 30 x 3000 kg (2 SWL) Compression load 6000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) SWL 1250 kg, SF 6:1 Cyclic loadings 70 x 5000 kg (4 SWL) Compression load 5000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) SWL 1000 kg, SF 8:1 Cyclic loadings 70 x 6000 kg (6 SWL) Compression load 4000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL)
SWL 1500 kg, SF 5:1 Cyclic loadings 30 x 3000 kg (2 SWL) Compression load 6000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) ual certificate SWL 1250 kg, SF 6:1 Cyclic loadings 70 x 5000 kg (4 SWL) Compression load 5000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) SWL 1000 kg, SF 8:1 The combination of 6:1 cyclic loadings and 5:1 compression load allows to issue two certificates: Cyclic loadings 70 x 6000 kg (6 SWL) 1250 kg / 6:1 + 1500 kg / 5:1 Compression load 4000 kg / 6 h (4 SWL) This procedure saves the testings fees for the 5:1 certificate.
Rules regarding certification The bottom-dimensions can be enlarged up to +10%. ischarge spout diameters can be smaller than the spout tested. A flat bottom without spout is permitted if a bottom with spout has been tested (but not vice versa). There are no restrictions regarding the design of top and filling spout. Alle variations and open top are allowed. An inliner may influence the test results. Therefore the absense or presence of inliners are mentioned in the certificates.
Rules regarding Family Certificates A family certificate covers a range of FIBC heights. A FIBC family consists of the same materials (fabrics, webbings, yarns). has same design and construction (the anchorage lengths of the webbings of the lowest and highest size may differ if necessary). has the same bottom dimensions but different heights lying within the range of the lowest and highest size tested.
Filling material for tests of FIBCs according to ISO 21898 For the top lift and compression/stacking test, the FIBC... shall be filled with either: a) material, e.g. plastics granules, having the following properties: bulk density mesh size angle of repose 500 kg/m³ to 900 kg/m³ 3 mm to 12 mm 30 to 35 degree b) the actual contents to be carried, when these are known, and where their use will not itself be a hazard. NOTE: When option b) is chosen, the FIBC type is certified in relation to that specific product only.
Quality control tests Indian manufacturer SWL = 1000 kg, SF = 5:1, bag size (90 cm x 90 cm) x 90 cm 7000 kg Average 6000 kg 5000 kg 5 x SWL 4000 kg 3000 kg 2000 kg 1000 kg Average 6838 kg Standard derivation 143 kg Coeffizient of variation 2% 95 % confidence interval ± 75 kg 0 kg
Quality control tests Indian manufacturer SWL = 1000 kg, SF = 5:1, bag size (90 cm x 90 cm) x 90 cm 7000 kg 6000 kg 5000 kg Average 5 x SWL 4000 kg 3000 kg 2000 kg 1000 kg Average 5854 kg Standard derivation 655 kg Coeffizient of variation 11% 95 % confidence interval ± 324 kg 0 kg
: Agreement for transport of angerous goods by Road : Railway International transport of angerous goods : International Maritime angerous Goods Code : International Civil Aviation Organization
The Orange Book download: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html
Some of the 157 Member States with year of affiliation Albania 1993 Algeria 1963 Angola 1977 Antigua and Barbuda 1986 Argentina 1953 Australia 1952 Austria 1975 Azerbaijan 1995 Bahamas 1976 Bahrain 1976 Bangladesh 1976 Barbados 1970 Belgium 1951 Belize 1990 Benin 1980 Bolivia 1987 Honduras 1954 Hungary 1970 Iceland 1960 India 1959 Indonesia 1961 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1958 Iraq 1973 Ireland 1951 Israel 1952 Italy 1957 Jamaica 1976 Japan 1958
Test charts Top lift test for dangerous goods 6 x SWL / 5 minutes Top lift test for non dangerous goods 6 x SWL / 1 second Standard uty FIBCs
The 6:1 confusion Non-dangerous-goods FIBCs are classified by the safety factors 5:1, 6:1 and 8:1. angerous-goods FIBCs are classified by the packaging groups I, II and III which are shown in the UN strings by the letters X, Y and Z. The UN regulations do not know the term "safety factor 6:1". Mentioning this safety factor for dangerous goods causes confusion because it refers to non-dangerous-goods only.
The 6:1 confusion Non-dangerous-goods FIBCs are classified by the safety factors 5:1, 6:1 and 8:1. angerous-goods FIBCs are classified by the packaging groups I, II and III which are shown in the UN strings by the letters X, Y and Z. Packaging group I II III The UN regulations do not know the term "safety factor 6:1". UN symbol X Y Z Mentioning this safety factor for dangerous goods causes confusion because it refers to non-dangerous-goods only. rop and topple height 1.8 m 1.2 m 0.8 m Relative market share < 1 % > 60 % < 40 %
Filling material for tests of FIBCs according to UN regulations 6.5.6.1.2 The substances to be transported in the IBCs may be replaced by other substances except where this would invalidate the results of the tests. For solids, when another substance is used it shall have the same physical characteristics (mass, grain size etc.) as the substance to be carried. It is permissible to use additives, such as bags of lead shot, to achieve the requisite total package mass, so long as they are placed so that the test results are not affected. 6.5.6.9.2 The IBC shall be filled to the maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed.
Two categories of tests Category 1: density of the filling material is not relevant Top lift test Stacking test Tear test Category 2: density of the filling material is relevant rop test Topple test Righting test
Top lift test (Test category 1) Test procedure A load of six times of gross mass shall be applied to the FIBC, hanging clear of the floor for a period of five minutes. Criteria for passing the top lift test No damage to the FIBC or its lifting devices which renders the IBC unsafe for transport or handling.
Stacking test (Test category 1) Test procedure The FIBC, placed on a level hard ground, shall be subjected to a superimposed test load of 1.8 x individual times of its maximum gross mass for a period of 24 hours. Criteria for passing the stacking test No deterioration of the body which renders the FIBC unsafe for transport and no loss of contents.
Tear test (Test category 1) Test procedure The FIBC, placed on the ground, shall be perforated by a 100 mm long 45 0 cut at the prescribed area and then a load of two times of the maximum gross mass shall be applied to the FIBCs for a period of five minutes. Criteria for passing the tear test The cut shall not propagate more than 25 % of its original length.
The tests of category 2 The FIBCs shall be filled to not less than 95% of its capacity and to its maximum permissible gross mass, the contents being evenly distributed. The tests of category 1 are child's play compared to the tests of category 2.
rop test (Test category 2) 6.5.6.9.5 Criteria for passing the drop test No loss of contents. A slight discharge, e.g. from closures or stitch holes, upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the IBC provided that no further leakage occurs after the IBC has been raised clear of the ground.
Topple test (Test category 2) 6.5.6.11.5 Criteria for passing the topple test No loss of contents. A slight discharge, e.g. from closures or stitch holes, upon impact shall not be considered to be a failure of the IBC provided that no further leakage occurs.
Righting test (Test category 2) 6.5.6.12.4 Criteria for passing the righting test No damage to the IBC or its lifting devices which renders the IBC unsafe for transport or handling.
rop test by a Turkish manufacturer in the context of his quality control. Filling material PE granules. The missing weight has been compensated by a higher drop height: SWL 1000 kg, filling weight 768 kg, drop height demanded 1.20 m, drop height calculation: 1000 / 768 x 1.20 m = 1.56 m This procedure is acceptable for quality control.
rop test by an Indian manufacturer in the context of his quality control. Filling material: 45 cm sand + 80 cm saw dust Not acceptable procedure
rop test, Hungarian version SWL = 500 kg / 90 x 90 x 110 cm 34 cm sand = 500 kg 76 cm empty!!! Completely unacceptable
rop test carried out by a test laboratory. It is permissible to use additives, such as bags of lead shot, to achieve the requisite total package mass, so long as they are placed so that the test results are not affected. It's a ludicrous interpretation of the above text, far away from serious test procedures.
This was the chaotical reality. A way out of this chaos shows the patented method LABORATA TR-3S.
Bulk densities necessary for tests of category 2 FIBC capacity Bulk density of filling material
Mixing ratio of PE-granules and steel-granules for drop, topple and righting tests
Test device TR-3S The picture shows the automatic filling of a test sample.
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