DYNATUNE END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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DYNATUNE "EXPERT" SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE 7.1 Copyright DYNATUNE-XL DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE (DSDM) has been developed in order to provide a convenient MS EXCEL based tool for quick parameter studies based on an elementary Suspension Geometry Data set. DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE is for calculation AND post processing entirely based on vector algebraic equations - which are commonly available in mechanical engineering handbooks and for decades have proven their validity. DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODEL has been developed to be used especially in the conceptual phase and/or during the final chassis development where it has proved to be also an excellent support tool for the engineers. DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE is a tool that is completely based on vector algebraic equations which are used for determining the generic 6 DOF motion equations (3 translations, 3 rotations) of a "free body in space". Based on this theory a "free body in space" can be fixed to "ground" with 6 separate links with each spherical joints at both ends. This knowledge can be transferred 1:1 onto a Suspension Upright which is hold by several suspension Links: By using only 5 of the 6 above mentioned links and by trans-forming the 6th link into a "spring", the free body movement of the Upright can be reduced to just 1 Degree of Freedom (Translational Displacement only): (vertical) wheel travel. By combining 2 links at one end one can create A-arms. And by combining 3 ore more links one can create H-Arms or Trailing Arms and so on. DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE comes with 3 Base Suspensions Configurations that cover 99% of all independent suspension types: 1) Generic 5 Link: This configuration permits to create most of the existing independent suspensions, that are not characterized by a McPherson type Strut. By combining cleverly two or more links one can create trailing arm suspensions, double wishbone suspension and various types of multi-link suspensions. 2) McPherson Strut: This configuration is a "particular" configuration of the Generic 5 Link Suspension where two of the upper links combine into an "infinitely" long upper wishbone creating in that manner the equivalent of a slider joint which is typical for any (McPherson) Strut Suspension. 3) Integral Link: The 2 above configurations assume that all links are attached on either chassis side or upright side. An Integral Link Suspension is characterized by he fact that ONE link is NOT attached to the chassis but to another link, causing a very particular configuration of the GENERIC 5 LINK concept GENERIC 5 LINK SUSPENSION EXAMPLES: Trailing Arm Suspensions: Double Wishbone Suspensions: Multilink Suspensions: McPHERSON EXAMPLES: INTEGRAL LINK SUSPENSION EXAMPLE:

COORDINATE SYSTEM(S) DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE provides 2 Coordinate Systems: a) The proprietary DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE COORDINATE SYSTEM called: DSDM (recommended to be used): The DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE Coordinate System's Origin is located at Ground Level "0" in the centerline of the AXLE with Positive X-Axis pointing Forward, Y-Axis pointing to the Left and Z-Axis pointing Up. Reference Wheel is always the Left Wheel. The various definitions for suspension angle's are aligned with their commonly used definitions in suspension analysis literature. Body Roll Angle Sign Convention follows Right Hand Rule around X-Axis. b) A typical OEM "CAR" COORDINATE SYSTEM called: OEM. A typical OEM Coordinate System is located at the center line of the car in front of the car before the most forward geometry data point of the car and below the most downward geometry data point of the car with Positive X-Axis pointing Rearward, Y-Axis pointing to the Left and Z-Axis pointing Up. This has been done to avoid a mixture of positive and negative numbers along X- and Z-Axis. When selecting the OEM Coordinate System in DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE the OEM coordinates will be internally transformed into the DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE Coordinate System with all it's sign conventions. RUNNING THE "BASE" SOFTWARE: Enter Data on the MASTER DASHBOARD Sheet: 1) Select Suspension Type.If wanted one can select an example Suspension for each Suspension Type out of 3 Standard Suspension Templates 2) Select Coordintate System - Use if possible the proprietary DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE Coordinate System. 3) If wanted a Project Name/ Number can be entered which will occur as legend on the graphs and characterize the name of the Results 4) Enter all Geometry Data. 5) Enter Additional Vehicle Data. At the bottom of the MASTER SHEET one can enter additional data for the % anti-lift / dive USER TOOL (carry over from DYNATUNE R&H Tool) - The Static Loaded Tire Radius will define where the Reference Plane for all Calculations will be located. Make sure that the number is correct (0) - Define maximum Jounce & Rebound Travel (these numbers will define primarily the calculation time). - Define maximum Rack Travel. By default the entered number should be positive. By entering a negative number the steering motion will be reversed towards a negative Y- Displacement of the Steering Rack Joint. 6) Select Analysis to be executed. - Typically on a Rear Suspension it is sufficient to execute the Jounce/Roll Motion. - On a Front Suspension one can additionally execute the Steering Motion. - If wanted a Combined Jounce/Roll Steering Motion can be excused in which the wheels will be steered as would happen in real life during cornering meaning that the inside wheel would steer in rebound motion versus Toe-Out and the outside wheel in jounce motion towards Toe-In. For a Combined the Jounce/Motion Flag must be activated. 7) Hit Calculate for creating the Results Running the Animation: 1) Set Animation Step Size. Default value is 10 which means that every 10th calculation data point will be used for animation 2) Set Tire width for Graphic's (only). 3) Select view - There are 7 pre-set views. If desired, a custom view can be created by entering specific numbers for viewing angles. 4) If necessary adjust the view Scaling Factor. During the animation it can happen that the view is refreshed automatically to adjust for the animated graphics. By changing this number one can zoom out avoiding the automatic update of the view. 5) Hit the Jounce Motion Button for the animation of the Jounce Motion OR any Combined Motion Results 6) Hit the Steering Motion Button for the animation of the Steering Motion Results only. 7) The Animation is in particular useful to verify whether the calculation ran successfully. If for some reason the calculation ran into trouble this will be visible. Typical examples for errors are for instance overrunning Steering Lock Angles or overrunning maximal possible travels in compression or extension. Post Processing the Results: 1) Results will be updated for the selected Calculation Procedures. By default with every new calculation ALL previously created Results and Animation Data will be deleted. Also by pressing the Button "Clear Calculation Results" the last Calculation Results and Animation Data can be erased. 2) The most important Results are shown in a Tabular Listing on the MASTER DASHBOARD next to some principal Graphs. 3) Further down on the MASTER DASHBOARD a total of 28 Graphs are available to evaluate all results. The data for these Graphs are ALL located in the RESULTS Sheet. The RESULTS Sheet is freely customizable. On each Graph up to a total of 5 Variants is pre-set to be plotted. The RESULTS Sheet contains MORE output data than displayed on the Graphs! Look at it!. 4) Each graph can be enlarged by pressing the button on the graph. The amount of zoom can be entered on the MASTER DASHBOARD Sheet. Courtesy EXCELCAMPUS.COM 5) If wanted the Results of a Simulation can be saved as a Reference data set. Up to 4 different data sets can be saved on sheets called REF1 to REF4 by pressing the corresponding button. For convenience each data set can be given a specific name which will be stored on the REFERENCE Sheet. The names of the RESULTS and REFERENCE Sheets CANNOT BE CHANGED. Data Handling: A Geometry Data Set can be exported out of DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE for convenient Data Transfer to another DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE License User. The File contains all necessary model data to re-create the model at a different location or at a later time. Specific Buttons are available on the MASTER DASHBOARD Sheet to do so. RESULTS can be exported to an external Excel file on the RESULTS Sheet. Beyond that, whenever saving data into a Reference Dataset all the (geometric) data of the model will also be saved allowing a future re-loading of the geometry. Any saved Results will however NOT be re-loaded meaning that the calculation has to be re-run in order to create a new actual results file. The Buttons are also on the MASTER DASHBOARD Sheet.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES IN "RACE" VERSION OF DSDM : In the "Race" version of DSDM one can add on top of all features of the "Base" Version additional Push-/Pull-Rod's with Rockers combined with either a T-Bar or a U-Bar Anti-Rollbar linkage. For user convenience 4 Templates are included as examples for the most commonly used configurations. However the tool permits total freedom in choosing different lay-outs. A custom "Probe" point can be added on the rocker in order to analyze for instance "packer" connections between rockers and their specific movement. 1) Push-Rod Rocker U-Bar Layout 2) Push-Rod Rocker T-Bar Layout 3) Push-Rod Rocker T-Bar 3rd Spring/Damper Layout 4) Push-Rod Rocker T-Bar Mono Spring/Damper Layout It is important to know that the tool assumes a layout in which jounce movement of the wheel is related to compression movement of the Spring/Damper unit. If this is not the case one can enter opposite signs on the travel input cells. Post Processing the extra "RACE" Results: 1) The most important Results of the Rocker System are shown in a Tabular Listing on the MASTER DASHBOARD next to some principal Graphs. 2) At the end of the MASTER DASHBOARD a total of 12 extra Graphs are available to evaluate all results of the Rocker System. The data for these Graphs are also ALL located in the RESULTS Sheet. Additional output data can be found there too.

DYNATUNE "EXPERT" SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE 7.1 - MASTER CONTROL SHEET Copyright 0 DYNATUNE-XL This worksheet contains all relevant Suspension Geometry Data. Based on the "Generic 5-Link" approach geometry data have to be entered for 5 separate links, a spring/damper unit and some additional wheel and vehicle date. By combining the ends of two links one can create wishbone type links. By cleverly combining all links one can create almost all existing independent suspension systems. Beyond the "Generic 5-Link" Suspension one can select a "McPherson" type suspension in which 2 of the original 5 links will be substituted by the McPherson Strut or one can create a so called "Integral Link" Suspension in which one of the 5 links is not attached to ground but to another link. There are 2 Coordinate Systems available, Dynatune and OEM. It is recommended to always use the Dynatune Coordinate System (DSDM). The OEM coordinate system assumes typically the origin at Car Center Line significantly in Front and Below of the front end of the car with positive X-Axis pointing Rearward. If the OEM coordinate system is used the data will be internally converted to Dynatune Coordinate System with all of it signs conventions. NOTE THAT THE LEFT WHEEL IS ALWAYS USED AS REFERENCE. When using the Rocker Feature the tool assumes a layout in which jounce movement of the wheel is related to compression of the spring/damper unit. If not being the case do change the signs on jounce & rebound travel input. Angular rotations of Rocker or Anti-Rollbars are equally assumed to be positive in wheel jounce movement. All motion ratio's are absolute values. Jounce/Roll Motion, Steering Motion or Combined Jounce/Roll & Steering Motions can be calculated. Results are shown on this sheet and on the customizable Results Sheets. All Results are calculated by applied vector algebra. This means that especially for suspension with virtual steer axis all parameters will be calculated correctly. DATA CAN ONLY BE ENTERED IN THE BLUE/GREY CELLS. RESULTS ARE SHOWN IN THE YELLOW/RED CELLS SIGN CONVENTIONS IN DYNATUNE SUSPENSION DESIGN MODULE COORDINATE SYSTEM The Suspension Module Design () Toe In Rear View Left Side View Note: With the chosen angular Coordinate System's Origin is located at sign conventions on a Rear x Ground Level "0" in the center line of the x Suspension the Contact Patch Anti-Angle will typically be AXLE with the Positive X-Axis pointing x positive and on a Front Forward, the Y-Axis pointing to the Left recession and the Z-Axis pointing Up. Reference z Wheel is always the Left Wheel. The () Wheel Center Anti-Angle various definitions for suspension angle's are aligned with their commonly recession used definitions in suspension analysis literature. Body Roll Angle Sign Plan Top View () Camber () Caster Angle () Contact Patch Anti-Angle Convention follows Right Hand Rule around X-Axis SELECT SUSPENSION TYPE Enter Load Generic Load McPherson Load Integral SELECT COORDINATE SYSTEM 5-Link Template Link Template Template Project Name / ID GENERIC 5-LINK DSDM 3rd Spring 700 600 Z Link Joint ID Nr. DESCRIPTION X Y Z 500 Knuckle GENERIC 5-LDSDM 0 1 Tie Rod @ Chassis Joint 115.000 145.000 4100 1000 Link MC PHERSOOEM 1 1 600 625.000 412.000 483.145 400 INTEGRAL COUPLING 0 2 2 Tie Rod @ Knuckle Joint LIN 3 Spring Link @ Chassis Joint -2900 1900 2100 1000 0 3 100 6500 2000 549.272 0 4 4 Spring Link @ Knuckle Joint NO ROCKER 300 5 Lower Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm leg) @ Chassis Joint 1500 55.000 195.000 1000 ROCKER ONLY, NO ARB LI 5 5 6 Lower Link 2 @ Knuckle Joint 100 6500 2000 611.269 ROCKER 2 SPRING/DAMP 0 200 7 Upper Link 1 @ Chassi Joint 75.000 2000 4100 1000 ROCKER 2 SPRING/DAMPER & T-TYPE ARB TRUE -15.000 6200 4100 429.535 ROCKER MONO SPRING/DAMPER & T-TYPE FALSE 8 Upper Link 1 @ Knuckle Joint ARB 9 Upper Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm Leg) @ Chassis Joint -265.000 225.000 405.000 1000 ROCKER 3 SPRING/DAMPER & T-TYPE ARB 10 Upper Link 2 @ Knuckle Joint -15.000 6200 4100 467.493 100 11 Spring/Damper@ Chassis Joint -3700 1000 5800 1000 12 Spring/Damper @ Rocker Joint -175.000 500 585.000 201.370 WC Wheel Center Point 00 715.000 3200 WC ALIGN Calculated Wheel Center Alignment Point 00 615.000 3200 1000 CP Calculated Contact Patch 00 715.000 00 Link Stiffness [] 0 = deactivated 0 -Y X -X Y -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-100 SELECT Load Template Load Template Load Template Load Template ROCKER 3 SPRING/DAMPER & T-TYPE ARB TYPE Rocker / U-BAR Rocker / T-BAR Rocker / 3rd Rocker / Mono Jounce Motion DESCRIPTION Knuckle Y Z Link Length Animation Angles of Rotation for Chart Rocker Pivot Point -168.000 117.000 565.000 100.125 Rocker Pivot Alignment Point -168.000 61.000 482.000 Steering Motion 27 X Angle ROCKER & Push-/Pull-Rod @ Rocker -125.000 117.000 565.000 Animation PUSHROD Y Angle 659.954 GEOMETRY Push-/Pull-Rod @ Link Joint 100 6500 2000 27 Z Angle T-Type ARB Roll Animation Include Custom Probe Point @ Rocker -168.000 117.000 565.000 ARB Drop Link @ Rocker -153.000 51.000 6100 Animation 383.543 10 - Rocker Drop Link @ U-BAR / T-BAR 2300 55.000 5900 Step Size Top View Front View Right View U-BAR Bearing & Beam / T-BAR Bearing 2300 55.000 3400 Tire Width Set to ISO ROLLBAR & 55.000 300 mm U-BAR Bearing & Beam / T-BAR Bearing Align. Pt. 2300 00 3400 (grahics) View LINKAGE GEOMETRY T-BAR Lower Beam Point @ Bearing Axis 2300 00 3400 Bottom View Rear View Left View 3rd Spring/Damper @ T-BAR Top Beam Point 2300 00 5900 Scaling Factor 1-3300 3rd Spring/Damper @ Chassis -1000 00 5900 (changes axis scaling to avoid automatic graph adjustments during animation) Select Push/Pull Rod Wheelside Attachment Link Static Loaded Tire Radius 3200 mm Static Toe 00 Static Camber 00 Max. Jounce Travel @ Spring/Damper 200 mm Max. Rebound Travel @ Spring/Damper -200 mm Steering Rack Ratio Max. Steering Rack Travel 25.000 mm 500 mm / 360 SWA Wheelbase 28000 mm 0 for Rear Suspension * enter TRUE FALSE Calculate Jounce/Roll Motion Results Calculate Combined Jounce/Roll & Steering Motion Results FALSE Calculate Clear Calculation Results Calculate Steering Motion Results Set Results as Ref 1 Clear Ref 1 Data Load Ref 1 Geometry GOTO RESULTS GOTO REF 1 GOTO REF 2 GOTO REF 3 GOTO REF 4 Set Results as Ref 2 Set Results as Ref 3 Set Results as Ref 4 Clear Ref 2 Data Clear Ref 3 Data Clear Ref 4 Data Load Ref 2 Geometry Load Ref 3 Geometry Load Ref 4 Geometry 3rd Spring EXPORT GEOMETRY IMPORT GEOMETRY REF 1 REF 2 REF 3 CREATE FRONT SUSPENSION DATA FILE FOR DYNATUNE REF 4 Name Ref. Set CREATE REAR SUSPENSION DATA FILE FOR DYNATUNE Wheel Angular Displacements KINEMATIC RESULTS @ REF. WHEEL POSITION 0 mm in Jounce Wheel Translational Displacements 3 RESULTS - STATIC SUSPENSION SYSTEM PARAMETERS 3 2 1-1 Bump Steer Camber Gain Roll Center Height Roll Center Height Movement / Spring/Damper Travel / Wheel Center Contact Patch [ /m] [ /m] Wheel Travel Ratio [-] Wheel Travel Ratio [-] Anti-Angle Anti-Angle 2.09-1.01 2.47 0.99 0.860-0.52-4.68 RESULTS - STATIC STEERING SYSTEM PARAMETERS Steering Ratio 9.54 - Toe Camber Caster Caster Trail KPI Scrub Radius KPI Off. Caster Off. 2 1-1 -2 0 0 6.79 33.81 8.13 36.43 82.14-4.29-2 -3-0.12-0.10-8 -6-4 -2 0 2 Angle CAMBER TOE ANGLE ANGLE RESULTS - STATIC PUSH-/PULL-ROD, ROCKER & ROLLBAR LINKAGE PARAMETERS U-Bar Beam T-Bar Beam U-Bar Motion T-Bar Motion Push-/Pull-Rod Rocker Angular Motion 3rd Spring/Damper Motion Ratio [-] Ang. Motion Ang. Motion Ratio [-] Ratio [-] Motion Ratio [-] Ratio [ /mm] Ratio [ /mm] Ratio [ /mm] N/A 1.046 0.559 1.046 0.745 N/A 1.089-3 -0.50-0.40-0.30-0.20-0.10 0 0.10 Displacement CONTACT PATCH LATERAL DISPLACEMENT WHEEL CENTER RECESSION RESULTS - SUSPENSION COMPLIANCE TABLE McPherson Damper Piston Rod Diameter (Bending) Make sure to have executed a Jounce Motion Calculation for correct Compliance Numbers mm Pneumatic Trail (n) 25.0 mm Lateral Load @ Outside Lateral Load @ Outside Vertical Braking Acceleration Longitdinal Impact Wheel @ CP Wheel @ CP * enter 0 for Rigid Damper Toe Aligning Torque Stiffness -1.856 /knm Load @ CP Load @ CP Load @ WC Load @ WC WITHOUT Pneumatic Trail WITH Pneumatic Trail -08-55 Toe Compliance [ /kn] -04-0.135 0.114-0.114 Tie Rod Link Stiffness 1000 Camber Compliance [ /kn] -33-29 06-06 Spring Link Stiffness 1000 45 44 Caster Compliance [ /kn] 17-0.251-05 05 A-Arm leg) Stiffness 1000 27 25 Lower Link 2 (or 2nd Patch X Compliance [mm/kn] 0.139-1.653 0.249-0.249 Upper Link 1 Stiffness 1000 0.171 0.112 Contact Contact Patch Y Compliance [mm/kn] 0.224 0.158-19 19 2nd A-Arm Leg) Stiffness 1000-0.290-0.294 Upper Link 2 (or Wheel Center X Compliance [mm/kn] 42-0.251 0.277-0.277 20-29 -38-48 Wheel Center Y Compliance [mm/kn] 39-03 12-12 Input Parameters for Dynatune R & H All Compliance Data refer to Design Position GRAPHIC RESULTS SECTION. GRAPHS CAN BE ENLARGED SHOW GRAPHS Set Zoom Amount Width: 200% Height: 200% Jounce/Roll Motion Results 3 Toe Angle 3 Bump Steer Gradient 3 Camber Angle 3 Camber Angle Gain 2 2 2 2 1-1 -2 1-1 -2 1-1 -2 1-1 -2-3 -0.12-0.10-8 -6-4 -2 0 2-3 -4.00-2.00 0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00-3 -8-6 -4-2 0 2-3 -6.00-4.00-2.00 0 2.00 4.00 Angle Gradient [ /m] Angle Gain [ /m] 0.10 Roll Steer 4 Roll Camber 3 Spring/Damper Motion Ratio 3 Tire Patch Lateral Displacement Roll Steer [ / ] 8 6 4 2 0-2 Roll Camber [ / ] 3 2 1 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 2 1-1 -2 2 1-1 -2-4 -3.00-2.00-1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00-6 -3.00-2.00-1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00-3 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890-3 -0.50-0.40-0.30-0.20-0.10 0 0.10 Roll Angle right wheel in compression Roll Angle right wheel in compression Tire Patch Lateral Displacement

3 Roll Center Height in Jounce 3 Roll Center Height Motion Ratio 7.0 Roll Center Height in Roll 15 Lateral Roll Center Migration in Roll 2 1-1 -2-3 -30-20 -10 0 10 20 30 2 1-1 -2-3 0.975 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 Roll Center Height 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0-3.00-2.00-1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00 Roll Center Migration 10 5-5 -10-15 -3.00-2.00-1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00 Roll Center Height Roll Center / Wheel Center Travel Roll Angle right wheel in compression Roll Angle right wheel in compression 3 Wheel Center Recession 3 Wheel Center Anti-Angle 3 Contact Patch Recession 3 Contact Patch Anti-Angle 2 1-1 -2 2 1-1 -2 2 1-1 -2 2 1-1 -2-3 -0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1 0.1-3 -1.5-1.0-0.5 0.5-3 -3.0-2.0-1.0 1.0 2.0-3 -8.0-6.0-4.0-2.0 Wheel Center Recession Angle Contact Patch Recession Angle HIDE GRAPHS SHOW GRAPHS Steering Motion Results Rack Travel Toe Angle 3 2 1-1 -2-3 -30-20 -10 0 10 20 30 Caster Angle Caster Angle 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 Camber Angle KPI Angle 3.00 9.00 2.50 8.00 2.00 7.00 1.50 1.00 6.00 0.50 5.00 0 4.00-0.50 3.00-1.00 2.00-1.50-2.00 1.00-2.50 0-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 Camber Angle KPI Angle 36.80 Scrub Radius 60 Caster Trail 60 Caster Offset 82.45 KPI Offset Scrub Radius 36.75 36.70 36.65 36.60 36.55 36.50 36.45 36.40 36.35 36.30-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 Caster Trail 50 40 30 20 10 0-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 Caster Offset 40 20 0-20 -40-60 -30-20 -10 0 10 20 30 KPI Offset 82.40 82.35 82.30 82.25 82.20 82.15 82.10-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 % Ackermann Inside / Outside Toe Difference Angle Overall Steering Ratio Percentage Ackermann [%] 2.0-2.0-4.0-6.0-8.0-1 -12.0-14.0-16.0-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 Toe Difference Angle 0.10 0-0.10-0.20-0.30-0.40-0.50-0.60-5.00 0 5.00 10 15.00 20 25.00 Average Steer in Angle Rack Travel 3 2 1-1 -2-3 8.600 8.800 9.000 9.200 9.400 9.600 9.800 SWA Angle / Toe Angle [ / ] Camber Angle Gain [ / ] Camber Angle Gain With Steering 0-2 -4-6 -8-0.10-0.12-0.14-0.16-0.18-30 -20-10 0 10 20 30 HIDE GRAPHS SHOW GRAPHS Rocker & Roll Bar Linkage Results 3 Spring/Damper Motion Ratio 3 U-BAR Motion Ratio 3 T-BAR Motion Ratio 3 Push- / Pull-Rod Motion Ratio 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 -2-2 -2-2 -3 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890-3 00 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200-3 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060-3 0.540 0.560 0.580 0.600 0.620 0.640 3 Rocker Angle Motion Ratio 3 U-BAR Beam Angle Motion Ratio 3 T-BAR Angle Motion Ratio 3 3rd Spring/Damper Motion Ratio 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 -2-2 -2-2 -3 0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840-3 00 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200-3 1.050 1.100 1.150 1.200 1.250-3 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 Rocker Angle Motion Ratio [ /mm] U-BAR Beam Angle Motion Ratio [ /mm] T-BAR Beam Angle Motion Ratio [ /mm] 3 Rocker Rotation Angle 3 U-BAR Beam Deflection Angle 3 T-Bar Beam Deflection Angle 3 3rd Spring/Damper Travel 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 2 1-1 -2-2 -2-2 -3-20 -10 0 10 20-3 0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20-3 -30-20 -10 0 10 20 30-3 -3-2 -1 1 2 3 Rocker Rotation Angle U-BAR Beam Deflection Angle T-BAR Beam Deflection Angle 3rd Spring/Damper Deflection

Toe SUSPENSION LOADCASE ANALYSIS TOOL Execute prior a Jounce Motion (ONLY) Calculation for Correct Link Load Numbers! Camber Caster Caster Trail 0 0 6.79 33.81 All link loads are acting in the centerline of the link. Positive Values indicate a Tension Load and Negative Values indicate a Left Wheel Braking Load Fx @ CP N * = Tension Load, - = Compression Load Left Wheel Lateral Load Fy @ CP N Tie Rod Link * Left Wheel Vertical Load Fz @ CP N Spring Link * Left Wheel Accel./ Impact Load @ WC N Lower Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm Leg) * Pneumatic Trail (n) 2 mm Upper Link 1 * Push/Pull Rod Load * 0 N Upper Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm Leg) * Link Load * Link Deflection 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 VEHICLE LOADCASE Wheelbase 270 mm CoG Height 45 mm Front Down Force Static Fr. Corner Weight 2845 N Mass 100 kg N Static Rr. Corner Weight 2060 N Weight Distribution 58.0 % Forward Rear Down Force Long. Weight Transfer 1635 N/g Front Track Width 150 mm N Lat. Fr. Weight Transfer 1707 N/g Rear Track Width 150 mm Down Force Negative Lat. Rr. Weight Transfer 1236 N/g Tire Friction/Grip Coefficient 1.60 - Lift Force Positive In the Loadcase Template the Vertical Corner Loads will be calculated according the inserted vertical / lateral / longitudinal g-loads and - if applicable - aerodynamic forces. The resulting vertical corner load will be multiplied with the Friction Coefficient Mue of the Tire in order to calculate the maximum achievable lateral & longitudinal forces at the wheels (theoretical values). There is however no sanity check in the model whether the real vehicle actually can produce these (corner) loads. LOADCASE TEMPLATE Loadcase Nr. Cornering [g] Braking negative [g] Acceleration positve [g] Vertical [g] Vertical Vehicle Load Lateral Vehicle Long. Vehicle Load Load STATIC 1 1.0 9810 0 0 BUMP 2 3.0 29430 0 0 ACCELERATION 3 2.0 1.0 9810 0 19620 ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 4 2.0 3.0 29430 0 19620 BRAKING 5-2.0 1.0 9810 0-19620 BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 6-2.0 3.0 29430 0-19620 CORNERING 7 1.4 1.0 9810-13734 0 CORNERING VERTICAL BUMP 8 2.0 3.0 29430-19620 0 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION 9 2.0 2.0 1.0 9810-19620 19620 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 10 2.0 2.0 3.0 29430-19620 19620 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING 11 2.0-2.0 1.0 9810-19620 -19620 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 12 2.0-2.0 3.0 29430-19620 -19620 FRONT SUSPENSION WHEEL LOADS Loadcase Nr. Fz due to G & Fr. Down Force LEFT WHEEL = OUTSIDE WHEEL Max. Fy due to Fz & Grip Max. Fx due to Fz & Grip LEFT WHEEL = INSIDE WHEEL Fz due to G & Fr. Down Force Max. Fy due to Fz & Grip STATIC 1 2845 0 0 2845 0 0 VERTICAL BUMP 2 8535 0 0 8535 0 0 ACCELERATION 3 0 0 0 <-! -> 0 0 0 ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 4 5265 0 8424 5265 0 8424 Max. Fx due to Fz & Grip BRAKING 5 4480 0-7168 4480 0-7168 BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 6 10170 0-16272 10170 0-16272 CORNERING 7 5235-8375 0 455 728 0 CORNERING VERTICAL BUMP 8 11949-19118 0 5121 8193 0 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION 9 2989-4782 4782! -> 0 0 0 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 10 8679-13886 13886 1851 2961 2961 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING 11 7894-12630 -12630 1066 1706-1706 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 12 13584-21734 -21734 6756 10809-10809 REAR SUSPENSION WHEEL LOADS Loadcase Nr. LEFT WHEEL = OUTSIDE WHEEL Fz due to G & Max. Fy due to Max. Fx due to Rr. Down Force Fz & Grip Fz & Grip LEFT WHEEL = INSIDE WHEEL Fz due to G & Max. Fy due to Max. Fx due to Rr. Down Force Fz & Grip Fz & Grip STATIC 1 2060-3296 0 2060 3296 0 VERTICAL BUMP 2 6180-9888 0 6180 9888 0 ACCELERATION 3 5330 0 0 5330 0 0 ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 4 9450-15120 15120 9450 15120 15120 BRAKING 5 425-680 -680 425 680-680 BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 6 4545-7272 -7272 4545 7272-7272 CORNERING 7 3791-6065 0 330 527 0 CORNERING VERTICAL BUMP 8 8652-13844 0 3708 5933 0 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION 9 7802-12484 12484 2858 4573 4573 COMBINED CORNERING ACCELERATION VERTICAL BUMP 10 11922-19076 19076 6978 11165 11165 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING 11 2897-4636 -4636! -> 0 0 0 COMBINED CORNERING BRAKING VERTICAL BUMP 12 7017-11228 -11228 2073 3317-3317 Typical Reference Numbers for Stiffness Values OVERALL LINK STIFFNESS CALCULATION TOOL Bracket / Upright / Knuckle / Chassis Mounting Rose Joint Full Profile Link / A-Arm Section Standard Bushing (Radial) 25000-50000 25000-50000 100000-250000 5000-15000 Top Mount (Radial) 500-2500 Assembled Overall Link Stiffness 8064.52 Bushing / Joint Stiffness [] "Link" Section Stiffness [] Bushing / Joint Stiffness [] Bracket / Upright / Knuckle Mounting Stiffness [] 5000 2500 25000 2500 5000 Bracket / Chassis Mounting Stiffness [] Link Section Length 30 mm Tube Circular Section E-Modulus Material 21000 ^2 Diameter D 25.0 mm Outer Link Cross-Section Area 50 mm^2 Inner Diameter d mm Calculated Stiffness for Link Section 350000 Total Area 490.87 mm^2 PERCENTAGE ANTI-LIFT / ANTI-DIVE CALCULATION TOOL Front Rear Wheel Center Anti Lift Angle / Anti Squat Angle* -2.000 5.000 DATA FALSE AS FRONT SUSPENSION0 USE DSDM Contact Patch Anti Dive Angle / Anti Lift Angle* -5.000 15.000 Percentage Front Brake Distribution 700 % Front Percentage Rear Drive Torque 500 % Rear USE DSDM DATA FALSE AS REAR SUSPENSION 0 Vehicle Center of Gravity Height 5500 mm Wheelbase 25000 mm * Front Suspension Anti-Angles Change Sign from DSDM to Vehicle Coordinate System Front Suspension Side-View Instantaneous Center Rear Suspension Side-View Instantaneous Center Anti-Lift Angle 2.00 Anti-Squat Angle 5.00 Anti-Lift Angle Anti-Dive Angle 5.00 Anti-Lift Angle 15.00 Anti-Squat Angle Anti-Dive Angle Wheelbase 25000 mm Front Anti Dive % 27.82 % Rear Anti Squat % 19.87 % Front Anti Lift % 7.93 % Rear Anti Lift % 36.52 % Anti-Lift Angle

DO NOT MODIFY COLUMN A - DR. DO NOT RENAME SHEET. OTHERWISE SHEET CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO LIKING 3rd Spring SPRINGTRAVEL WHEELTRAVEL RACKTRAVEL SPRING TO WHEEL RATIO [-] TOE ANGLE BUMPSTEER GRADIENT [ /m] ROLL STEER GRADIENT [ / ] CAMBER ANGLE CAMBER GAIN [ /m] ROLL CAMBER GRADIENT [ / ] ROLLCENTER HEIGHT ROLLCENTER / WHEELTRAVEL RATIO [mm/mm] WHEEL CENTER ANTI- ANGLE CONTACT PATCH ANTI- ANGLE WHEEL CENTER RECESSION WHEEL CENTER LATERAL DISPLACEMENT CONTACT PATCH LONGITUDINAL DISPLACEMENT CONTACT PATCH LATERAL DISPLACEMENT CONTACT PATCH VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT -200-23.032 00 0.883-97 6.308 79-13 2.225 28 25.131 0.992-1.315-6.057-0.369-0.517-2.164-0.444-23.027-19.900-22.919 00 0.882-96 6.287 78-13 2.209 28 25.019 0.992-1.311-6.051-0.366-0.511-2.152-0.440-22.914-19.800-22.806 00 0.882-95 6.267 78-13 2.193 27 24.907 0.992-1.307-6.044-0.364-0.506-2.140-0.436-22.801-19.700-22.692 00 0.882-95 6.246 78-13 2.176 27 24.794 0.992-1.303-6.037-0.361-0.501-2.128-0.432-22.688-19.600-22.579 00 0.882-94 6.226 78-12 2.160 27 24.682 0.992-1.299-6.030-0.359-0.495-2.116-0.428-22.574 INPUT DATA -19.500-22.466 00 0.881-93 6.205 77-12 2.143 27 24.569 0.992-1.295-6.023-0.356-0.490-2.104-0.425-22.461 GENERIC 5-LINK DSDM 3rd Spring -19.400-22.352 00 0.881-92 6.185 77-12 2.127 27 24.457 0.992-1.291-6.016-0.353-0.485-2.092-0.421-22.347 DESCRIPTION Knuckle Y Z -19.300-22.239 00 0.881-92 6.164 77-12 2.110 26 24.344 0.992-1.288-6.010-0.351-0.480-2.080-0.417-22.234 Tie Rod @ Chassis Joint 115.000 145.000 4100 1000-19.200-22.125 00 0.881-91 6.144 77-12 2.094 26 24.232 0.992-1.284-6.003-0.348-0.475-2.068-0.413-22.121 Tie Rod @ Knuckle Joint 600 625.000 412.000 483.145-19.100-22.012 00 0.881-90 6.123 76-11 2.078 26 24.119 0.992-1.280-5.996-0.346-0.469-2.056-0.409-22.007 Spring Link @ Chassis Joint -2900 1900 2100 1000-19.000-21.898 00 0.880-90 6.103 76-11 2.061 26 24.007 0.992-1.276-5.989-0.343-0.464-2.044-0.405-21.894 Spring Link @ Knuckle Joint 100 6500 2000 549.272-18.900-21.785 00 0.880-89 6.082 76-11 2.045 26 23.894 0.992-1.272-5.982-0.341-0.459-2.032-0.401-21.780 Lower Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm leg) @ Chassis Joint 1500 55.000 195.000 1000-18.800-21.671 00 0.880-88 6.062 76-11 2.028 25 23.781 0.992-1.268-5.975-0.338-0.454-2.020-0.398-21.667 Lower Link 2 @ Knuckle Joint 100 6500 2000 611.269-18.700-21.557 00 0.880-88 6.041 75-10 2.012 25 23.669 0.992-1.264-5.968-0.336-0.449-2.009-0.394-21.553 Upper Link 1 @ Chassi Joint 75.000 2000 4100 1000-18.600-21.444 00 0.880-87 6.021 75-10 1.996 25 23.556 0.992-1.260-5.962-0.333-0.444-1.997-0.390-21.439 Upper Link 1 @ Knuckle Joint -15.000 6200 4100 429.535-18.500-21.330 00 0.879-86 6.000 75-10 1.979 25 23.443 0.991-1.256-5.955-0.331-0.439-1.985-0.386-21.326 Upper Link 2 (or 2nd A-Arm Leg) @ Chassis Joint -265.000 225.000 405.000 1000-18.400-21.216 00 0.879-86 5.980 75-10 1.963 24 23.331 0.991-1.252-5.948-0.328-0.434-1.973-0.383-21.212 Upper Link 2 @ Knuckle Joint -15.000 6200 4100 467.493-18.300-21.103 00 0.879-85 5.959 74-09 1.946 24 23.218 0.991-1.248-5.941-0.326-0.429-1.961-0.379-21.098 Spring/Damper@ Chassis Joint -3700 1000 5800 1000-18.200-20.989 00 0.879-84 5.939 74-09 1.930 24 23.105 0.991-1.244-5.934-0.323-0.424-1.949-0.375-20.985 Spring/Damper @ Rocker Joint -175.000 500 585.000 201.370-18.100-20.875 00 0.879-84 5.918 74-09 1.914 24 22.992 0.991-1.240-5.927-0.321-0.420-1.937-0.371-20.871 Wheel Center Point 00 715.000 3200-18.000-20.761 00 0.878-83 5.898 74-09 1.897 24 22.879 0.991-1.236-5.920-0.318-0.415-1.926-0.368-20.757 Calculated Wheel Center Alignment Point 00 615.000 3200 1000-17.900-20.647 00 0.878-82 5.877 73-09 1.881 23 22.767 0.991-1.232-5.914-0.316-0.410-1.914-0.364-20.643 Calculated Contact Patch 00 715.000 00-17.800-20.533 00 0.878-82 5.856 73-08 1.864 23 22.654 0.991-1.228-5.907-0.313-0.405-1.902-0.361-20.530-17.700-20.420 00 0.878-81 5.836 73-08 1.848 23 22.541 0.991-1.225-5.900-0.311-0.400-1.890-0.357-20.416-17.600-20.306 00 0.878-80 5.815 73-08 1.832 23 22.428 0.991-1.221-5.893-0.309-0.396-1.878-0.353-20.302 Select Push/Pull Rod Wheelside Attachment Link -17.500-20.192 00 0.877-80 5.795 72-08 1.815 23 22.315 0.991-1.217-5.886-0.306-0.391-1.867-0.350-20.188 Static Loaded Tire Radius 3200 mm -17.400-278 00 0.877-79 5.774 72-08 1.799 22 22.202 0.991-1.213-5.879-0.304-0.386-1.855-0.346-274 Static Toe 00-17.300-19.964 00 0.877-78 5.753 72-07 1.782 22 22.089 0.991-1.209-5.872-0.301-0.382-1.843-0.343-19.960 Static Camber 00-17.200-19.850 00 0.877-78 5.733 72-07 1.766 22 21.976 0.991-1.205-5.866-0.299-0.377-1.832-0.339-19.846 Max. Jounce Travel @ Spring/Damper 200 mm -17.100-19.736 00 0.877-77 5.712 71-07 1.750 22 21.863 0.991-1.201-5.859-0.296-0.372-1.820-0.336-19.732 Max. Rebound Travel @ Spring/Damper -200 mm Steering Rack Ratio -17.000-19.622 00 0.877-76 5.691 71-07 1.733 22 21.750 0.991-1.197-5.852-0.294-0.368-1.808-0.332-19.618 Max. Steering Rack Travel 25.000 mm 500-16.900-19.508 00 0.876-76 5.671 71-07 1.717 21 21.637 0.991-1.193-5.845-0.292-0.363-1.796-0.329-19.504 Wheelbase 28000 mm -16.800-19.393 00 0.876-75 5.650 71-06 1.701 21 21.524 0.991-1.189-5.838-0.289-0.359-1.785-0.325-19.390-16.700-19.279 00 0.876-74 5.629 70-06 1.684 21 21.411 0.991-1.185-5.831-0.287-0.354-1.773-0.322-19.276 Vertical/Roll Motion -16.600-19.165 00 0.876-74 5.609 70-06 1.668 21 21.298 0.991-1.181-5.824-0.285-0.350-1.761-0.318-19.162-16.500-19.051 00 0.876-73 5.588 70-06 1.652 21 21.185 0.991-1.177-5.818-0.282-0.345-1.750-0.315-19.048-16.400-18.937 00 0.876-72 5.567 69-06 1.635 20 21.072 0.991-1.173-5.811-0.280-0.341-1.738-0.312-18.934-16.300-18.823 00 0.875-72 5.547 69-05 1.619 20 20.958 0.991-1.169-5.804-0.278-0.337-1.727-0.308-18.819-16.200-18.708 00 0.875-71 5.526 69-05 1.602 20 20.845 0.991-1.165-5.797-0.275-0.332-1.715-0.305-18.705 ROCKER 3 SPRING/DAMPER & T-TYPE ARB -16.100-18.594 00 0.875-71 5.505 69-05 1.586 20 20.732 0.991-1.161-5.790-0.273-0.328-1.703-0.302-18.591 DESCRIPTION Knuckle Y Z -16.000-18.480 00 0.875-70 5.485 68-05 1.570 20 20.619 0.991-1.157-5.783-0.271-0.324-1.692-0.298-18.477 Rocker Pivot Point -168.000 117.000 565.000-15.900-18.366 00 0.875-69 5.464 68-05 1.553 19 20.506 0.991-1.153-5.776-0.268-0.319-1.680-0.295-18.362 Rocker Pivot Alignment Point -168.000 61.000 482.000-15.800-18.251 00 0.875-69 5.443 68-05 1.537 19 20.392 0.991-1.149-5.769-0.266-0.315-1.669-0.292-18.248 Push-/Pull-Rod @ Rocker -125.000 117.000 565.000-15.700-18.137 00 0.874-68 5.422 68-04 1.521 19 20.279 0.991-1.145-5.762-0.264-0.311-1.657-0.288-18.134 ARB Drop Link @ Rocker 100 6500 2000-15.600-18.023 00 0.874-67 5.402 67-04 1.504 19 20.166 0.991-1.141-5.756-0.261-0.307-1.646-0.285-18.020 Push-/Pull-Rod @ Link Joint -168.000 117.000 565.000-15.500-17.908 00 0.874-67 5.381 67-04 1.488 19 253 0.991-1.138-5.749-0.259-0.303-1.634-0.282-17.905 Include Custom Probe Point @ Rocker -153.000 51.000 6100-15.400-17.794 00 0.874-66 5.360 67-04 1.472 18 19.939 0.991-1.134-5.742-0.257-0.299-1.623-0.279-17.791 Rocker Drop Link @ U-BAR / T-BAR 2300 55.000 5900-15.300-17.679 00 0.874-66 5.339 67-04 1.455 18 19.826 0.991-1.130-5.735-0.255-0.294-1.611-0.276-17.676 U-BAR Bearing & Beam / T-BAR Bearing 2300 55.000 3400-15.200-17.565 00 0.874-65 5.319 66-04 1.439 18 19.713 0.990-1.126-5.728-0.252-0.290-1.600-0.272-17.562 U-BAR Bearing & Beam / T-BAR Bearing Align. Pt. 2300 00 3400-15.100-17.450 00 0.873-64 5.298 66-03 1.423 18 19.599 0.990-1.122-5.721-0.250-0.286-1.588-0.269-17.448 T-BAR Lower Beam Point @ Bearing Axis 2300 00 3400-15.000-17.336 00 0.873-64 5.277 66-03 1.407 18 19.486 0.990-1.118-5.714-0.248-0.282-1.577-0.266-17.333 3rd Spring/Damper @ T-BAR Top Beam Point 2300 00 5900-14.900-17.221 00 0.873-63 5.256 66-03 1.390 17 19.373 0.990-1.114-5.707-0.246-0.278-1.565-0.263-17.219 3rd Spring/Damper @ Chassis -1000 00 5900-14.800-17.107 00 0.873-63 5.235 65-03 1.374 17 19.259 0.990-1.110-5.700-0.243-0.274-1.554-0.260-17.104-14.700-16.992 00 0.873-62 5.215 65-03 1.358 17 19.146 0.990-1.106-5.694-0.241-0.270-1.542-0.257-16.990 Include Custom Probe -14.600-16.878 00 0.873-61 5.194 65-03 1.341 17 19.032 0.990-1.102-5.687-0.239-0.267-1.531-0.254-16.875-14.500-16.763 00 0.873-61 5.173 65-02 1.325 17 18.919 0.990-1.098-5.680-0.237-0.263-1.519-0.251-16.761-14.400-16.649 00 0.872-60 5.152 64-02 1.309 16 18.805 0.990-1.094-5.673-0.235-0.259-1.508-0.248-16.646-14.300-16.534 00 0.872-60 5.131 64-02 1.292 16 18.692 0.990-1.090-5.666-0.232-0.255-1.497-0.245-16.531 COMPLIANCE DATA -14.200-16.419 00 0.872-59 5.111 64-02 1.276 16 18.578 0.990-1.086-5.659-0.230-0.251-1.485-0.242-16.417-14.100-16.305 00 0.872-58 5.090 64-02 1.260 16 18.465 0.990-1.082-5.652-0.228-0.247-1.474-0.239-16.302 McPherson Damper Piston Rod Diameter (Bending) 00 mm -14.000-16.190 00 0.872-58 5.069 63-02 1.244 16 18.351 0.990-1.078-5.645-0.226-0.244-1.463-0.236-16.188 Pneumatic Trail (n) 25.000 mm -13.900-16.075 00 0.872-57 5.048 63-02 1.227 15 18.238 0.990-1.074-5.638-0.224-0.240-1.451-0.233-16.073-13.800-15.960 00 0.872-57 5.027 63-01 1.211 15 18.124 0.990-1.070-5.632-0.221-0.236-1.440-0.230-15.958-13.700-15.846 00 0.871-56 5.006 62-01 1.195 15 18.011 0.990-1.066-5.625-0.219-0.233-1.429-0.227-15.843-13.600-15.731 00 0.871-56 4.985 62-01 1.178 15 17.897 0.990-1.062-5.618-0.217-0.229-1.417-0.224-15.729-13.500-15.616 00 0.871-55 4.964 62-01 1.162 15 17.783 0.990-1.058-5.611-0.215-0.225-1.406-0.221-15.614 Toe Compliance [ /kn] -04-0.135 0.114-0.114-08 -55-13.400-15.501 00 0.871-54 4.944 62-01 1.146 14 17.670 0.990-1.054-5.604-0.213-0.222-1.395-0.218-15.499 Camber Compliance [ /kn] -33-29 06-06 45 44-13.300-15.387 00 0.871-54 4.923 61-01 1.130 14 17.556 0.990-1.050-5.597-0.211-0.218-1.383-0.215-15.384 Caster Compliance [ /kn] 17-0.251-05 05 27 25-13.200-15.272 00 0.871-53 4.902 61-01 1.113 14 17.442 0.990-1.046-5.590-0.209-0.215-1.372-0.213-15.270 Contact Patch X Compliance [mm/kn] 0.139-1.653 0.249-0.249 0.171 0.112-13.100-15.157 00 0.871-53 4.881 61 00 1.097 14 17.329 0.990-1.042-5.583-0.207-0.211-1.361-0.210-15.155 Contact Patch Y Compliance [mm/kn] 0.224 0.158-19 19-0.290-0.294-13.000-15.042 00 0.870-52 4.860 61 00 1.081 13 17.215 0.990-1.038-5.576-0.205-0.208-1.350-0.207-15.040 Wheel Center X Compliance [mm/kn] 42-0.251 0.277-0.277 20-29 -12.900-14.927 00 0.870-52 4.839 60 00 1.065 13 17.101 0.990-1.034-5.569-0.202-0.204-1.339-0.204-14.925 Wheel Center Y Compliance [mm/kn] 39-03 12-12 -38-48 -12.800-14.812 00 0.870-51 4.818 60 00 1.048 13 16.988 0.990-1.030-5.562-0.200-0.201-1.327-0.201-14.810-12.700-14.697 00 0.870-51 4.797 60 00 1.032 13 16.874 0.990-1.026-5.556-0.198-0.198-1.316-0.199-14.695 Toe Aligning Torque Stiffness -1.856 /knm -12.600-14.582 00 0.870-50 4.776 60 00 1.016 13 16.760 0.990-1.022-5.549-0.196-0.194-1.305-0.196-14.581-12.500-14.467 00 0.870-49 4.755 59 00 1.000 12 16.647 0.990-1.018-5.542-0.194-0.191-1.294-0.193-14.466-12.400-14.352 00 0.870-49 4.734 59 00 0.983 12 16.533 0.990-1.014-5.535-0.192-0.188-1.283-0.191-14.351-12.300-14.238 00 0.870-48 4.713 59 00 0.967 12 16.419 0.990-1.010-5.528-0.190-0.184-1.272-0.188-14.236-12.200-14.123 00 0.869-48 4.692 59 01 0.951 12 16.305 0.990-1.006-5.521-0.188-0.181-1.260-0.185-14.121-12.100-14.007 00 0.869-47 4.671 58 01 0.935 12 16.191 0.990-1.002-5.514-0.186-0.178-1.249-0.183-14.006-12.000-13.892 00 0.869-47 4.650 58 01 0.918 11 16.078 0.989-0.998-5.507-0.184-0.175-1.238-0.180-13.891-11.900-13.777 00 0.869-46 4.629 58 01 0.902 11 15.964 0.989-0.994-5.500-0.182-0.172-1.227-0.178-13.776-11.800-13.662 00 0.869-46 4.608 58 01 0.886 11 15.850 0.989-0.990-5.493-0.180-0.169-1.216-0.175-13.661-11.700-13.547 00 0.869-45 4.587 57 01 0.870 11 15.736 0.989-0.986-5.486-0.178-0.166-1.205-0.172-13.546-11.600-13.432 00 0.869-45 4.566 57 01 0.854 11 15.622 0.989-0.982-5.480-0.176-0.162-1.194-0.170-13.431-11.500-13.317 00 0.869-44 4.545 57 01 0.837 10 15.508 0.989-0.978-5.473-0.174-0.159-1.183-0.167-13.315-11.400-13.202 00 0.868-44 4.524 56 01 0.821 10 15.395 0.989-0.974-5.466-0.172-0.156-1.172-0.165-13.200-11.300-13.087 00 0.868-43 4.503 56 01 0.805 10 15.281 0.989-0.970-5.459-0.170-0.153-1.161-0.162-13.085-11.200-12.972 00 0.868-43 4.482 56 02 0.789 10 15.167 0.989-0.966-5.452-0.168-0.150-1.150-0.160-12.970-11.100-12.856 00 0.868-42 4.461 56 02 0.773 10 15.053 0.989-0.962-5.445-0.166-0.148-1.139-0.158-12.855-11.000-12.741 00 0.868-41 4.440 55 02 0.756 09 14.939 0.989-0.958-5.438-0.164-0.145-1.128-0.155-12.740-10.900-12.626 00 0.868-41 4.419 55 02 0.740 09 14.825 0.989-0.954-5.431-0.162-0.142-1.117-0.153-12.625-10.800-12.511 00 0.868-40 4.398 55 02 0.724 09 14.711 0.989-0.950-5.424-0.161-0.139-1.106-0.150-12.509-10.700-12.396 00 0.868-40 4.377 55 02 0.708 09 14.597 0.989-0.946-5.417-0.159-0.136-1.095-0.148-12.394-10.600-12.280 00 0.868-39 4.356 54 02 0.692 09 14.483 0.989-0.942-5.410-0.157-0.133-1.084-0.146-12.279-10.500-12.165 00 0.867-39 4.335 54 02 0.675 08 14.369 0.989-0.938-5.403-0.155-0.131-1.073-0.143-12.164-10.400-12.050 00 0.867-38 4.314 54 02 0.659 08 14.255 0.989-0.934-5.396-0.153-0.128-1.062-0.141-12.049-10.300-11.934 00 0.867-38 4.293 54 02 0.643 08 14.141 0.989-0.930-5.390-0.151-0.125-1.051-0.139-11.933-10.200-11.819 00 0.867-37 4.272 53 02 0.627 08 14.027 0.989-0.926-5.383-0.149-0.122-1.040-0.136-11.818-10.100-11.704 00 0.867-37 4.250 53 02 0.611 08 13.913 0.989-0.922-5.376-0.147-0.120-1.030-0.134-11.703-100 -11.589 00 0.867-37 4.229 53 03 0.595 07 13.799 0.989-0.918-5.369-0.145-0.117-1.019-0.132-11.587-9.900-11.473 00 0.867-36 4.208 53 03 0.578 07 13.685 0.989-0.914-5.362-0.144-0.115-1.008-0.130-11.472-9.800-11.358 00 0.867-36 4.187 52 03 0.562 07 13.571 0.989-0.910-5.355-0.142-0.112-0.997-0.127-11.357-9.700-11.242 00 0.867-35 4.166 52 03 0.546 07 13.457 0.989-0.906-5.348-0.140-0.110-0.986-0.125-11.241-9.600-11.127 00 0.867-35 4.145 52 03 0.530 07 13.343 0.989-0.902-5.341-0.138-0.107-0.975-0.123-11.126-9.500-11.012 00 0.866-34 4.124 51 03 0.514 06 13.229 0.989-0.898-5.334-0.136-0.105-0.965-0.121-11.011-9.400-10.896 00 0.866-34 4.103 51 03 0.498 06 13.115 0.989-0.894-5.327-0.134-0.102-0.954-0.119-10.895-9.300-10.781 00 0.866-33 4.081 51 03 0.482 06 13.001 0.989-0.890-5.320-0.133-0.100-0.943-0.117-10.780-9.200-10.665 00 0.866-33 4.060 51 03 0.465 06 12.886 0.989-0.886-5.313-0.131-97 -0.932-0.115-10.664-9.100-10.550 00 0.866-32 4.039 50 03 0.449 06 12.772 0.989-0.882-5.306-0.129-95 -0.922-0.112-10.549-9.000-10.434 00 0.866-32 4.018 50 03 0.433 05 12.658 0.989-0.878-5.299-0.127-93 -0.911-0.110-10.433-8.900-10.319 00 0.866-31 3.997 50 03 0.417 05 12.544 0.988-0.874-5.293-0.126-90 -0.900-0.108-10.318-8.800-10.203 00 0.866-31 3.976 50 03 0.401 05 12.430 0.988-0.870-5.286-0.124-88 -0.890-0.106-10.203-8.700-188 00 0.866-30 3.954 49 03 0.385 05 12.316 0.988-0.866-5.279-0.122-86 -0.879-0.104-187 -8.600-9.972 00 0.866-30 3.933 49 03 0.369 05 12.202 0.988-0.862-5.272-0.120-84 -0.868-0.102-9.972-8.500-9.857 00 0.865-29 3.912 49 03 0.353 04 12.087 0.988-0.858-5.265-0.119-81 -0.858-0.100-9.856-8.400-9.741 00 0.865-29 3.891 49 03 0.336 04 11.973 0.988-0.854-5.258-0.117-79 -0.847-98 -9.741-8.300-9.626 00 0.865-29 3.869 48 03 0.320 04 11.859 0.988-0.850-5.251-0.115-77 -0.836-96 -9.625-8.200-9.510 00 0.865-28 3.848 48 03 0.304 04 11.745 0.988-0.846-5.244-0.113-75 -0.826-95 -9.509-8.100-9.395 00 0.865-28 3.827 48 03 0.288 04 11.631 0.988-0.842-5.237-0.112-73 -0.815-93 -9.394-8.000-9.279 00 0.865-27 3.806 47 03 0.272 03 11.516 0.988-0.838-5.230-0.110-71 -0.804-91 -9.278-7.900-9.163 00 0.865-27 3.785 47 04 0.256 03 11.402 0.988-0.834-5.223-0.108-69 -0.794-89 -9.163-7.800-9.048 00 0.865-26 3.763 47 04 0.240 03 11.288 0.988-0.830-5.216-0.107-67 -0.783-87 -9.047-7.700-8.932 00 0.865-26 3.742 47 04 0.224 03 11.174 0.988-0.826-5.209-0.105-65 -0.773-85 -8.931-7.600-8.817 00 0.865-26 3.721 46 04 0.208 03 11.059 0.988-0.822-5.202-0.103-63 -0.762-83 -8.816-7.500-8.701 00 0.865-25 3.699 46 04 0.192 02 10.945 0.988-0.818-5.195-0.102-61 -0.752-82 -8.700-7.400-8.585 00 0.864-25 3.678 46 04 0.176 02 10.831 0.988-0.814-5.188-0.100-59 -0.741-80 -8.585-7.300-8.470 00 0.864-24 3.657 46 04 0.159 02 10.717 0.988-0.810-5.181-98 -57-0.731-78 -8.469-7.200-8.354 00 0.864-24 3.636 45 04 0.143 02 10.602 0.988-0.806-5.175-97 -56-0.720-76 -8.353-7.100-8.238 00 0.864-23 3.614 45 04 0.127 02 10.488 0.988-0.802-5.168-95 -54-0.710-75 -8.238-7.000-8.122 00 0.864-23 3.593 45 04 0.111 01 10.374 0.988-0.798-5.161-93 -52-0.699-73 -8.122-6.900-8.007 00 0.864-23 3.572 45 04 95 01 10.260 0.988-0.794-5.154-92 -50-0.689-71 -8.006-6.800-7.891 00 0.864-22 3.550 44 04 79 01 10.145 0.988-0.790-5.147-90 -49-0.678-70 -7.890-6.700-7.775 00 0.864-22 3.529 44 04 63 01 131 0.988-0.786-5.140-89 -47-0.668-68 -7.775-6.600-7.660 00 0.864-21 3.508 44 04 47 01 9.917 0.988-0.782-5.133-87 -45-0.657-66 -7.659-6.500-7.544 00 0.864-21 3.486 44 04 31 00 9.802 0.988-0.778-5.126-85 -44-0.647-65 -7.543-6.400-7.428 00 0.864-21 3.465 43 04 15 00 9.688 0.988-0.774-5.119-84 -42-0.637-63 -7.428-6.300-7.312 00 0.864-20 3.444 43 04-01 00 9.574 0.988-0.770-5.112-82 -40-0.626-62 -7.312-6.200-7.196 00 0.864-20 3.422 43 04-17 00 9.459 0.988-0.766-5.105-81 -39-0.616-60 -7.196-6.100-7.081 00 0.863-19 3.401 42 04-33 00 9.345 0.988-0.762-5.098-79 -37-0.606-59 -7.080-6.000-6.965 00 0.863-19 3.380 42 04-49 -01 9.231 0.988-0.758-5.091-78 -36-0.595-57 -6.964-5.900-6.849 00 0.863-19 3.358 42 04-65 -01 9.116 0.987-0.754-5.084-76 -35-0.585-55 -6.849-5.800-6.733 00 0.863-18 3.337 42 04-81 -01 9.002 0.987-0.750-5.077-75 -33-0.575-54 -6.733-5.700-6.617 00 0.863-18 3.316 41 04-97 -01 8.888 0.987-0.746-5.070-73 -32-0.564-53 -6.617-5.600-6.501 00 0.863-17 3.294 41 04-0.113-01 8.773 0.987-0.742-5.063-72 -30-0.554-51 -6.501-5.500-6.386 00 0.863-17 3.273 41 04-0.129-02 8.659 0.987-0.738-5.056-70 -29-0.544-50 -6.385-5.400-6.270 00 0.863-17 3.251 41 04-0.145-02 8.544 0.987-0.734-5.049-69 -28-0.534-48 -6.269-5.300-6.154 00 0.863-16 3.230 40 04-0.161-02 8.430 0.987-0.730-5.043-67 -26-0.523-47 -6.153-5.200-6.038 00 0.863-16 3.209 40 04-0.177-02 8.316 0.987-0.726-5.036-66 -25-0.513-46 -6.038-5.100-5.922 00 0.863-16 3.187 40 04-0.193-02 8.201 0.987-0.722-5.029-64 -24-0.503-44 -5.922-5.000-5.806 00 0.863-15 3.166 40 04-0.209-03 8.087 0.987-0.718-5.022-63 -23-0.493-43 -5.806-4.900-5.690 00 0.863-15 3.144 39 04-0.225-03 7.972 0.987-0.714-5.015-61 -22-0.483-42 -5.690-4.800-5.574 00 0.863-14 3.123 39 04-0.241-03 7.858 0.987-0.710-5.008-60 -20-0.472-40 -5.574-4.700-5.458 00 0.862-14 3.101 39 03-0.257-03 7.744 0.987-0.706-5.001-58 -19-0.462-39 -5.458-4.600-5.342 00 0.862-14 3.080 38 03-0.273-03 7.629 0.987-0.702-4.994-57 -18-0.452-38 -5.342-4.500-5.226 00 0.862-13 3.058 38 03-0.289-04 7.515 0.987-0.698-4.987-56 -17-0.442-36 -5.226-4.400-5.110 00 0.862-13 3.037 38 03-0.305-04 7.400 0.987-0.693-4.980-54 -16-0.432-35 -5.110-4.300-4.994 00 0.862-13 3.016 38 03-0.321-04 7.286 0.987-0.689-4.973-53 -15-0.422-34 -4.994-4.200-4.878 00 0.862-12 2.994 37 03-0.337-04 7.171 0.987-0.685-4.966-51 -14-0.412-33 -4.878-4.100-4.762 00 0.862-12 2.973 37 03-0.353-04 7.057 0.987-0.681-4.959-50 -13-0.402-32 -4.762-4.000-4.646 00 0.862-12 2.951 37 03-0.369-05 6.942 0.987-0.677-4.952-49 -12-0.391-31 -4.646-3.900-4.530 00 0.862-11 2.930 37 03-0.385-05 6.828 0.987-0.673-4.945-47 -12-0.381-29 -4.530-3.800-4.414 00 0.862-11 2.908 36 03-0.401-05 6.713 0.987-0.669-4.938-46 -11-0.371-28 -4.414-3.700-4.298 00 0.862-11 2.887 36 03-0.417-05 6.599 0.987-0.665-4.931-44 -10-0.361-27 -4.298-3.600-4.182 00 0.862-10 2.865 36 03-0.433-05 6.485 0.987-0.661-4.924-43 -09-0.351-26 -4.182-3.500-4.066 00 0.862-10 2.844 35 03-0.449-06 6.370 0.987-0.657-4.917-42 -08-0.341-25 -4.066-3.400-3.950 00 0.862-10 2.822 35 03-0.465-06 6.256 0.987-0.653-4.910-40 -08-0.331-24 -3.950-3.300-3.834 00 0.862-09 2.800 35 03-0.481-06 6.141 0.987-0.649-4.903-39 -07-0.321-23 -3.834-3.200-3.718 00 0.861-09 2.779 35 03-0.497-06 6.027 0.987-0.645-4.896-38 -06-0.311-22 -3.718-3.100-3.602 00 0.861-09 2.757 34 03-0.513-06 5.912 0.987-0.641-4.889-36 -06-0.302-21 -3.602-3.000-3.486 00 0.861-08 2.736 34 03-0.529-07 5.798 0.987-0.637-4.882-35 -05-0.292-20 -3.486-2.900-3.370 00 0.861-08 2.714 34 03-0.545-07 5.683 0.986-0.633-4.876-34 -04-0.282-19 -3.370-2.800-3.254 00 0.861-08 2.693 34 03-0.560-07 5.569 0.986-0.629-4.869-33 -04-0.272-18 -3.254-2.700-3.138 00 0.861-07 2.671 33 03-0.576-07 5.454 0.986-0.625-4.862-31 -03-0.262-17 -3.138-2.600-3.022 00 0.861-07 2.650 33 02-0.592-07 5.340 0.986-0.621-4.855-30 -03-0.252-17 -3.021-2.500-2.905 00 0.861-07 2.628 33 02-0.608-08 5.225 0.986-0.617-4.848-29 -02-0.242-16 -2.905-2.400-2.789 00 0.861-07 2.606 33 02-0.624-08 5.110 0.986-0.613-4.841-28 -02-0.232-15 -2.789-2.300-2.673 00 0.861-06 2.585 32 02-0.640-08 4.996 0.986-0.609-4.834-26 -02-0.222-14 -2.673-2.200-2.557 00 0.861-06 2.563 32 02-0.656-08 4.881 0.986-0.605-4.827-25 -01-0.213-13 -2.557-2.100-2.441 00 0.861-06 2.542 32 02-0.672-08 4.767 0.986-0.601-4.820-24 -01-0.203-12 -2.441-2.000-2.325 00 0.861-05 2.520 31 02-0.688-09 4.652 0.986-0.597-4.813-23 00-0.193-12 -2.325-1.900-2.209 00 0.861-05 2.498 31 02-0.704-09 4.538 0.986-0.593-4.806-21 00-0.183-11 -2.209-1.800-2.092 00 0.861-05 2.477 31 02-0.720-09 4.423 0.986-0.588-4.799-20 00-0.173-10 -2.092-1.700-1.976 00 0.861-04 2.455 31 02-0.735-09 4.309 0.986-0.584-4.792-19 00-0.164-09 -1.976-1.600-1.860 00 0.861-04 2.433 30 02-0.751-09 4.194 0.986-0.580-4.785-18 01-0.154-09 -1.860-1.500-1.744 00 0.861-04 2.412 30 02-0.767-10 4.080 0.986-0.576-4.778-17 01-0.144-08 -1.744-1.400-1.628 00 0.860-04 2.390 30 01-0.783-10 3.965 0.986-0.572-4.771-16 01-0.135-07 -1.628-1.300-1.511 00 0.860-03 2.368 30 01-0.799-10 3.850 0.986-0.568-4.764-14 01-0.125-07 -1.511-1.200-1.395 00 0.860-03 2.347 29 01-0.815-10 3.736 0.986-0.564-4.757-13 01-0.115-06 -1.395-1.100-1.279 00 0.860-03 2.325 29 01-0.831-10 3.621 0.986-0.560-4.750-12 01-0.105-05 -1.279-1.000-1.163 00 0.860-03 2.303 29 01-0.847-11 3.507 0.986-0.556-4.743-11 01-96 -05-1.163-0.900-1.046 00 0.860-02 2.282 28 01-0.862-11 3.392 0.986-0.552-4.736-10 01-86 -04-1.046-0.800-0.930 00 0.860-02 2.260 28 01-0.878-11 3.278 0.986-0.548-4.729-09 01-77 -04-0.930-0.700-0.814 00 0.860-02 2.238 28 01-0.894-11 3.163 0.986-0.544-4.722-08 01-67 -03-0.814-0.600-0.698 00 0.860-01 2.217 28 01-0.910-11 3.048 0.986-0.540-4.715-06 01-57 -03-0.698-0.500-0.581 00 0.860-01 2.195 27 01-0.926-12 2.934 0.986-0.536-4.708-05 01-48 -02-0.581-0.400-0.465 00 0.860-01 2.173 27 00-0.942-12 2.819 0.986-0.532-4.701-04 01-38 -02-0.465-0.300-0.349 00 0.860-01 2.152 27 00-0.958-12 2.705 0.986-0.528-4.694-03 01-29 -01-0.349-0.200-0.233 00 0.860 00 2.130 27 00-0.973-12 2.590 0.986-0.524-4.687-02 00-19 -01-0.233-0.100-0.116 00 0.860 00 2.108 26 00-0.989-12 2.476 0.985-0.520-4.680-01 00-10 00-0.116 00 00 00 0.860 00 2.086 26 00-1.005-13 2.474 0.986-0.520-4.680 00 00 00 00 00 0.100 0.116 00 0.860 00 2.065 26 00-1.021-13 2.473 0.986-0.520-4.680 01 00 10 00 0.116 0.200 0.233 00 0.860 00 2.043 25 00-1.037-13 2.358 0.985-0.516-4.673 02-01 19 01 0.233 0.300 0.349 00 0.860 01 2.021 25 00-1.053-13 2.243 0.985-0.512-4.666 03-01 29 01 0.349 0.400 0.465 00 0.860 01 1.999 25 00-1.068-13 2.129 0.985-0.507-4.660 04-01 38 01 0.465 0.500 0.582 00 0.860 01 1.978 25-01 -1.084-14 2.014 0.985-0.503-4.653 05-02 47 02 0.582 0.600 0.698 00 0.860 01 1.956 24-01 -1.100-14 1.899 0.985-0.499-4.646 06-02 57 02 0.698 0.700 0.814 00 0.860 02 1.934 24-01 -1.116-14 1.785 0.985-0.495-4.639 07-02 66 02 0.814 0.800 0.931 00 0.860 02 1.912 24-01 -1.132-14 1.670 0.985-0.491-4.632 08-03 76 03 0.931 0.900 1.047 00 0.859 02 1.890 24-01 -1.147-14 1.555 0.985-0.487-4.625 09-03 85 03 1.047 1.000 1.163 00 0.859 02 1.869 23-01 -1.163-15 1.441 0.985-0.483-4.618 10-04 95 03 1.163 1.100 1.280 00 0.859 03 1.847 23-01 -1.179-15 1.326 0.985-0.479-4.611 11-04 0.104 03 1.280 1.200 1.396 00 0.859 03 1.825 23-02 -1.195-15 1.211 0.985-0.475-4.604 12-05 0.113 04 1.396 1.300 1.512 00 0.859 03 1.803 23-02 -1.211-15 1.097 0.985-0.471-4.597 13-06 0.123 04 1.512 1.400 1.629 00 0.859 03 1.781 22-02 -1.226-15 0.982 0.985-0.467-4.590 14-06 0.132 04 1.629 1.500 1.745 00 0.859 03 1.760 22-02 -1.242-16 0.867 0.985-0.463-4.583 15-07 0.141 04 1.745 1.600 1.862 00 0.859 04 1.738 22-02 -1.258-16 0.753 0.985-0.459-4.576 16-07 0.151 04 1.862 1.700 1.978 00 0.859 04 1.716 21-02 -1.274-16 0.638 0.985-0.455-4.569 17-08 0.160 04 1.978 1.800 2.094 00 0.859 04 1.694 21-02 -1.290-16 0.523 0.985-0.451-4.562 18-09 0.169 04 2.094 1.900 2.211 00 0.859 04 1.672 21-03 -1.305-16 0.409 0.985-0.447-4.555 19-10 0.179 04 2.211 2.000 2.327 00 0.859 04 1.650 21-03 -1.321-16 0.294 0.985-0.443-4.548 20-10 0.188 05 2.327 2.100 2.444 00 0.859 05 1.628 20-03 -1.337-17 0.179 0.985-0.438-4.541 20-11 0.197 05 2.444 2.200 2.560 00 0.859 05 1.607 20-03 -1.353-17 65 0.985-0.434-4.534 21-12 0.206 05 2.560 2.300 2.676 00 0.859 05 1.585 20-03 -1.368-17 -50 0.985-0.430-4.527 22-13 0.216 05 2.676 2.400 2.793 00 0.859 05 1.563 20-03 -1.384-17 -0.165 0.985-0.426-4.520 23-14 0.225 05 2.793 2.500 2.909 00 0.859 05 1.541 19-03 -1.400-17 -0.279 0.985-0.422-4.513 24-15 0.234 04 2.909 2.600 3.026 00 0.859 05 1.519 19-04 -1.416-18 -0.394 0.985-0.418-4.506 25-16 0.243 04 3.026 2.700 3.142 00 0.859 06 1.497 19-04 -1.431-18 -0.509 0.985-0.414-4.499 26-17 0.252 04 3.142 Lateral Load @ Outside Wheel @ CP WITH SUSPENSION SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR VERTICAL (& ROLL & COMBINED JOUNCE/STEERIN Vertical Load @ CP Braking Load @ CP Acceleration Load @ WC Longitdinal Impact Load @ WC Lateral Load @ Outside Wheel @ CP WITHOUT -3-2 -1 1 2 3-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1 Angle Toe Angle -3-2 -1 1 2 3-4.0-2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 Gradient [ /m] Bump Steer Gradient -3-2 -1 1 2 3-0.1-0.1 Angle Camber Angle -3-2 -1 1 2 3-5.0-4.0-3.0-2.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Gain [ /m] Camber Angle Gain -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 0.10-3.0-2.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Roll Steer [ / ] Roll Angle right wheel in compression Roll Steer -6-5 -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4-3.0-2.0-1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Roll Camber [ / ] Roll Angle right wheel in compression Roll Camber -3-2 -1 1 2 3 0.850 0.855 0.860 0.865 0.870 0.875 0.880 0.885 Spring/Damper Motion Ratio