Frequency containment as a grid service 15.12.2014 Ville Tikka
Outline Introduction to frequency containment Reserves Reserve prices Frequency statistics Examples of FRC-N Conclusion
Introduction to frequency containment www.fingrid.fi, 18.12.2014
Reserves in Finland Reserve types 1. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) are used for the constant control of frequency. FCR-N normal operation FCR-D disturbance reserve 2. The purpose of Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) is to return the frequency to its normal range and to release activated Frequency Containment Reserves back into use. 3. Replacement Reserves (RR) release activated Frequency Restoration Reserves back to a state of readiness in case of new disturbances. Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland Reserve properties Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland FCR requirements http://www.fingrid.fi/ source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-D markets Yearly market Bidding competition organised once a year (autumn). In the middle of a contractual period, it is not possible to enter by making a yearly agreement for reserve maintenance. The amount based on reserve plans is bought in total. Reserve plans must be submitted the previous day by 6 pm (EET). The operator is obliged to maintain the reserve it sells to the yearly market within the framework of its free capacity after ELSPOT market. Fixed price is valid throughout the year. This is set based on the most expensive bid approved for the yearly market. Hourly market A reserve owner can participate in the hourly market by making a separate agreement with Fingrid. This does not require making a yearly agreement. Possible to enter the hourly market even in the middle of the year. TSO buys only required amount of reserve. Bids for the hours in the following 24-hour period must be submitted by 6.30 pm (EET). Reserve owners may submit daily offers for their reserve capacity. An operator that has a yearly agreement may participate in the hourly market only if it has supplied the reserve amount specified in the yearly agreement in full. Payment is set based on the most expensive bid used separately for each hour. http://www.fingrid.fi/ source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-N market data Annual market (established 2011) Prices are higher on hourly market, but risk of zero price exist Price [ /MWh ] 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 FCR-N [ /MW] FCN-D [ /MW ] Annual market prices 2011-2014 Year FCR-N [ /MW] FCN-D [ /MW ] 2011 9,97 1,48 2012 11,97 2,8 2013 14,36 3,36 2014 15,8 4,03 4 2 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland FCR-N and FCR-N market data /MW 500,00 450,00 400,00 350,00 300,00 250,00 FCR-N prices during 2011-2013 (hourly market) Averages: FCR-N FCR-D 2011: 14.94 /MW 16.94 /MW 2012: 30.41 /MW 6.02 /MW 2013: 36.33 /MW 23.38 /MW FCR-N( /MW) 2013 FCR-N ( /MW) 2012 FCR-N ( /MW) 2011 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,00 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Hour Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland Up and Down Regulation Prices (FFR-M) 4500 4000 Down regulation prices 2008 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 5000 4500 Up regulation prices 2008 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Number of hours in bin 3500 3000 2500 2000 Price based on lowest down regulation bid, but no more than SPOT price of the present hour Number of hours in bin 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 Price based on highest up regulation bid, but no less than SPOT price of the present hour 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ] 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ] Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Number of events per month Frequency statistic Frequency quality data Frequency quality 1995 2010 Number of times per month when frequency has exceeded 50,1 Hz and 49,9 Hz (Number of times frequency has been outside of the normal operation range) Tunninvaihteiden Frequency quality suuret change ja nopeat due tuotannon to substantial muutokset power ja differential markkinaintegraation between hours. myötä Market lisääntyneet integration suuret within tehonmuutokset Nordic Countries Pohjoismaiden and ja Keski-Euroopan Central Europe välillä has tunninvaihteissa increased power heikentävät differential pohjoismaisen between hours. taajuuden laatua. Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Frequency statistic Frequency distribution Frequency data 2008-2013 100 ms mean values, approx. 300 million samples / year Share of samples in bin 0.022 2008 2009 0.02 2010 2011 2012 0.018 2013 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 Year Coverage of the data [ % ] 2008 99,75 2009 99,22 2010 99,74 2011 96,87 2012 99,76 2013 92,14 Measurement issue? Less than 1% samples seem to contain error year mean std 2008 50 0,0409 2009 50 0,0418 2010 50 0,0439 2011 50 0,0443 2012 50 0,0437 2013 50 0,0432 0.0445 0.044 0.0435 0.043 0.006 0.004 0.002 std 0.0425 0.042 0.0415 0.041 49.85 49.9 49.95 50 50.05 50.1 50.15 Frequency [ Hz ] 0.0405 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Raw data source: Fingrid Oy
Example of FCR-N Droop function in case of production unit Droop function for FCR Controls plant based on grid frequency When grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz power to grid is increased When grid frequency is higher than 50Hz power to grid is decreased 10 MW Up Regulation (Production increase) 5 MW 0 MW 49.90 Under frequency 0 MW 49.95 P 10 MW 50.05 50.10 Dead band defines first reaction point Droop/static angle defines how strong reaction to frequency change is Over frequency Down Regulation (Production decrease) f In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within 49.9-50.1 Hz Allowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz (49.95-50.05 Hz)
Example of FCR-N Droop function in case of load Droop function for FCR Controls plant based on grid frequency When grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz load to grid is decreased When grid frequency is higher than 50Hz load to grid is increased P 10 MW 10 MW 5 MW 0 MW Under frequency 49.90 Up Regulation (Load decrease) 49.95 50.05 50.10 0 MW Over frequency f Down Regulation (Load increase) In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within 49.9-50.1 Hz Allowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz (49.95-50.05 Hz)
Example of FCR-N Example of FCR operation 50.2 50.15 Frequency ( Hz ) 50.1 50.05 50 49.95 49.9 49.85 Lower dead band limit Upped dead band limit Response can be instant or delayed. Based on Fingrid recommendation delay is set to 2 s. In case of delayed operation power remains zero 2 s after dead band frequency is exceeded Power ( MW ) 49.8 01.10 21:50 01.10 21:55 01.10 22:00 01.10 22:05 01.10 22:10 12 10 8 6 4 2 As frequency exceeds upper dead band plant increases power based on droop function Down regulation As frequency exceeds lower dead band plant decreases power based on droop function Up regulation After first reaction plans should be able to provide full power defined by the droop curve in 3 minutes In case of 10 MW plant operating at 5 MW, ramp rate must be at least 3 % per second to qualify Fingrid requirements 0 21:50:00 21:55:00 22:00:00 22:05:00 22:10:00
Example of FCR-N 12 MW plant operated at 6 MW power in normal state FCR-N 2s reaction delay Maximum ramp rate 3 MW/min Income approx 2 k /day
Accounting Example of FCR Energy compensation (to maintain market balance) Up regulation hour Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is lower than dead band operation power Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy surplus exists Surplus energy is compensated by up regulation price of the current hour (compensated energy = 5 MWh realized energy of the present hour) Down regulation hour Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is higher than dead band operation power Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy energy purchase is in deficit Additional energy is purchased by down regulation price of the current hour (additional purchase = realized energy of the present hour 5 MWh)
Conclusion Wide scale of frequency containment products Increasing need of frequency containment applications Due weakening frequency quality Increasing trend in product prices Potential market for novel power plants or load
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