Proceedings of IGES/APN Mega-City Project 23-25 January 22 (Rihga Royal Hotel Kokura, Kitakyushu Japan) 22 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies All rights reserved. Inventory Of GHGs And Other Urban Pollutants From Transport Sector In Delhi And Calcutta C. SHARMA *a, A. DASGUPTA b & A.P. MITRA c 1. Introduction Transport sector is one of the major contributors of greenhouse gases and has even more importance for the emission of polluted gases like NO x, SO 2, CO, particulate matter etc into the atmosphere. It has been estimated that motor vehicles contribute to about 64% of the pollution in Delhi while other sources (e.g. domestic-8%, industries 12%, power plants 16%) are of much lesser contributions. These gases play active role in the atmospheric chemistry and are responsible for climate change, adverse effects on human and plant health, atmospheric corrosion etc. At the national level, under Asia Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy Project (ALGAS, 1998), an inventory of emissions of trace gases including greenhouse gases had been prepared but this is the first attempt to inventorize emissions at city level. The growth of the vehicle population in India has been extremely fast especially in the post economic liberalization era and the number of vehicles has nearly doubled during the 1991-98 period as shown in table-1 (The Citizen s Fifth Report, 1999). Table 1: Vehicle population (x1) in India (1991-1998) Buses Year All Vehicle Two wheelers Cars, Jeeps and Taxis Goods Vehicles Others 1991 21374 142 2954 331 1356 2533 1992 2357 15661 325 358 1514 2769 1993 2555 17183 3361 364 163 2994 1994 2766 18899 3569 392 1691 319 1995 3295 2831 3841 423 1794 346 1996 33783 23252 424 449 231 3847** 1997 37231 25693 4662 488 226 4128** 1998 4939 28342 556 535 @ 2529 4477 * Corresponding author. Tel: +91-11-578781 Ext. 2331, Fax: +91-11-5852678, E-mail: csharma@csnpl.ren.nic.in a Researcher, Centre for Global Change, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi- 11 12 India b Graduate Student, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India c Honorary Scientist of Eminence, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi - 11 12 India 1
# Others include tractors, trailers, three wheelers (passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous vehicles, which are not separately classified, **Excludes light motor vehicles (three wheelers and four wheelers) which have been shown under goods vehicles @ Includes omni buses In 1991, the total number of vehicles in India was about 21 millions which swelled to about 41 millions in 1998. The Indian mega-cities have reported large growth rates in the increase in vehicle population as reflected in table-2. Table-2: Growth of vehicle population (in millions) in Indian mega-cities Cities 1983 1995 % Increase Bangalore.2.8 3 Calcutta.26.56 115 Chennai.13.77 533 Delhi.67 2.43 242 Hyderabad.13.56 3 Mumbai.37.67 81 Delhi stands out with the largest number of vehicle population in any of the Indian cities. The vehicle population in Delhi is more than the combined vehicle population of other Indian mega-cities like Chennai, Mumbai, and Calcutta. The composition of the vehicle mix in Delhi and Calcutta is given in Table-3 and table-4 respectively. Table-3: Number of registered motor vehicle in Delhi Type of 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 vehicle Cars & Jeep 51242 557543 617585 68585 75923 Motor cycle & 1467182 158817 177528 1844471 187653 Scooters Auto 71568 7448 77884 828 821 Rickshaw Taxis 11679 12225 13384 14593 1515 Buses 23943 25553 27473 29183 29572 Goods 114294 122444 131877 1393 14922 vehicle etc Total 219898 237299 2575731 279365 2847695 Table-4: Number of registered motor vehicle in Calcutta Motor Motor cycle Truck & Deliver Minibus Auto Other Year car & & jeepscooter van Taxi y van Bus rick- Tractor shaw s Total 1982-83 13249 7371 25593 1121 8762 4213 423 19 3713N.A 261927 1983-84 135721 86651 21694 11342 29729 478 4862 163 431N.A 23491 1984-85 14237 98164 3189 1232 1694 5143 572 482 4349 3262 31531 1985-86 146916 115877 3714 13714 1115 5223 66 619 4358 435 33882 1986-87 154713135589 31145 13848 11646 5256 612 151 4389 52 36957 1987-88 162388151323 3163 1563 12362 544 642 1865 44 5234 396638 1988-89 169537167813 3214 16883 1367 5336 6634 382 4414 5246 424372 1989-9 1769518434 3311 1819 13751 5646 6783 5425 4445 5251 448981 199-91 182161198846 33964 1935 1471 5772 6827 575 4458 5267 476745 1991-92 187239 211134 34811 19568 15278 638 6865 5845 4469 537 496617 2
1992-93 19394722269 35359 19943 15756 698 6964 634 447 561 516511 Upto Aug 93 19763226824 35512 2279 1626 6159 747 6497 4474 561 525482 One of the important features of this vehicle mix in Delhi is the large population of two-wheelers (Figure-1), which indicates the preference of personal mode over public mode of transportation in Delhi. As per the estimates, the share of personalized mode is 37% while the share of buses and railways are 62% and 1% respectively in Delhi. In Calcutta, the share of bus in total transport mode is about 72%. The share of two-wheelers in Indian mega-cities is given in Figure- 2. This reveals that, except in Mumbai, all the India mega-cities have high percentages of two-wheelers. The vehicular composition in terms of passenger car units (PCUs) shows that while 65 PCUs were available per thousand urban persons in Calcutta during 199-91 period, there were 367 PCUs per thousands urban persons were available in Delhi during the same period. Consequently 145 PCUs were estimated to be on per kilometer of road in Delhi compared to 838 PCUs per kilometer on Calcutta roads (Figure-3). Figure-1: Number of registered vehicles in Delhi 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 5 1 15 2 25 3 Cars & Jeep Auto Rickshaw Buses Motor cycle & Scooters Taxis Goods vehicle etc 3
Share of two & four wheelers (%) in some cities of India in 1991 Figure-3: Road parameters in some cities of India in 1991 Percentage 1 8 6 4 2 Mumbai Calcutta Delhi Two-Wheelers Madras Cars Hyderabad Bagalore 2 15 1 5 Mumbai Calcutta Delhi Road length (km) Madras Hyderabad Bangalore PCUs (per km of road) Figure-2: Share of two & four Wheelers(%) in some cities of India in 1991 2. Consumption of petroleum fuel in transport sector Figure-3: Road parameters in some cities of India in 1991 The consumption of petroleum products in Delhi and Calcutta is shown in Figure-4 during 198 81 to 1997-98 periods. The consumption of diesel in Delhi has gone up quite significantly over this period, which has caused concern for human health related and ecological problems in Delhi. This consumption is not only by the commercial luggage vehicles but also by diesel driven cars, which users are tempted to purchase due to cheaper diesel costs. In Calcutta also, the consumption of diesel is more compared to gasoline, a trend normally observed in all the India cities. The diesel consumption in transport sector is one of the major sources of particulate matter emission. Figure-4: Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel in Delhi and Calcutta Figure-4: Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel in Delhi and Calcutta Consumption (' tons) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Delhi Gasoline Delhi Diesel Calcutta Gasoline Calcutta Diesel 198-81 199-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 3. Methodology and Emission Inventories Using the consumption of gasoline and diesel in the transport sector in Delhi and Calcutta, emissions of different greenhouse gases, other urban gases and particulate matter have been estimated using the IPCC-96 methodologies. For the estimation of CO, NOx, HC and particulate matter from diesel and gasoline, emission factors prescribed by Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun (Mitra 1992) have been utilized. These are given in Table- 1 here. 4
Table-1: Emission factors for trace gas emissions from Diesel and Gasoline consumption Species Gasoline Diesel Units CO 2.4 2.7 Kg/liter CO 2 377 43.5 Kg/ton NO x 1.3 11. Kg/ton Hydrocarbon (HC) 14.5 2.6 Kg/ton Particulate matter (PM) 2. 2.4 Kg/ton The results of emission calculations of CO, NO x, HC, PM and black carbon (BC) from gasoline and diesel consumption in Delhi and Calcutta are shown in Figures-5 through 11. It has been found that the CO emissions from gasoline consumption has increased from 13 Gg in 199-91 to 164 Gg in 1995-96 while from diesel it has increased from 22 Gg in 199-91 to 35 Gg in 1995-96. The NO x has increased from 3.5 to 4.5 Gg, hydrocarbon from 4.9 to 6.3 Gg, particulate from.7 to.9 Gg, black carbon from.5 to.6 Gg and organic carbon from.25 to.3 Gg from 199-91 to 1995-96 period in Delhi from Gasoline consumption. From diesel consumption, CO has increased from 22 to 35Gg, NOx from 8 to 12.8Gg, hydrocarbon from 2 to 3Gg, particulate matter from 1.8 to 2.8Gg, black carbon from 7.3 to 11.5Gg and organic carbon from 3.7 to 5.8 Gg during the abovementioned period in Delhi. In Calcutta, the gasoline consumption s contribution in CO has increased from 12 Gg in 199-91 to 16Gg in 1995-96, in NO x from.3 to.4, in hydrocarbon from.5 to.6, in particulate matter from.6 to.8, in black carbon.5 to.6, in organic carbon from.2 to.3 Gg respectively during this period. The diesel consumption in Calcutta has contributed to increase in CO from 7 to 9Gg, in NO x from 2.6 to 3.2, in hydrocarbon from.6 to.8, in particulate matter from.6 to.7, in black carbon 2.36 to 3 in organic carbon from 1.2 to 1.5 Gg respectively during this period. Figure-5: Emission of Urban Gases from Gasoline in Delhi Figure-5: Em ission of Urban Gases from Gasoline in De lhi 2 15 1 5 CO NOx HC Partic ulate BC OC 198-81 5.14 1.37 1.929.266.2.97 199-91 129.7 3.543 4.988.688.52.251 1995-96 164.4 4.491 6.322.872.65.318 198-81 199-91 1995-96 5
Fig Figure-6: u r e Emission s iof n Urban o f Ur Gases b an Gas from egasoline s fr o m in GCalcutta as o lin e in Calcutta 2 15 1 5 199-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 CO 12.6 13.2 13.57 14.33 15.46 16.21 16.97 18.47 NOx.33.361.371.391.422.443.464.55 HC.464.58.522.551.595.624.653.711 Particulate.64.7.72.76.82.86.9.98 BC.5.5.5.6.6.6.7.74 Figure-7: Emission Emission of Urban Gases of Urban from Diesel Gases in Delhi from Diesel in Delhi 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 198-81 CO NOx HC Particulate BC OC 199-91 1995-96 6
Figure-8: Emission of Urban Gases from Diesel in Calcutta Figure-8: Emission of Urban Gases from Diesel in Calcutta 12 1 8 6 4 2 CO NOx HC Particulate BC 199-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 OC Figure-9: CO Emissions from Transport Sector Figure-9: CO Emissions from Transport Sector 25 2 15 1 5 Delhi CO Calcutta CO 199-91 1995-96 7
Figure-1: Particulate Emission from Transport Sector Figure-1: Particulate Emission from Transport Sector Emissions (Gg) 4 3 2 1 Delhi PM Calcutta PM 199-91 1995-96 Figure-11: Black Carbon Emission from Transport Sector Figure-11: Black Carbon Emission from Transport Sector Emissions (Gg) 15 1 5 199-91 1995-96 Delhi BC Calcutta BC The transport sector in India is witnessing a rapid transition phase due to several policy interventions related to emission norms for vehicles and quality of fuel supplied. One of the interesting aspects is that most of these interventions have been conceived due to status of pollutions in Delhi due to transport sector. References Asian Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS), Asian Development Bank, Manila, 1998, Publication Stock No. 971-561-186-9. Global Change: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India 1992 Update. Edited by A.P. Mitra, Published by National Physical Laboratroy, New Delhi 1112, 1992. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1996) Climate Change 1996: The Science of Climate Change. Houghton JT, Meira Filho LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A & Maskell K ( eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. The Citizens s Fifth Report, Edited by Anil Agrawal and Sunita Narain, Published by Centre for Science & Environment, New Delhi-1162, 1999. 8