Alf Kåre Ådnanes; ABB BU Marine & Cranes, 2010-November Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of marine and offshore vessels Technical possibilities and a case study
Outline Energy efficiency and fuel consumptions of marine and offshore vessels technical possibilities and a case study Why is all this fuzz about energy efficiency, and why now? Current solutions on electrifying vessels' propulsion to reduce fuel consumption and environmental emissions Optimizing and improving fuel consumption of vessels; including OSV, AHTS, and drilling vessels used for oil exploration and production Use of energy storage and alternate energy sources to achieve efficiency December 3, 2010 Slide 2
Alf Kåre Ådnanes; ABB BU Marine & Cranes, 2010-November Why Now? Fuel Costs and Environment
SO x and NO x Emissions in Europe December 3, 2010 Slide 4
Legislation More Stringent IMO MARPOL Convention December 3, 2010 Slide 5
CO 2 Emissions Not an option Route planning and optimization; maximizing loading factor; trim optimization Electric and podded propulsion; cleaner fuel, scrubbing, CO 2 capture; shore connection; efficiency of propulsion and vessel systems. New fuels, LNG, Hydrogen; fuel cells, energy storage; CO2 tax, regulations. Summary: If shipping shall contribute to stabilizing and reducing environmental emissions: Large changes in technology and operational requirements are needed. December 3, 2010 Slide 6
Shipping s Fuel Bill - Volatile Oil Prices The long term trend is increasing Large variations over short (months) and medium terms (years) Optimizing operation; based on fuel costs vs. charter rates Flexibility in operation and energy sources Life time: 20.. 25..30.. years? December 3, 2010 Slide 7 2010
Alf Kåre Ådnanes; ABB BU Marine & Cranes, 2010-November What can be done Electric Propulsion
Electric Systems for Marine Power Generation, Distribution, Propulsion, Control December 3, 2010 Slide 9
Propulsion Concept Electric Propulsion Arrangements OSV Generators Drives Switchboards Motors Transformers Propulsors December 3, 2010 Slide 10
10 Indicators For Electric Propulsion Requirements and Operational Characteristics Weight Optimized for ice breaking Low emissions.. Low acoustic noise and vibration Dynamic positioning and/or maneuvering Redundancy, availability, and fault integrity Use of LNG or dual fuel engines High variance in propulsion and/or vessel loads Flexibility in design and space utilization High electric load for ship equipment and process Technology shifts new vessel designs December 3, 2010 Slide 11
Indicators with Relations to Environmental Footprint Emissions, Spillage, Safety Requirements and Operational Characteristics Weight Optimized for ice breaking Low emissions.. Low acoustic noise and vibration Dynamic positioning and/or maneuvering Redundancy, availability, and fault integrity Use of LNG or dual fuel engines High variance in propulsion and/or vessel loads Flexibility in design and space utilization High electric load for ship equipment and process Technology shifts new vessel designs December 3, 2010 Slide 12
Energy flow and Efficiency Efficiency: 40% Efficiency: 90% Efficiency: 65% Optimizing conditions s; Waste heat recovery; new ener gy sources P in P in P O W E R F L O W Reduce transmissi ion losses 3-4% 0% 1-2% 1.5-2% 3-5% Generator Switchboard Transformer Frequency converter Electric Motor P out P out Minimizing hydrodyna amic losses; better ship de esigns Optimize vessel operation and fleet management December 3, 2010 Slide 13
Fuel Savings Electric Propulsion Reason for fuel savings Electric part the propulsion system has higher transmission losses 8-11% However, Hydrodynamic efficiency of propeller improves No zero-thrust losses Diesel engines can be optimally loaded with lower fuel consumption December 3, 2010 Slide 14
Easy CATCH - Electric or Hybrid Propulsion for OSV Case study: Approximately 20% reduction in Fuel Consumption Aux gen. Conventional Diesel-Mechanic 440V, 60Hz M Bow Thruster Port Side propulsion and shaft gen. M Bow Thruster M M M M Stbd Side Tunnel Port side Stbd side Az propulsion and shaft gen. Thruster Propulsion Propulsion Thruster Diesel-Electric Hybrid Mechanic-Electric 3250kVA M Bow Thruster G 3200kVA, pf 0.9 M 2x3500kW 900RPM 1300 kva M Az Thruster 1100kW 1200RPM 2x3500kW 900RPM G M 3200kVA, pf 0.9 Aux gen. 3250kVA M Aft Thruster 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 Mechanic Electric 2 000 tons Fuel Saving December 3, 2010 Slide 15
Why are the Easy CATH s not Fully Utilized? - Awareness to Life Cycle Cost Awareness In specifications In ship and equipment design In bid evaluations Optimizing design for reduced losses Reducing fuel costs May increase initial cost Must be included in the building specifications December 3, 2010 Slide 16
Alf Kåre Ådnanes; ABB BU Marine & Cranes, 2010-November Prepared for the Future The Electric Infrastructure
New Energy Sources, Energy Carriers, and Energy Storage Energy Sources and Energy Carriers Extended use of LNG Supplementary sources: Wind, wave, solar New sources and carriers of energy: Hydrogen Common for most of the alternative sources: Design fuels Nuclear?? Energy Storage Super capacitors Battery Flywheel Other? Producing Electric Power December 3, 2010 Slide 18
Prepared for the Future Vessels shall be in operation for 20+ years... 2035... What regulations, fuel prices, fuel sources will be available in this period? Electric propulsion is generically applicable to most foreseeable technologies for energy sources With Electric Power infrastructure: Most energy sources can be plugged in as additions or replacements. G G G G 6.6kV, 60Hz COP COP 440V M M 440V FWD FWD December 3, 2010 Slide 19
Marine Electric Installation AC distribution with Fixed Voltage and Frequency G G G G 60Hz, 690V AC SWBD AC M M M M AC December 3, 2010 Slide 20
Matrix DC Distribution with AC Components Power Sources G HSG FC ESD AC HFAC DC DC Power Converters EPSI Matrix Distribution EPSI Power Converters Loads M M Distribution Distribution December 3, 2010 Slide 21
Alf Kåre Ådnanes; ABB BU Marine & Cranes, 2010-November Energy Storage Feasibility Study
Energy Storage Devices Power Density [1] Batteries Super Capacitors [1] Energy Storage System- Characteristics and comparisons, H. Ibrahim, A. Ilinca and J. Perron, Wind Energy Research Laboratory (WERL), Université du Québec à Rimouski December 3, 2010 Slide 23
Energy Storage Applicability Short term load variations Bridging Power Supercapacitors DP vessels Drilling vessels Navy vessels Slow load variations Energy Management Batteries Tugs Short distance ferries Harbor bunker tankers Crane vessels / Construction vessels December 3, 2010 Slide 24
Power Consumption MW Total active power 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time [s] 4 x 100% Genset 3 x 100% Genset 2 x 100% Genset 1 x 100% Genset
Power Consumption MW Total active power 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time [s] 2 x 100% Genset Average load
Load Dependent Start and Stop Minimize fuel oil consumption Specific Fuel Oil Consu umption - [ g/kwh ] 300 200 100 0 From here 20% To here 1 GEN 2 GENS 3 GENS 4 GENS 5 GENS Total load - [%] 5x100%
-Tug Single Line Diagram Battery Gen-sets (diesel engines) Battery Propulsors December 3, 2010 Slide 28
Operating Profile of a Harbor Tug Target 50% Fuel Reduction.. -tug Low Load; Battery Powered High load Diesel Engine December 3, 2010 Slide 29
Shipping s Fuel Bill - High Today s shipping demands around 300 million tons of fuel annually Fuel prices has recently varied between 200 and 700 USD per ton, and more likely to follow an increasing trend in the future Annual fuel costs for the shipping: 300,000,000 x (200-700) USD = between 60 and 210 billion USD Even small savings has a high value A reduction in fuel bill can finance vast investments in R&D December 3, 2010 Slide 30
Summary Energy efficiency has changed the business From glossy brochures (market department) To daily business (financial department and board room) Driving forces Increasing fuel costs Energy efficient solutions Volatile fuel costs Flexibility of energy sources and operations (e.g. routing and speed) Regulatory restrictions on emissions Solutions are available; Easy CATCH Profitable, short payback time Technologies are developing, and so does fuel cost and regulations Be prepared for the future; ships have a long life time.. December 3, 2010 Slide 31