Jet fuel control: Specification test methodology 2 Contents appreciation of test methodology Recap specification requirements Key attributes of test methods Overview of test types Precision, accuracy, significance and relevance. Test method developments and gaps 3 Recap Fuel is produced, batched and tested before dispatch Selected testing may occur downstream Specifications testing assumes good workmanship etc. and does not test all critical parameters 1
4 Key attributes Cost effective: quick, convenient, easy, cheap, non-specialist Integral part of specification requirements Readily available globally. Known and adequate precision and accuracy Relevance to product being tested and parameter being assessed. Alternative Groupings 5 Def Stan 91-091 groups Appearance Generic test types Performance related Composition Physical Props. Pumpability Volatility Chemical (broad category) Thermal & Storage Fluidity Stability measurement. Material Compatibility Combustion Empirical measurements. Combustion Corrosion Trace compounds (direct Fuel or Handling Thermal Stability indirect) Incidental MaterialsContaminants Additive dosing, control and measurement. Additives Water Separation Conductivity Lubricity Identified Incidental Materials 6 Test methodology types Chemical, physical, performance Absolute vs Empirical Referee methods Reference standards for Validation, accuracy, precision, calibration Comparison between methods Availability of test equipment 2
7 Particulate Smoke Point Thermal Conductivity Dielectric Thermal Capacity Aromatics Naphthalenes Trace Metals Thermal Stability Copper Strip Conductivity Sulphur Freeze Point Water Separation Specific Energy Lubricity Existent Gum Absolute? Empirical? 8 Particulate Sulphur Aromatics Dielectric Trace Metals Conductivity Specific Energy Naphthalenes Smoke Point Thermal Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Stability Water Separation Lubricity Copper Strip Existent Gum Freeze Point Relevance Poor precision poor accuracy Precision, Accuracy and One Hundred and Eighty!! 9 Good precision poor accuracy Poor precision good accuracy? Good precision good accuracy Relevance Precision, accuracy, reporting and limits debate? 3
Performance vs specifications Red Critical Yellow - Important Energy storage in aircraft tanks Groupings Pumpability Thermal & Storage Stability Material Compatibility Combustion Fuel Handling Requirements Freezing point Thermal Stability (JFTOT) Existent gum Copper content Metal deactivator additive Copper corrosion Sulphur content Acidity Lubricity and lubricity improver additives Peroxides 10 Aromatics and naphthalene content Hydrogen content Smoke point Specific energy Appearance Particulate content Water reaction Water separation Conductivity and static dissipator additive A350 XWB pictures courtesy of Airbus High energy density to achieve range/payload and overall efficiency Incidental Materials Management of Change FAME PDR Additives Anti-oxidants Metal deactivator Static dissipator (conductivity improver) Corrosion inhibitor/lubricity aid. Biocide FSII Leak tracer Performance vs specifications Energy storage in aircraft tanks Red Critical Yellow - Important Airframe systems and engine coolant Groupings Pumpability Thermal & Storage Stability Material Compatibility Combustion Requirements Freezing point Thermal Stability (JFTOT) Existent gum Copper content Metal deactivator additive Copper corrosion Sulphur content Acidity Lubricity and lubricity improver additives Peroxides Aromatics and naphthalene content Hydrogen content Smoke point Specific energy 11 Very wide operating temperature: -47 C Freeze Point, 38 C Flash Point and good Thermal Stability (heat management) A350 XWB pictures courtesy of Airbus Fuel Handling Appearance Particulate content Water reaction Water separation Conductivity and static dissipator additive Incidental Materials Management of Change FAME PDR Additives Anti-oxidants Metal deactivator Static dissipator (conductivity improver Corrosion inhibitor/lubricity aid. Biocide FSII Leak tracer Performance vs specifications Energy storage in aircraft tanks Red Critical Yellow - Important Airframe systems and engine coolant Provides fuel for combustion Groupings Pumpability Thermal & Storage Stability Material Compatibility Combustion Fuel Handling Requirements Freezing point Thermal Stability (JFTOT) Existent gum Copper content Metal deactivator additive Copper corrosion Sulphur content Acidity Lubricity and lubricity improver additives Peroxides 12 Aromatics and naphthalene content Hydrogen content Smoke point Specific energy Appearance Particulate content Water reaction Water separation Conductivity and static dissipator additive A350 XWB pictures courtesy of Airbus Specific combustion characteristics for Operability, Emissions and Hotend Life Incidental Materials Management of Change FAME PDR Additives Anti-oxidants Metal deactivator Static dissipator (conductivity improver Corrosion inhibitor/lubricity aid. Biocide FSII Leak tracer 4
13 Example specification tests Open Discussion Test method development and introduction Old vs new technology drivers Cost, precision, relevance, scope, new requirement, update existing Instrumentation replacing manual methods Conservative approach and vested interest Risk and mitigation. Establishment of new limits and Monitoring? 14 Test method development 15 Test Method Existing New Comments FAME (5-100 ppm) None Lab based Instruments Developed specifically in response to need FIJI field test Limits based on ability to measure JFTOT Tube Rater Visual Metrological Methods. Improved precision TDR Thickness and Volume Actual measurement Removes operator subjectivity New limit defined Aromatics FIA Instrumental Methods Debate about definition of aromatics Naphthalenes Naphthalenes still ongoing New limits Particulate Gravimetric Particle Counter Easier, quicker and precise Data on particle size Debate: particle count vs mass Reporting only Smoke Point Smoke Point Automated smoke point Removes operator subjectivity Freeze Point Manual Method Several automated methods Removes operator subjectivity Problem fuels issues (contamination) Actual Simulated distillation Easier, quicker to carry out higher instrument cost new limits Water Separation Water Rating (Manual) SETA method Water separation (fuel tanks) WISM vs MSEP Surfactancy measurement (protection of water separators) ASTM D 7566 No FFP tests until D7566 Trace metals, nitrogen, water, Response to need for "forensic" analysis of new was created halogens, sulphur, H/C blendstocks composition JFTOT (325 C) 5
16 Emerging requirements Low temperature performance limits at -40 C Cold flow vs viscosity and freeze point Emerging novel blendstocks Pipeline drag reducer detection Expansion of fuel acceptable composition envelope 17 Further discussion points Current debate around precision, accuracy, reporting and limits debate? Missing tests what is not tested that should be? Hands on session with Seta 18 Concluding remarks Specification tests and limits provide batch testing of product Defined methods are an integral part of the specification Methods include chemical, physical and performance parameters Test methods continue to evolve to meet industry needs. 6