17th Asian Battery Conference - Kuala Lumpur - September 2017 Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries A Promising Solution for Energy Storage Jiayuan Xiang ( 相佳媛 )
Applications & Locations of Energy Storage Systems ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS 2
ESS Technologies Pumped storage Flywheel CAES Electrochemical Lithium-Ion Redox Flow Na-S Lead-Acid Energy density Power density Response time Efficiency Service life Cost Environment-friendly and Safety So far no technology can completely satisfy all the requirements Economic factors are the key parameters that restrict a more extensive use of energy storage 3
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries The addition of carbon species to the active mass modifies the reaction profile and allows extended cycling and PSoC operation Advantage Mature technology Low cost, Safety 100% recyclable Long life @ PSoC Large cell capacity Disadvantage Low specific gravimetric energy & power 4
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries in PSoC Cycle Service Cycling between 80% SoC and 40% SoC (Peak Shaving) 91.1% 0.2C 10 charge/ 0.2C 10 discharge >>7.800 cycles >>3120x C 10 5
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries in PSoC Cycle Service Cycling between 30% SoC and 80% SoC (Peak Shaving) 0.2C 2 charge/ 0.5C 2 discharge 6.300 cycles 2205x C 10 6
Challenge - Extend the cycle life further After ~6000 PSoC cycles Carbon V1 Negative By adding carbons to the active mass, the lead sulfate accumulation on the surface of negative plate is delayed, but not fully avoided. No a-pbo 2 is detected Carbon V2 Positive The positive plate may become actually the lifelimiting part under this PSoC operation mode Gas evolution is not a serious problem since the battery always operates under the PSoC duty. 7
Challenge - Extend the cycle life further After ~6000 PSoC cycles Carbon V1 Carbon V2 Negative Positive By adding carbons to the active mass, the lead sulfate accumulation on the surface of negative plate is delayed, but not fully avoided. Understanding the action of the carbon(s) No a-pbo 2 is detected Carbon selection and further additives Positive plate improvement Battery design and manufacture The positive plate may become actually the lifelimiting part under this PSoC operation mode Gas evolution is not a serious problem since the battery always operates under the PSoC duty. 8
Comprehensive Comparison Cycle Life (DoD x cycles) Cost ( /Wh) Efficiency (%) Specific Energy (Wh/L) Specific Power (W/L) Safety Scale Carbon- Enhanced Lead-acid 0.5 6000 0.8 85-90 60-90 200-700 Safe Li-ion 0.8 5000 1.8 85-98 200-400 1300-10000 Safety issues Flammable electrolyte Li dendrite shorts VRB 1 13000 6.0 60-75 20-70 0.5-2 Safe Large cell capacity All scales Small cell capacity Difficulties with massive series & parallel connections Large scale only NAS 1 3000 2.5 70-85 150-300 120-160 Safety issues due to molten Na and S Large scale only 9
Economical efficiency Storage cost per kwh over BESS lifetime Leveled cost of stored energy (LCOSE) as amortized over the lifetime of the system. ** Comprehensive Index of BESS CapEx, Cycle life, and Energy efficiency 10
Economical efficiency DoD cycle life (pack) Energy delivered over lifetime System Efficiency (%) Cost of system ( /Wh) Cost of electric energy storage ( /kwh) Carbon-Enhanced Lead-acid 0.5 6000 3000x C 88 1.15 0.43 (0.30*) Lead-acid 0.8 1200 960x C 80 0.84 1.1 (0.77*) Li-ion 0.8 5000 4000x C 90 2.5 0.69 VRB 1 13000 13000x C 70 6.5 0.72 NaS 1 3000 3000x C 80 3.5 1.46 * Price bonus due to a recovery of 30% of the initial battery cost upon battery recycling 11
Comprehensive comparison Cycle life Safety Scale Cost Efficiency Leadcarbon Li-ion Five key checkpoints in EES planning VRB Na-S 12
Narada Carbon-Enhanced Lead Acid Batteries NARADA REX-C series Pb+C Type Nominal Voltage (V) Rated Capacity (Ah) Dimensions (mm) C 10 /1.80V C 100 /1.85V L W H Weight (kg) PbO 2 REXC200 2 200 240 227 96 303 18 REXC300 2 300 360 227 133 303 25 REXC400 2 400 480 227 170 303 32 REXC500 2 500 600 231 155 408 40 REXC600 2 600 720 231 180 408 48 REXC800 2 800 960 231 231 408 62 REXC1000 2 1000 1200 231 282 408 76 REXC1200 2 1200 1440 232 264 514 89 REXC1500 2 1500 1800 232 322 514 110 REXC2000 2 2000 2400 232 456 514 150 6REX240 6 200 240 264 224 280 47.5 6REX300 6 250 300 338 224 280 61.0 12REXC70 12 60 70 280 180 230 30.0 12REXC120 12 100 120 291 224 280 51.0 12REXC200 12 165 200 438 224 294 79.5 13
Narada Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery Systems A Narada ESS incorporates advanced Lead Carbon-Enhanced Batteries, Thermal Management System, Power Conversion System and integrated Cloud-based Energy Management Platform. Expected Service Life: 10 years Energy Efficiency: 90% LCOSE: 0.45 /kwh 14
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Grids Generation Ancillary Service Regulation (Power Smooth, Frequency Regulation) Spinning, Non-Spinning and Supplement Reserve Voltage Support Black Start Other Related Uses Transmission & Distribution Transmission Infrastructure Service Transmission Upgrade deferral Transmission Upgrade Relief Distribution Infrastructure Service Distribution Upgrade deferral Voltage Support Consumption Bulk Energy Services Arbitrage Electric Supply Capacity Energy Management Power Quality Power Reliability Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift Demand Charge Management 15
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Generation Increase Power Supply Quality Power Smoothing Yumen, China Wind-Solar Hybrid System Power 1MW Capacity 2.16MWh Cells Narada REXC-1000 Function Power Smoothing Ramping Rate Control 16
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Generation Increase Power Supply Quality Ramping rate control Samoa Micro Grid Power 6MW Capacity 7MWh Cells Narada REXC-1200 Function Energy Time Shift Ramping Rate Control 17
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Generation Power Supply Quality Control Ramping Rate Control Dafeng, China Off-grid Wind Storage The biggest off-grid wind power station in China, also equipped with three sea water desalinization units Power 2.5MW Capacity 1.9MWh Cells Narada REXC-1000 Function Energy Time Shift Ramping Rate Control 18
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Generation Increase Power Supply Quality Frequency Regulation Aschaffenburg, Germany Frequency Regulation Power 50MW Capacity 100MWh Cells Narada REXC-1200 Function Frequency regulation Power quality improvement --The ESS is under construction-- 19
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Grids Generation Ancillary Service Regulation (Power Smooth, Frequency Regulation) Spinning, Non-Spinning and Supplement Reserve Voltage Support Black Start Other Related Uses Transmission & Distribution Transmission Infrastructure Service Transmission Upgrade deferral Transmission Upgrade Relief Distribution Infrastructure Service Distribution Upgrade deferral Voltage Support Consumption Bulk Energy Services Arbitrage Electric Supply Capacity Energy Management Power Quality Power Reliability Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift Demand Charge Management 20
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in T&D Energy Management of Distribution Infrastructure WuXi Industrial Park, China Power 20MW Capacity 160MWh Cells Narada REXC-1000 Function Peak shaving Upgrade deferral Demand response Savings in first year Electricity 35,643.000 21
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Power Grids Generation Ancillary Service Regulation (Power Smooth, Frequency Regulation) Spinning, Non-Spinning and Supplement Reserve Voltage Support Black Start Other Related Uses Transmission & Distribution Transmission Infrastructure Service Transmission Upgrade deferral Transmission Upgrade Relief Distribution Infrastructure Service Distribution Upgrade deferral Voltage Support Consumption Bulk Energy Services Arbitrage Electric Supply Capacity Energy Management Power Quality Power Reliability Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift Demand Charge Management 22
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Consumption Energy Management GCL, China Energy Quality & Arbitrage Power 1.5MW Capacity 12MWh Cells Narada REXC-1000 Function Energy shifting Demand response Upgrade deferral Energy quality control Saving in the first year of operation Electricity 2.730.000 Investment Deferral 2,440.000 23
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Consumption Bulk Energy Service - Arbitrage - Power Quality Tiangong Group, China Energy Quality & Arbitrage Power 12.5MW Capacity 100MWh Cells Narada REXC-1000 Active Power Filter Voltage Support Function Peak shaving Upgrade deferral Demand response Energy shifting Saving in the first year of operation Electricity 22,848.000 Investment Deferral 21,440.000 24
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Consumption Bulk Energy Service - Arbitrage China Mobile, China Power 65 MW Capacity 122MWh Cells Narada REXC-800 Function Power Reserve Demand response Energy shifting First application in an Internet Data Center in China 25
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Consumption Residential Energy Shifting Perth, Australia Copenhagen, Denmark Melbourne, Australia PV generation: 5kWp Storage capacity: 24kWh Battery type: REXC-500 Battery quantity: 24pcs PV generation: 100kWp Storage capacity: 96kWh Battery type: REXC-500 Battery quantity: 96pcs PV generation: 3kWp Storage capacity: 7.2kWh Battery type: 6REXC-300 Battery quantity: 8pcs 26
Narada Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Battery ESS in Service China 828 MWh Total nearly 1GWh 100 MWh 10 MWh 27
Enhance your Energy Storage too with Narada Batteries 28
Thank you Jia-Yuan Xiang ( 相佳媛 ) Narada Power Source Co., Ltd Tel: 86-571-28827000 Fax: 86-571-23659898 E-mail: xjyzju@aliyun.com Web: 29