Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries iii 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Asian Development Bank 1999 This impression (lowest digit) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 First published 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in wrtiting of the Asian Development Bank. This book was prepared by the staff of the Asian Development Bank, and the analyses and assessment contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Directors or the governments that they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence for their use. The term "country" does not imply any judgement by the Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. Published for the Asian Development Bank by Oxford University Press British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available FOREWORD The Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 1999 (Key Indicators) is the 30 th in a series of annual statistical publication of the Asian Development Bank. It provides historical and current economic, financial and social statistics on the Bank s 38 developing member countries (DMCs). The Key Indicators contains two parts: (1) the regional tables, where selected social, economic and financial indicators are compared across DMCs and (2) the country tables, where 1981 1998 annual population, economic and financial statistics of each DMC are presented. Documentation of sources used for the country tables is provided at the end of Part 2. The country tables will also be available in the Bank s website (http://www.adb.org) under the economic and social statistics topic. Users may also access the website through the EDSD Homepage: http://internotes.asiandevbank.org/notes/edr0006p. The 1999 Key Indicators was prepared by the Statistics and Data Systems Division (EDSD) of the Bank s Economics and Development Resource Center under the overall direction of Isidoro P. David, Assistant Chief Economist. Data compilation and processing were undertaken by Statistics Analysts Belen Villaflor, Fernanda Fernandez, Adelina Nenette Mendoza, Gina Marie Umali, Barbara Carreon, Modesta de Castro, Marcus Antonius Ynalvez, and Concepcion Cecilia Javier, under the supervision of Bishnu Dev Pant, Sr. Statistician and Abuzar Asra, Dalisay Maligalig and Biswanath Bhattacharyay, Statisticians. We acknowledge the cooperation of DMC governments and international agencies that shared their data with us. A special word of thanks is due to the Bank s Printing Section for providing typesetting and printing services. Jungsoo Lee Chief Economist Economics and Development Resource Center Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data available ISBN 0-19-592082-1 ISSN 0116-3000 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by Oxford University Press (China) Ltd. 18th Floor Warwick House East, Taikoo Place, 979 King's Road, Quarry Bay Hong Kong
Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries v CONTENTS Acknowledgements... Introduction Notes... vii x PART 1 REGIONAL TABLES 1 Population... 1 2 Demographic Indicators... 2 3 Population by Age Group... 6 4 Urban Population Indicators... 7 5 Economically Active Population by Gender and Industry... 8 6 Poverty and Inequality Indicators... 10 7 Education Indicators... 11 8 Health Indicators... 13 9 Environment Indicators... 15 10 Land Use... 16 11 Total and Per Capita GNP... 17 12 Growth Rates of GDP and Major Sectors... 18 13 Sectoral Share of GDP... 20 14 Expenditure Shares in GDP... 21 15 Domestic Saving, Capital Formation and Resource Gap... 22 16 Cereal Production... 23 17 Paddy Production... 24 18 Maize Production... 25 19 Coconut Production... 26 20 Yield of Paddy and Maize... 27 21 Energy Indicators... 28 22 Electricity Indicators... 29 23 Prices of Selected Primary Commodities... 30 24 Consumer Price Index... 31 25 Changes in Money Supply... 32 26 Government Finance Indicators... 33 27 Merchandise Exports, fob... 35 28 Merchandise Imports, cif... 36 29 Direction of Trade Merchandise Exports... 37 30 Direction of Trade Merchandise Imports... 38 31 Terms of Trade... 39 32 Foreign Trade Indicators... 40 33 Foreign Director Investment... 41 34 International Reserves and Ratio to Imports... 42 35 Total External Debt and Debt Service Payments... 44 36 Debt Indicators... 46 37 Aggregate Net Resource Flows from All Sources to DMCs... 48 38 Official Flows from All Sources to DMCs... 49 39 Net Private Flows from All Sources to DMCs... 50 40 Borrowing of DMCs in International Capital Markets... 51
vi Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries vii PART 2 COUNTRY TABLES Bangladesh... 54 Bhutan... 64 Cambodia... 72 China, People s Republic of... 80 Cook Islands... 90 Fiji Islands, Republic of... 94 Hong Kong, China... 104 India... 114 Indonesia... 126 Kazakhstan... 138 Kiribati... 146 Korea, Republic of... 154 Kyrgyz Republic... 166 Lao People s Democratic Republic... 174 Malaysia... 182 Maldives... 194 Marshall Islands... 202 Micronesia, Federated States of... 208 Mongolia... 212 Myanmar... 222 Nepal... 232 Pakistan... 242 Papua New Guinea... 252 Philippines... 262 Samoa... 274 Singapore... 282 Solomon Islands... 292 Sri Lanka... 302 Taipei,China... 312 Tajikistan... 324 Thailand... 332 Tonga... 344 Tuvalu... 354 Uzbekistan... 360 Vanuatu... 368 Viet Nam... 376 SOURCES... 389 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to our statistical contacts in the following agencies of the DMCs for their continued cooperation and support in updating and revising the country tables. Afghanistan Central Statistics Office Ministry of Planning Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bangladesh Bank Bhutan Central Statistical Organization Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Cambodia National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning; National Bank of Cambodia China, People s Republic of State Statistical Bureau People s Bank of China Cook Islands Statistics Office Fiji Islands, Republic of Bureau of Statistics Hong Kong, China Census and Statistics Department India Central Statistical Organization, Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Program Implementation Reserve Bank of India Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics Bank Indonesia Kazakhstan State Committee on Statistics and Analysis Kiribati Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Korea, Republic of National Statistical Office Bank of Korea Kyrgyz Republic National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic Lao People s Democratic Republic National Statistical Centre Bank of the Lao PDR Malaysia Department of Statistics Ministry of Finance Bank Negara Malaysia
viii Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries ix Maldives Ministry of Planning, Human Resources and Environment Maldives Monetary Authority Marshall Islands Office of Planning and Statistics Micronesia, Federates States of Office of Planning and Statistics Mongolia State Statistical Office Mongol Bank Myanmar Central Statistical Organization Foreign Economic Relations Department, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development Nauru Bureau of Statistics Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance Nepal Rastra Bank Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs Papua New Guinea National Statistical Office Bank of Papua New Guinea Philippines National Statistical Coordination Board Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Department of Budget and Management Thailand National Accounts Division, National Economic and Social Development Board National Statistics Office Bank of Thailand Tonga Statistics Department Ministry of Finance National Reserve Bank of Tonga Tuvalu Statistics Section, Foreign Affairs and Planning Division Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning Uzbekistan State Committee on Forecasting and Statistics Department for Coordination of External Economic Activity Vanuatu Statistics Office Central Bank of Vanuatu Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of General Statistical Office State Bank of Viet Nam For this issue, the assistance of colleagues in the following intergovernmental agencies is also gratefully acknowledged: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics Division, International Monetray Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Pacific Commission (SPC), UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), UN International Labour Office (ILO), UN Statistical Division (UNSD), and the World Bank (WB). Samoa Department of Statistics Central Bank of Samoa Ministry of Finance Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore Trade Development Board Economic Development Board Solomon Islands Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Central Bank of Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics Central Bank of Sri Lanka Taipei, China Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Central Bank of China Department of Statistics Ministry of Finance Tajikistan State Statistical Ageny
x Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries xi INTRODUCTORY NOTES Concepts, Definitions and Estimation Methodology The data series are compiled from two major sources, namely, the developing member countries (DMCs) of ADB and international statistics agencies. The data obtained from the DMCs are comparable to the extent that the individual countries follow the standard statistical concepts, definitions and estimation methods recommended by the United Nations and other applicable international agencies. However, countries invariably develop and apply their own concepts, definitions and estimation methodology to suit their individual conditions and these may not necessarily conform with the recommended international standards. Hence, although attempts are made to present the data in comparable and uniform format, they are subject to variations in the statistical methods used by individual countries. These variations are shown in the footnotes of the country tables. General Guidelines The cut-off date for the data to be included in this issue was 25 May 1999. Sixteen countries have varying fiscal years not corresponding to the calendar year. Whenever the statistical series, e.g. national accounts or government finance, are compiled by fiscal year, these are presented under single year captions corresponding to the period in which most of the fiscal year falls, as follows: Country Fiscal Year Year Caption Afghanistan 21 March 1998 to 20 March 1999 1998 Cook Islands (before 1990) 1 April 1989 to 31 March 1990 1989 Cook Islands (after 1990) 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997 1997 Key Symbols Data not available at cut-off date Magnitude equals zero 0 or 0.0 Magnitude is less than half of unit employed * Provisional/Preliminary/Estimates/Budget figures I Marked break in series Measurement Units bbl barrel bn billion c cent cu m cubic meter ha hectare kg kilogram kgoe kilogram of equivalent km kilometer kwh kilowatt-hour lb pound m meter mn million m t metric ton pc piece sq m square meter 000 thousand toe ton of equivalent Abbreviations and Acronyms Hong Kong, China India 1 April 1998 to 31 March 1999 1998 Indonesia Myanmar Singapore Bangladesh Bhutan Pakistan 1 July 1997 to 30 June 1998 1998 Samoa Taipei,China Tonga Nepal 16 July 1997 to 15 July 1998 1998 Lao PDR Marshall Islands 1 October 1997 to 30 September 1998 1998 Micronesia, Fed. States of ADB cif DAC DMC ERBOP ESCAP FAO fc fob GDI GDP GDS GNP IEA ILO IMF LDC LT mp NCDS NMP ODA OECD OPEC SDRs SITC Asian Development Bank cost, insurance and freight Development Assistance Committee Developing Member Country of the ADB Economic Review and Bank Operations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization factor cost free on board Gross Domestic Investment Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Saving Gross National Product International Energy Agency International Labour Office International Monetary Fund Least Developed Country long term market prices National Centre for Development Studies Net Material Product Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Special Drawing Rights Standard International Trade Classification
xii Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries vii UN UNCTAD UNDP UNEP UNESCO WB WRI United Nations UN Conference on Trade and Development UN Development Programme UN Environment Programme UN Educational, Sceintific and Cultural Organization World Bank World Resources Institute Publications Notes ADB, GIDAPC Gender Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries ESCAP, APF Asia-Pacific in Figures SIAP Statistical Indicators for Asia and the Pacific SYAP Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific FAO, PY Production Yearbook ILO, YLS Yearbook of Labor Statistics IMF, BOPS Balance of Payments Statistics DOTS Direction of Trade Statistics GFS Government Finance Statistics IFS International Financial Statistics NCDS, SPESD South Pacific Economic and Social Database OECD, EDS External Debt Statistics FEDDC Financing and External Debt of Developing Countries FSM Financial Statistics Monthly GDFFAR Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients UN, CSISW Compendium of Statistics and Indicators on the Situation of Women ESY Energy Statistics Yearbook MBS Monthly Bulletin of Statistics SY Statistical Yearbook WES Yearbook of World Energy Statistics WISTAT Women s Indicators and Statistics Database WPP World Population Prospects UNCTAD, HITDS Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics UNDP, HDR Human Development Report UNESCO, SY Statistical Yearbook WER World Education Report WB, GDF Global Development Finance PPMC Price Prospects for Major Commodities SID Social Indicators of Development WDR World Development Report WDR World Debt Tables WT World Tables 1. Data on GDP estimates converted through purchasing power parities (PPP) under the International Comparison Program (ICP) coordinated by the United Nations are not shown in this publication, mainly because of the lack of continuous series and more current data for many of the Bank s developing member countries. 2. Data on Direction of Trade contained in country tables are based on data shown in the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) yearbooks and tapes of the IMF, which in turn are reported by the respective countries. However, such data may not be fully consistent with those reported by their trading partners. 3. Data on Germany in the Direction of Trade refer to those of the former Federal Republic of Germany through June 1990. As from July 1990, data cover the area of united Germany.
54 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 55 Bangladesh 001 POPULATION a million; as of 1 July 90.53 92.49 94.50 96.55 98.64 100.78 102.96 105.19 107.47 109.80 112.10 114.24 116.42 118.64 120.91 123.22 125.57 127.96 * 001 002 LABOR FORCE b million; fiscal year ending 30 June 26.90 27.40 28.00 28.50 29.41 30.96...... 50.75... 51.16............ 56.00...... 002 003 Employed 19.53 20.45 20.50 25.23 28.91 30.56...... 50.15... 50.16............ 54.60...... 003 004 Agriculture 13.30 14.00 13.70 14.00 16.71 17.46...... 32.57... 33.30............ 34.54...... 004 005 Manufacturing 1.60 1.67 1.70 2.40 2.69 3.02...... 6.98... 5.93............ 4.10...... 005 006 Mining........................ 0.09... 0.02.................. 006 007 Others 4.63 4.78 5.10 8.83 9.51 10.08...... 10.51... 10.91............ 16.00...... 007 008 Unemployed c 7.37 6.95 7.50 3.27 0.50 0.40...... 0.60... 1.00............ 1.40...... 008 009 Unemployment rate, % 27.4 25.4 26.8 11.5 1.7 1.3...... 1.2... 2.0............ 2.5...... 009 NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Bn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June At Current Market Prices 010 GDP by Industrial Origin 231.43 259.02 294.19 355.19 406.93 466.23 539.20 597.14 659.60 994.17 1097.33 1188.93 1249.88 1342.38 1512.06 1648.42 1765.44 1938.28 010 011 Agriculture 94.80 104.56 117.58 148.26 169.97 188.38 219.76 231.62 245.39 281.10 310.36 324.64 309.63 325.80 375.00 398.33 417.17 443.32 011 012 Mining 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.55 9.34 10.92 13.25 14.24 16.17 17.50 18.60 19.61 012 013 Manufacturing 25.19 27.92 32.76 37.74 40.12 43.56 47.63 50.44 55.61 145.09 163.49 185.65 207.69 224.98 252.55 277.41 303.44 351.29 013 014 Electricity, gas and water 0.74 0.96 1.61 1.94 2.35 2.71 3.55 4.60 6.72 14.34 17.10 18.12 19.50 21.57 23.09 24.87 26.56 28.46 014 015 Construction 13.01 15.86 15.03 18.10 22.52 26.06 28.84 34.60 39.26 66.80 73.20 78.58 82.07 88.47 104.13 117.39 126.19 141.91 015 016 Trade 20.15 22.76 26.26 32.82 38.82 41.51 45.88 50.40 55.02 135.06 147.91 164.60 176.05 192.19 229.94 251.60 268.88 295.51 016 017 Transport and communications 28.68 32.04 39.87 41.80 45.66 54.61 61.90 65.95 71.77 118.92 131.48 140.03 146.89 153.67 162.48 171.80 183.97 195.25 017 018 Finance 3.85 4.19 4.63 5.96 6.89 8.94 10.12 11.44 13.13 12.72 14.05 15.52 17.07 18.99 20.63 23.81 26.12 28.24 018 019 Public administration 6.61 6.67 8.73 8.93 13.24 17.37 20.87 24.74 29.20 17.97 19.64 23.25 28.08 30.71 33.49 36.12 39.63 44.37 019 020 Others 38.40 44.06 47.72 59.64 67.36 83.08 100.64 123.36 143.50 193.62 210.46 227.63 249.66 271.76 294.59 329.60 354.88 390.33 020 021 Net factor income from abroad 5.82 5.78 11.63 12.15 8.62 11.93 15.55 20.46 22.53 22.27 26.51 33.85 38.80 48.64 55.67 60.03 71.03 75.18 021 022 GNP 237.25 264.80 305.82 367.34 415.55 478.16 554.75 617.60 682.13 1016.44 1123.55 1222.78 1288.68 1391.02 1567.73 1708.46 1836.46 2013.47 022 023 Expenditure on GDP 231.43 259.02 294.19 355.19 406.93 466.23 539.20 597.14 659.60 994.17 1097.33 1188.93 1249.88 1342.38 1512.06 1648.42 1765.44 1938.28 023 024 Private consumption 192.81 223.83 255.72 306.49 347.75 392.80 458.90 509.43 551.73 826.36 892.99 976.48 1046.29 1125.50 1259.66 1388.65 1518.24 1692.84 024 025 Government consumption 30.83 33.92 36.64 44.03 49.69 58.44 61.25 69.97 90.46 39.46 42.82 49.82 58.17 61.90 69.14 72.60 80.23 85.45 025 026 Gross fixed capital formation 37.23 39.84 39.21 43.08 52.10 57.27 67.58 71.86 80.71 188.00 205.20 223.35 236.74 255.67 302.62 342.50 378.63 430.01 026 027 Increase in stocks 6.65-0.30 0.60-0.30 6.04 11.07 0.08 12.42 14.72 027 028 Exports of goods and services 16.98 18.84 24.08 26.07 31.19 33.86 37.59 45.02 51.19 62.25 74.64 93.98 113.05 121.90 165.71 184.36 216.72 266.81 028 029 Less: Imports of goods and services 46.71 57.66 61.78 64.95 74.36 77.31 88.11 101.58 118.96 135.74 135.12 147.60 176.83 187.76 264.53 310.91 325.59 365.87 029 030 Statistical discrepancy 0.29 0.25 0.32 0.47 0.56 1.17 2.00 2.44 4.48 13.84 16.51-7.09-27.55-34.83-20.53-28.77-102.79-170.94 030 At Constant 1984/85 I 1989/90 Prices 031 GDP by Industrial Origin 352.89 357.21 374.71 395.03 406.96 424.59 442.35 455.14 466.60 I 994.17 1026.81 1077.94 1127.09 1170.24 1235.01 1296.51 1365.94 1437.34 031 032 Agriculture 156.07 156.31 162.94 168.81 169.97 175.55 176.25 174.90 173.04 I 281.10 287.03 294.31 300.90 303.15 301.45 311.71 330.76 340.67 032 033 Mining 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 I 8.55 8.69 9.29 10.19 10.70 11.83 12.83 13.05 13.62 033 034 Manufacturing 37.12 37.22 37.92 40.77 40.12 41.16 44.41 44.68 45.93 I 145.09 154.54 169.56 184.30 194.33 214.51 227.53 241.67 263.79 034 035 Electricity, gas and water 1.11 1.32 2.02 2.17 2.35 2.64 3.22 3.74 4.82 I 14.34 15.27 16.20 17.35 19.65 20.68 22.01 22.72 23.33 035 036 Construction 16.71 17.30 16.71 20.07 22.52 22.91 24.47 27.48 28.82 I 66.80 67.35 69.48 72.26 76.68 80.97 91.64 96.54 104.24 036 037 Trade 32.55 32.68 35.11 38.30 38.82 39.39 40.39 41.68 43.66 I 135.06 142.01 152.41 160.22 169.44 193.08 202.40 214.79 226.35 037 038 Transport and communications 37.52 38.93 41.74 43.51 45.66 47.12 52.34 54.29 56.61 I 118.92 120.71 125.57 129.26 134.04 141.06 147.96 156.20 162.84 038 039 Finance 5.77 5.78 5.81 6.65 6.89 8.70 9.18 9.31 9.42 I 12.72 13.34 13.84 14.23 14.94 15.70 16.46 17.32 18.18 039 040 Public administration 9.80 8.76 10.73 9.98 13.24 15.94 17.19 18.55 19.84 I 17.97 18.48 20.84 24.09 25.58 26.72 27.55 28.99 30.61 040 041 Others 56.24 58.91 61.73 64.77 67.39 71.19 74.90 80.50 84.47 I 193.62 199.41 206.44 214.29 221.74 229.03 236.43 243.90 253.71 041 042 Net factor income from abroad 8.87 7.97 14.82 13.52 8.62 10.86 12.76 15.59 15.94 I 22.27 24.53 30.31 33.27 41.04 43.63 43.28 50.71 50.41 042 043 GNP 361.76 365.18 389.53 408.55 415.58 435.45 455.11 470.73 482.54 I 1016.44 1051.34 1108.26 1160.36 1211.29 1277.64 1339.79 1416.65 1487.75 043 044 Expenditure on GDP 352.89 357.21 374.71 395.03 406.96 424.59 442.35 455.14 466.60 I 994.17 1026.81 1077.94 1127.09 1170.24 1235.01 1296.51 1365.94 1437.34 044 045 Private consumption........................... 826.36 824.47 862.23 899.26 936.59 962.89 995.30 1061.41 1106.14 045 046 Government consumption........................... 39.46 40.29 44.66 49.91 51.55 55.15 55.38 58.68 58.50 046 047 Gross fixed capital formation........................... 188.00 190.03 194.11 206.38 222.23 242.56 264.80 295.58 323.78 047 048 Increase in stocks........................... 048 049 Exports of goods and services........................... 62.25 60.34 75.15 84.42 87.53 114.41 123.65 144.09 161.78 049 050 Less: Imports of goods and services........................... 135.74 115.35 105.22 144.58 135.77 201.45 229.88 225.89 235.99 050 051 Statistical discrepancy........................... 13.84 27.04 7.02 31.71 8.12 61.46 87.26 32.07 23.13 051 Investment Financing, at current prices 052 Gross domestic capital formation 37.23 39.84 39.21 43.08 52.10 57.27 67.58 71.86 80.71 188.00 205.20 223.35 236.74 255.67 302.62 342.50 378.63 430.01 052 053 Gross national saving 13.61 7.06 13.46 16.82 18.11 26.92 34.59 38.21 39.94 136.78 171.24 203.58 211.76 238.45 259.47 275.98 340.79 406.12 053 054 Gross domestic saving 7.79 1.28 1.83 4.67 9.49 14.99 19.04 17.75 17.41 114.51 144.72 169.72 172.97 189.81 203.80 215.95 269.76 330.94 054 055 Net factor income from abroad 5.82 5.78 11.63 12.15 8.62 11.93 15.55 20.46 22.53 22.27 26.51 33.85 38.80 48.64 55.67 60.03 71.03 75.18 055
56 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 57 Bangladesh 056 Foreign saving 23.62 32.78 25.75 26.26 33.99 30.35 32.99 33.65 40.77 51.23 33.97 19.78 24.98 17.23 43.15 66.52 37.84 23.88 056 057 Net transfer from abroad 10.71 13.35 18.28 17.94 19.04 17.03 21.56 23.33 21.85 25.21 29.67 31.18 32.03 28.40 35.78 27.67 31.48 12.14 057 058 Net borrowing from abroad 12.91 19.43 7.47 8.32 14.95 13.32 11.43 10.32 18.92 26.02 4.30-11.40-7.05-11.17 7.37 38.85 6.36 11.74 058 At Current Market Prices, Taka 059 Per capita GDP 2556 2800 3113 3679 4125 4626 5237 5677 6137 9054 9786 10407 10736 11315 12506 13378 14059 15147 059 060 Per capita GNP 2621 2863 3236 3805 4213 4745 5388 5871 6347 9257 10023 10704 11069 11725 12966 13865 14625 15735 060 PRODUCTION thousand metric tons; fiscal year ending 30 June Agriculture, crop year 061 1. Rice 13881 13631 14216 14501 14622 15038 15407 15413 15544 17856 17852 18252 18340 18042 16833 17687 18882 18862 061 062 2. Sugarcane 6600 7136 7257 6960 6878 6640 6896 7207 6707 7423 7682 7446 7507 7111 7446 7165 7521 7879 062 063 3. Jute 897 842 886 946 928 1571 1225 853 805 812 962 957 808 808 964 739 883 1057 063 064 4. Pulses 211 205 203 551 553 519 510 539 496 512 523 519 502 530 534 525 525 519 064 065 5. Oilseeds 250 255 253 468 784 469 437 449 434 438 448 440 449 470 480 471 478 483 065 066 6. Condiments and spices, m.t. 240 292 299 295 299 295 289 349 304 330 319 322 321 325 318 313 319 316 066 067 7. Tobacco 48 57 50 48 49 46 40 42 39 41 34 34 36 38 38 39 38 37 067 068 8. Tea 39 38 41 42 38 44 38 41 44 39 46 65 49 51 52 48 53 51 068 Mining 069 1. Limestone 39 45 32 34 40 22 46 33 29 38 42 43 23 24 28 21 28 32 069 070 2. China clay 10 6 2 3 4 3 12 10 7 7 7 2 2 3 7 7 9 8 070 Manufacturing 071 1. Fertilizer, compound 422 416 454 820 809 946 878 1409 1599 1621 1533 1736 2051 2366 2145 2248 1773 2031 071 072 2. Cement 345 326 307 278 240 287 310 310 344 337 275 272 207 324 316 426 611 591 072 073 3. Sugar 155 220 197 165 88 82 182 178 110 184 246 195 187 221 270 184 135 166 073 074 4. Jute goods 590 587 570 544 516 458 542 527 510 528 434 416 446 421 425 406 406 408 074 075 5. Soyabean oil 15 18 21 17 9 8 19 24 21 40 39 40 35 17 14 16 14... 075 076 6. Steel ingot 139 109 47 73 101 96 82 70 86 75 58 37 7 6 25 21 16 11 076 077 7. Cotton yarn 46 43 44 46 48 43 45 47 49 51 56 61 61 58 49 50 50 53 077 078 8. Paper 33 32 26 28 39 42 43 92 86 93 90 88 89 90 83 82 68 46 078 Production Indexes period averages 079 Agriculture, 1989-91 = 100 80 83 85 85 90 91 90 90 98 99 102 104 103 100 103 110 111 112 079 080 Mining, 1973/74 l 1981/82 I 144 177 I 109 127 145 162 192 225 240 256 I 111 121 135 143 158 170 167 181 080 1988/89 = 100 d 081 Manufacturing, 1973/74 l 143 143 I 97 107 122 126 144 145 148 167 I 112 123 142 154 163 174 179 199 081 1981/82 I 1988/89 = 100 d ENERGY annual values Crude petroleum, 000 m.t. 082 Production 6 9 20 20 22 23 25 27 27 19 16 30 30 6 10......... 082 083 Imports 1305 1178 1030 1004 992 983 1000 1212 1280 1008 1182 1018 1169 1236 1364......... 083 084 Consumption 1319 1221 1024 1061 1028 1018 1042 1239 1297 1166 1279 1064 1219 1299 1397......... 084 Coal, 000 m.t. 085 Imports 246 299 163 62 98 148 233 240 250 563 180 169 63......... 085 086 Consumption 246 299 163 62 98 148 233 240 250 563 180 169 63......... 086 Natural gas, terajoules 087 Production 49582 64322 71593 90816 103396 116644 137255 158754 170334 183496 188861 205999 230547 244636 270419 289546 285241 307049 087 088 Consumption 49582 64322 71593 90816 103396 110661 129574 153891 159912 173885 179482 195307 212753 230200 255559 276402 267370 289950 088 Electricity, Mn kwh 089 Production 2962 3336 3758 4292 4592 4573 5302 6143 6720 7135 7817 8378 8563 9221 10166 10833 11243 11111 089 090 Consumption 2962 3336 3758 4292 4592 3307 3485 3792 4695 5294 4809 6326 6785 7448 8371 8996 9447 9279 090 PRICE INDEXES period averages 091 Consumer (national), 1985/86 = 100.................. 113.9 121.1 131.3 136.4 147.7 154.4 158.7 163.9 178.4 190.1 195.1 208.7 091 092 Food.................. 115.4 123.4 133.7 137.0 148.1 154.3 157.2 161.8 176.8 189.1 191.9 205.6 092 093 Non-food.................. 111.0 117.0 127.0 135.2 147.0 154.7 161.4 167.7 181.4 191.9 201.0 214.5 093 094 Wholesale, 1969/70 = 100 e 541.2 608.6 642.7 746.9 874.7 914.4 988.5 1047.8 1129.4 I 1225.4 1276.5 1322.9 1346.0 1413.0 1478.0 1559.0 1568.0 1648.0 094 095 Implicit GDP deflator, 1984/85 I 65.6 72.5 78.5 89.9 100.0 109.8 121.9 131.2 141.4 100.0 106.8 110.3 110.9 114.7 122.4 127.1 129.3 134.9 095 1989/90 = 100
58 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 59 Bangladesh MONEY AND BANKING Mn Taka; as of end of period 096 Money supply (M1) 19863 20121 26343 35499 42318 49279 52628 50477 54607 63687 72037 82572 90626 111671 131794 144594 151670 158885 096 097 Currency in circulation 9148 8775 11386 15563 17229 19531 20749 24150 26156 31883 36118 40726 44801 54160 65651 71233 75746 81533 097 098 Demand deposits 10715 11346 14957 19936 25089 29748 31879 26327 28451 31804 35919 41846 45825 57511 66143 73361 75924 77352 098 099 Quasi-money 21497 25366 32639 48359 63024 74102 90903 113603 136174 159289 178007 202687 224730 252359 290885 313006 355440 399806 099 100 Money supply (M2) 41360 45487 58982 83858 105342 123381 143531 164080 190781 222976 250044 285259 315356 364030 422679 457600 507110 558691 100 101 Foreign assets (net) -3611-11298 -4573-816 -2398-1410 1761 5998 7773 4275 17517 40249 60811 91528 104637 67359 65446 67935 101 102 Domestic credit 52732 64623 71665 95355 121084 141822 153083 169735 192638 230308 253684 272083 292738 306952 360853 434524 493966 556402 102 103 Claims on gov t. sector (net) 16628 16624 16064 20690 19883 18532 19787 17175 12704 20147 21878 36256 39221 46820 46140 63102 80172 92720 103 104 Claims on private sector 17630 23647 30975 49145 68906 83562 89740 108963 133597 160045 178229 179392 193174 209725 265647 316598 355049 401180 104 105 Claims on other financial insts. 18474 24352 24626 25520 32295 39728 43556 43597 46337 50116 53577 56435 60343 50407 49066 54824 58745 62502 105 106 Other items -7761-7837 -8109-10680 -13344-17031 -11314-11653 -9630-11607 -21157-27073 -38193-34450 -42811-44283 -52302-65646 106 Deposit Money Banks 107 Demand deposits 10713 11345 14950 19934 25087 29743 32950 24668 28451 31804 35919 41846 45825 57511 66143 73361 75924 77352 107 108 Time deposits 21497 25365 32639 48359 63024 74102 91032 115262 136174 159289 178007 202687 224730 252359 290885 313006 355440 399805 108 109 Domestic credits outstanding f 37483 48441 57427 79616 103029 123283 135702 154660 183118 212992 238719 265583 288389 300612 366164 412674 455170 510913 109 Interest Rates per cent; period averages On deposits 110 Savings g 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.50 8.10 6.94 5.42 5.30 5.36 7.18...... 110 111 Time: 6 months 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.13 11.88 9.99 7.90 6.36 6.31 7.74 8.57... 111 112 12 months 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 13.25 13.25 13.25 12.13 11.88 10.29 8.29 6.81 6.72 8.02 8.69... 112 On loans and discounts 113 Export credit 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.38 9.00 9.00 9.00 10.50 10.50 10.00 9.50 9.50............ 113 GOVERNMENT FINANCE Mn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June Central Government 114 Current revenue 17551 25725 28666 24288 35825 38354 46185 51519 61015 65194 81769 97236 113189 123750 148899 155119 171200 188090 114 115 Taxes 13935 20405 23487 22025 33438 32110 37253 42062 49560 55725 67978 78234 90989 95893 120536 120934 138770 159560 115 116 Non-taxes 3616 5320 5179 2263 2387 6244 8932 9457 11455 9469 13791 19002 22200 27857 28363 34185 32430 28530 116 117 Current expenditure 13959 17299 18358 20457 25870 37085 39916 47167 61885 66802 72651 78386 86429 92124 105676 120833 123731 150130 117 118 Current surplus/deficit 3592 8426 10308 3831 9955 1269 6269 4352-870 -1608 9118 18850 26760 31626 43223 34286 47469 37960 118 119 Capital receipts 20800 22898 29910 36476 36864 39310 45594 50856 47412 55060 64779 65390 66400 67610 82830 81120 80440 81970 119 120 Capital expenditure 24683 25529 24272 29739 34837 33803 38499 40471 46454 57170 52700 60240 65500 89830 103030 100157 110410 102480 120 121 Capital account surplus/deficit -3883-2361 5638 6737 2027 5507 7095 10385 958-2110 12079 5150 900-22220 -20200-19037 -29970-20510 121 122 Net lending...................................................... 122 123 Overall surplus/deficit -291 5795 15946 10568 11982 6776 13364 14737 88-3718 21197 24000 27660 9975 23023 15249 17499 17450 123 Financing 124 Domestic borrowing 5075................................................... 124 125 Foreign borrowing 10552................................................... 125 126 Foreign grants...................................................... 126 127 Use of cash balances -15336-5795 -15946-10568 -11982-6776 -13364-14737 -88 3718-21197 -24000-27660 -9975-23023 -15249-17499 -17450 127 Expenditure by Function, Central Gov t. 128 Total h 38642 42828 42630 50197 60707 70887 78415 87638 108338 121109 125549 140222 151832 181954 208706 219020 234141... 128 129 General public services 6321 8524 10106 8406 10939 19300 17620 21065 31339 32776 37202 38855 37961 38543 30226 34817 34382... 129 130 Defence 2118 2742 4241 4643 5068 5815 7259 8162 10045 11080 11205 12937 15855 16355 21687 21477 24579... 130 131 Education 2731 3177 3346 3054 5661 7291 9489 11195 11440 13652 12724 15346 17044 24618 34061 35003 37291... 131 132 Health 1508 2083 2406 2855 3747 3685 3895 4698 5512 6239 7205 8257 11356 14169 15428 15774 17691... 132 133 Social security and welfare 373 372 547 501 375 351 587 878 714 863 854 837 1006 1781 2577 3377 3920... 133 134 Housing and community amenities 2608 1561 1441 3343 2251 2596 2536 3807 3151 5045 4084 5304 4130 4795 13993 12179 14230... 134 135 Economic services 22758 24122 20294 26889 32253 31346 36394 38062 45399 50811 51350 57403 64480 79697 74098 74818 79985... 135 136 Agriculture 4823 6474 4427 8130 9335 2944 3587 4584 5150 6494 7298 7439 10312 7331 9788 11209 10826... 136 137 Industry 3102 2266 1998 2879 2203 5563 7651 4833 5427 6115 9402 4494 8719 2103 9645 9409 11839... 137 138 Electricity, gas and water 8186 8834 9484 10754 14422 17116 17770 19852 21719 24364 20262 24079 35666 36765 22398 22230 27921... 138 139 Transport and communications 5727 5631 3720 4671 5823 4953 6758 7982 11988 12727 12014 17665 9609 28508 31112 30731 28160... 139 140 Other economic services 920 917 665 455 470 770 628 811 1115 1111 2374 3726 174 4990 1155 1239 1239... 140 141 Others 225 247 249 506 413 503 635 439 738 643 925 1283 0 1996 16636 21575 22063... 141 EXTERNAL TRADE Mn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June 142 Exports, fob 11484 12387 18016 20136 26225 27396 30643 37045 41161 48929 59559 72627 92575 100976 139285 158791 188130 234164 142 143 Imports, cif 37288 38729 45265 50874 68263 62930 80261 93286 108477 123743 123782 132114 159335 167660 234547 280976 302999 307653 143 144 Trade balance -25804-26342 -27249-30738 -42038-35533 -49618-56241 -67316-74814 -64223-59487 -66760-66684 -95262-122185 -114869-73489 144
60 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 61 Bangladesh Exports, by SITC section i 145 Food and live animals 1435 2210 3161 4134 4265 5503 5700 6695 7021 7071 7981 8881 11218............... 145 146 Beverage and tobacco 0 37 49 42 68 27 23 22 61 73 60 237 114............... 146 147 Crude materials excl. fuels 1952 2089 2802 2836 4026 3661 2644 2344 4925 6194 5380 4127 3435............... 147 148 Mineral fuels, etc. 0 110 826 346 537 475 202 412 518 553 465 311 796............... 148 149 Animal, vegetable oil and fats 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 0............... 149 150 Chemicals 150 20 274 140 47 35 25 608 1759 581 1648 581 2176............... 150 151 Basic manufactures 7591 7538 9696 11272 13111 11861 11644 12745 12562 13892 15415 17632 19974............... 151 152 Machines, transport equipment 176 124 718 231 292 258 908 562 42 65 31 199 96............... 152 153 Misc. manufactured goods 82 207 388 1036 3758 5459 9412 13525 14270 20498 28477 40540 54561............... 153 154 Unclassified goods 97 52 101 98 117 114 84 130 3 102 119 206............... 154 Exports, by principal commodity 155 1. Jute manufactures 6565 6331 8009 8712 10952 9068 8906 9320 9261 9484 8946 10155 10477............... 155 156 2. Fish 602 1004 1673 2031 2333 3580 4453 5075 5241 5571 5708 6331 8274............... 156 157 3. Leather 871 1073 1581 2198 1921 2362 3653 4579 4514 3582 4422 4982 5392............... 157 158 4. Raw jute and mesta 1875 2000 2580 2730 3900 3438 2754 2486 2813 2425 3231 3474 2795............... 158 159 5. Tea 672 812 1100 1700 1570 996 903 1293 1208 1393 1544 1296 1555............... 159 Imports, by SITC section i 160 Food and live animals 3421 6575 7653 8400 15017 7718 13329 17827 17726 18918 9960 9744 13310............... 160 161 Beverage and tobacco 40 75 69 117 93 60 186 314 370 481 303 628 1035............... 161 162 Crude materials excl. fuels 3076 2461 2934 4672 4094 3616 4482 5515 4589 6843 22946 39113 48878............... 162 163 Mineral fuels, etc. 8262 7136 10254 9966 10589 12161 11872 13469 13993 15796 19773 18388 15261............... 163 164 Animal, vegetable oil and fats 1994 1971 2995 3535 4957 5139 5007 6580 6785 6894 8308 6989 8619............... 164 165 Chemicals 3749 4564 4253 5574 7158 9963 7187 8053 9858 12342 10751 12820 10605............... 165 166 Basic manufactures 7019 8016 7716 8968 13099 13261 19115 22792 33756 37366 24579 20865 28507............... 166 167 Machines, transport equipment 9063 7147 8609 8511 11835 11449 16605 15273 17700 21433 21349 17892 21676............... 167 168 Misc. manufactured goods 599 682 691 1018 1327 16399 2169 3162 2845 2919 5115 5302 10191............... 168 169 Unclassified goods 64 103 92 113 93 175 308 302 854 751 698 374 1254............... 169 Direction of Trade Mn US dollars; calendar year 170 Exports, Total 791.3 768.0 724.4 931.3 998.8 888.9 1076.8 1291.1 1304.9 1671.8 1687.5 2037.5 2277.3 2649.7 3128.7 3297.2 3627.6... 170 171 1. United States 80.1 78.3 104.2 129.4 180.5 210.6 322.5 335.6 370.5 510.1 449.5 734.0 764.7 886.1 998.6 1018.8 1289.5... 171 172 2. United Kingdom 34.1 38.0 42.5 67.6 50.6 48.6 56.4 75.8 76.5 119.3 142.5 151.2 195.8 253.2 317.4 379.4 367.7... 172 173 3. Germany 10.4 14.5 11.7 16.1 19.3 24.9 40.8 64.9 56.2 108.0 175.4 166.3 226.1 228.4 294.1 325.2 357.2... 173 174 4. France 4.7 7.3 7.0 11.3 4.7 5.2 12.8 24.0 28.9 62.1 90.5 106.7 128.4 154.7 189.9 227.4 262.2... 174 175 5. Italy 23.8 24.2 32.3 63.9 35.1 45.2 82.1 126.5 88.8 106.6 112.4 137.3 119.5 150.8 194.8 160.0 196.9... 175 176 6. Belgium-Luxembourg 13.9 20.4 33.0 54.3 44.5 37.0 31.2 40.7 34.0 52.6 72.1 68.7 86.8 105.3 129.2 165.3...... 176 177 7. Netherlands 15.2 12.8 14.3 13.7 14.1 16.7 18.6 25.3 22.3 38.0 57.9 67.0 74.8 100.9 124.9 173.3 177.5... 177 178 8. Japan 27.1 45.6 53.5 61.9 71.8 71.4 62.1 74.1 55.6 64.7 53.4 51.6 58.3 69.6 103.3 103.6 86.9... 178 179 9. Hong Kong, China 12.8 4.2 4.4 5.6 10.0 9.0 16.3 12.3 14.5 16.5 24.2 41.5 60.7 85.1 116.3 100.6 91.4... 179 180 10.Canada 5.7 3.9 7.6 10.9 12.2 13.6 17.7 17.4 14.0 27.3 23.2 29.2 39.2 48.3 64.7 65.9 70.6... 180 181 Imports, Total 2651.4 2418.5 2291.1 2692.8 2526.2 2550.4 2730.3 3034.1 3617.6 3656.1 3421.0 3730.8 4014.5 4584.0 6496.1 6934.9 6862.6... 181 182 1. India 64.0 43.3 37.9 60.1 64.9 57.2 74.4 90.0 120.7 170.3 189.5 283.9 380.2 466.6 994.1 1018.3 795.6... 182 183 2. Japan 288.5 305.7 167.4 260.7 310.3 318.8 381.3 477.2 457.2 482.2 306.6 293.6 502.5 526.9 597.9 673.3 471.8... 183 184 3. China, People s Republic of 113.4 108.2 58.4 108.9 82.8 74.0 82.1 97.1 134.4 124.1 146.9 215.0 204.1 299.3 600.6 641.4 622.1... 184 185 4. Hong Kong, China 16.6 7.5 16.9 42.0 51.0 47.1 87.3 120.9 132.6 167.7 199.9 289.7 320.0 350.8 420.2 392.1 430.7... 185 186 5. Korea, Republic of 33.5 15.1 28.4 40.9 63.2 58.6 75.5 94.4 105.2 156.1 171.3 213.8 279.4 330.7 416.6 367.6 379.4... 186 187 6. Singapore 62.7 50.5 162.2 259.9 210.2 184.0 163.1 158.4 215.8 407.2 292.3 222.2 183.1 220.2 396.2 313.2 250.9... 187 188 7. United States 155.9 209.0 271.5 256.2 256.8 211.0 189.5 181.7 285.2 186.0 176.4 257.9 173.6 214.2 394.0 250.5 285.0... 188 189 8. Germany 118.2 86.2 98.7 81.8 88.9 111.5 83.3 32.8 104.8 125.4 125.9 117.6 117.4 91.2 270.5 186.8 186.1... 189 190 9. United Kingdom 114.1 80.2 105.4 113.1 87.4 90.8 86.7 120.7 92.4 118.2 100.3 132.0 124.1 121.2 173.8 169.9 207.9... 190 191 10.Pakistan 46.5 25.5 17.2 18.6 17.7 26.3 37.3 62.5 26.0 70.1 57.4 88.0 90.2 109.9 137.7 90.1 68.5... 191 Trade Indexes d 1976/77 I 1979/80 = 100 period averages Unit value index 192 Exports 158.1 150.7 173.3 208.2 300.6 256.7 232.0 259.0 287.0 269.0 302.0 296.0 285.0 I 113.3 120.8 128.9 135.0 140.2 192 193 Imports 137.7 153.7 193.1 194.0 218.5 246.3 259.0 278.0 238.0 270.0 337.0 334.0 344.0 I 110.8 120.7 129.5 133.4 137.9 193 194 Terms of trade 114.8 98.0 89.7 107.3 137.6 104.2 89.6 93.2 120.6 99.6 89.6 88.6 82.8 I 102.3 100.1 99.5 101.2 101.7 194
62 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 63 Bangladesh BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Mn US dollars; fiscal year ending 30 June 195 Merchandise exports, fob 817 665 759 934 971 909 1000 1186 1281 1486 1667 1904 2138 2534 3473 3884 4427 5172 195 196 Merchandise Imports, fob -2403-2211 -2111-2146 -2358-2126 -2346-2687 -3033-3379 -3122-3118 -3573-4191 -5834-6947 -7162-7524 196 197 Trade balance -1586-1546 -1352-1212 -1387-1217 -1346-1501 -1752-1893 -1455-1214 -1435-1657 -2361-3063 -2735-2352 197 198 Other goods, services and income -256-319 -319-275 57 49 23-144 -150-110 -28 28-410 -10-130 -49 56 82 198 199 Credit 274 227 223 276 175 180 188 308 389 444 457 563 617 670 819 806 745 798 199 200 Debit -530-546 -542-551 -118-131 -165-452 -539-554 -485-535 -1027-680 -949-855 -689-716 200 201 Unrequited transfers 1070 975 1340 1277 1102 1073 1293 1613 1516 1567 1676 1793 1883 1957 2316 2152 2505 2321 201 202 Private 397 353 581 546 398 525 629 788 836 799 844 976 1065 1247 1426 1475 1770 1750 202 203 Official 673 622 759 731 704 548 664 825 680 768 832 817 818 710 890 677 735 571 203 204 Current balance -772-890 -331-210 -228-95 -30-32 -386-436 193 607 38 290-175 -960-174 51 204 205 Direct investment............... 2 2 3... 2 1 4 7 16 6 7 16 249 205 206 Portfolio investment............ 2-7...... 1 1 1 6 10 53 61-21 -132 3 206 207 Other long-term capital 561 490 588 481 488 512 635 606 867 820 671 512 564 565 527 484 480 390 207 208 Other short-term capital 10 190-136 68-23 56-71 -136-94 -173-132 -90-38 34 112-23 -33 118 208 209 Net errors and omissions 47 75 65-36 -4 6-45 -12-41 -76-96 -80-27 -166-79 -504-326 -729 209 210 Overall balance -154-135 186 303 235 474 491 429 347 138 638 959 554 792 452-1017 -169 82 210 211 Allocation of SDRs............... -13-60 51 6 1-48 -74-31 19-50 -101 109 211 212 Monetary movements j 154 135-186 -303-235 -461-431 -480-353 -139-590 -885-523 -811-402 1118 60-82 212 INTERNATIONAL RESERVES Mn US dollars; as of end of period 213 Total 155.3 207.1 541.5 405.7 349.4 425.8 866.0 1070.1 522.9 649.4 1299.8 1847.3 2436.7 3165.9 2366.6 1862.6 1606.7 1927.7 213 214 Gold, national valuation 16.9 24.5 17.5 15.8 12.9 16.8 22.8 24.0 21.4 20.8 21.5 22.7 25.9 27.2 26.9 28.0 25.3 22.3 214 215 Foreign exchange 138.3 173.5 487.1 367.7 298.8 371.4 758.1 961.9 469.0 602.9 1206.9 1783.2 2387.9 3102.6 2180.1 1724.9 1552.1 1892.3 215 216 Reserve position in the Fund 8.3 23.4 22.0 24.6 27.4 31.8 30.1 29.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 216 217 SDRs 0.1 0.8 13.5 0.3 13.1 10.3 53.3 54.0 3.0 25.8 71.3 41.4 22.8 36.0 159.5 109.6 29.2 12.9 217 EXCHANGE RATES Taka per US dollar 218 End of period 19.847 24.074 25.000 26.000 31.000 30.800 31.200 32.270 32.270 35.790 38.580 39.000 39.850 40.250 40.750 42.450 45.450 48.500 218 219 Average of period 17.987 22.118 24.615 25.354 27.995 30.407 30.950 31.733 32.270 34.569 36.596 38.951 39.567 40.212 40.278 41.794 43.892 46.906 219 EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS Mn US dollars; as of end of year 220 Total outstanding and disbursed 4663.3 5232.5 5650.6 5856.6 6869.7 8281.5 10148.7 10691.7 11118.2 12768.5 13482.2 13927.6 14650.3 16257.9 16325.2 16007.0 15125.3... 220 221 Long-term 3971.0 4476.1 4915.2 5261.3 6214.8 7617.7 9233.8 9802.4 10332.0 11987.0 12536.6 12962.5 13815.0 15391.6 15501.0 15327.2 14577.8... 221 222 Public and publicly guaranteed 3971.0 4476.1 4915.2 5261.3 6214.8 7617.7 9233.8 9802.4 10332.0 11987.0 12536.6 12962.5 13815.0 15391.6 15501.0 15327.2 14577.8... 222 223 Private non-guaranteed... 223 224 Short-term 228.0 209.0 170.0 133.0 135.1 125.1 74.0 49.8 67.6 155.9 218.6 232.7 152.9 197.1 202.6 163.3 175.2... 224 225 Use of IMF credit 464.3 547.4 565.3 462.3 519.9 538.8 840.8 839.5 718.6 625.5 727.0 732.4 682.3 669.1 621.5 516.5 372.3... 225 Debt service transactions during the year 226 Principal repayments on LT debt 83.1 98.9 70.2 92.1 118.1 162.6 179.7 214.4 200.1 362.0 292.2 313.7 301.3 349.5 562.1 400.1 405.1 415.6 226 227 Interest on long-term debt 58.1 63.2 69.5 76.5 95.9 113.9 143.6 145.9 147.2 166.8 162.7 152.8 163.1 187.2 176.2 199.8 175.0 178.2 227 228 Interest on short-term debt 21.0 21.8 18.9 15.1 13.4 13.1 11.9 5.1 8.6 9.3 12.0 9.1 7.3 7.0 9.5 9.9 8.8... 228 Average terms of new commitments 229 Interest (%) 2.1 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.1 1.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.7... 229 230 Maturity (years) 30.6 39.1 36.8 39.7 37.8 40.6 40.7 32.1 36.2 33.6 38.3 35.8 35.2 33.3 37.8 32.7 37.7... 230 231 Grace period (years) 7.8 9.4 8.6 9.7 9.3 10.0 10.3 9.2 9.8 9.3 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.0 10.0 8.7 9.9... 231 232 Grant element (%) 61.8 70.3 67.3 72.6 71.1 75.1 74.8 66.7 74.8 67.6 77.2 74.7 75.0 70.8 69.0 71.7 70.7... 232 Footnotes: a Mid-year estimates based on the 1974, 1981 and 1991 census of population figures and 1995 Vital Registration System estimate.. b Data for 1989 are on a calendar year basis. c Includes underemployed for 1981-84. d Period averages of fiscal year. e For agricultural and industrial products. f Refers to total advances and investment of deposit money banks. g h i j Refers to savings accounts without chequeing facilities. Refers to current and development expenditures. 1989-93 data are estimates based on country data totals and ESCAP data by SITC in US dollars. Refers to total change in reserves and related items.
64 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 65 Bhutan 001 POPULATION a million; as of 1 July....................................... 0.564 0.582 0.600 0.618 0.637 001 NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Mn Ngultrum; calendar year At Current Factor Cost 002 GDP by Industrial Origin 1280.1 1498.1 1753.5 2059.9 2349.6 2758.6 3530.8 3850.9 4307.9 4848.2 5342.1 6177.6 7007.5 8150.5 9610.7 11354.8 13971.1 15659.8 * 002 003 Agriculture 676.7 804.3 934.2 1117.6 1236.2 1399.2 1623.5 1746.3 1924.3 2094.9 2305.1 2460.5 2801.9 3427.1 3897.7 4538.0 5276.0 5975.0 * 003 004 Mining 8.9 12.5 10.2 23.3 20.2 37.4 37.0 33.4 41.8 44.8 90.0 98.8 102.3 172.4 193.1 269.8 308.7 385.9 * 004 005 Manufacturing 63.5 70.1 96.5 109.5 128.3 137.1 204.7 226.5 302.5 396.7 499.5 647.4 752.3 875.2 1088.8 1393.4 1588.5 1810.9 * 005 006 Electricity, gas and water 2.7 3.7 6.7 5.9 6.8 96.6 377.0 388.0 391.0 384.7 384.4 445.3 560.9 574.2 1058.7 1101.6 1729.5 1784.9 * 006 007 Construction 142.8 188.2 238.6 276.5 290.5 267.5 349.9 309.0 365.4 398.7 359.7 595.1 616.8 787.2 930.7 1040.0 1466.4 1730.4 * 007 008 Trade 155.6 162.1 170.0 182.4 203.0 234.1 248.2 258.5 282.3 321.6 382.9 479.7 551.2 647.2 730.7 903.5 1014.4 1146.2 * 008 009 Transport and communications 58.1 66.2 76.8 80.6 104.1 114.2 126.0 180.6 235.6 346.7 398.5 471.2 587.4 638.0 687.6 855.8 1022.6 1216.9 * 009 010 Finance 80.3 84.2 100.5 129.6 149.3 170.7 210.5 263.9 306.9 378.0 409.4 438.8 457.7 468.2 503.0 441.9 729.2 838.6 * 010 011 Public administration b 121.5 139.8 155.0 178.5 262.2 350.8 416.0 507.8 525.1 540.5 564.4 608.9 645.0 709.2 751.4 1013.7 1362.7 1398.2 * 011 012 Others 012 013 Less: Imputed bank service charges 30.0 33.0 35.0 44.0 51.0 49.0 62.0 63.1 67.0 58.4 51.8 68.1 68.0 148.2 231.0 203.0 526.9 627.0 * 013 014 Indirect taxes less subsidies 21.1 23.5 35.3 45.6 42.2 42.0 78.0 82.6 73.9 133.8 160.1 175.4 185.5 350.7 357.6 358.9 506.1 759.1 * 014 015 GDP at current market prices 1301.2 1521.6 1788.8 2105.5 2391.8 2800.6 3608.8 3933.5 4381.8 4982.0 5502.2 6353.0 7193.0 8501.2 9968.3 11713.7 14477.1 16419.1 * 015 016 Net factor income from abroad -269.7-321.6-456.1-387.8-427.7-452.4-406.2-365.4-212.2-326.1-491.2-734.5-735.0-634.3-1207.7-1246.6-1140.9-1049.6 * 016 017 GNP at current market prices 1031.5 1200.0 1332.7 1717.7 1964.1 2348.2 3202.6 3568.1 4169.6 4655.9 5011.0 5618.5 6458.0 7867.0 8760.6 10467.0 13336.3 15369.5 * 017 At Current Market Prices 018 Expenditure on GDP 1301.2 1521.6 1788.8 2105.5 2391.8 2800.6 3608.8 3933.5 4381.8 4982.0 5502.2 6353.0 7193.0 8501.2 9968.3 11713.7 14477.1 16419.1 * 018 019 Private consumption 922.2 1053.8 1195.1 1435.8 1506.7 1974.0 2363.0 2605.0 2495.0 2718.0 3229.0 3745.0 3411.0 3091.2 2709.3 4726.4 5176.1 5952.5 * 019 020 Government consumption 287.3 326.7 442.9 513.2 560.9 576.3 633.6 641.1 879.0 783.0 1015.1 1215.2 1383.0 1585.2 2400.0 2502.3 3688.1 4241.3 * 020 021 Gross fixed capital formation 425.8 555.7 690.7 754.9 1002.9 1103.1 1249.7 1508.0 1573.5 1685.6 1781.9 2562.7 3398.6 4405.4 5116.5 5495.6 6663.3 7774.0 * 021 022 Increase in stocks 74.7 59.8 21.3 10.4 81.6 32.0-161.5 10.4-121.1-33.9-71.3 351.0-102.0 260.2 220.1 130.9 306.4 022 023 Exports of goods and services 207.4 213.2 227.8 290.2 367.5 447.6 773.0 1109.0 1256.4 1408.0 1828.5 2079.3 2264.0 2508.0 3712.0 3979.0 4771.1 5443.8 * 023 024 Less: Imports of goods and services 616.2 687.6 789.0 898.9 1127.8 1332.4 1249.0 1940.0 1701.0 1609.0 2281.0 3634.0 3163.0 3349.0 4190.0 5119.7 6128.0 6992.0 * 024 025 Statistical discrepancy 30.3 33.8 1.4 0.2 0.4-0.8-0.5 * 025 At Constant 1980 Factor Cost 026 GDP by Industrial Origin 1204.8 1269.2 1370.2 1465.7 1519.8 1674.5 1973.1 1993.6 2087.1 2224.6 2303.4 2406.6 2553.3 2716.1 2918.1 3094.6 3320.7 3514.1 * 026 027 Agriculture 636.1 692.2 742.2 806.5 833.9 881.0 925.8 939.7 962.9 992.8 1024.6 1004.0 1040.2 1081.2 1124.2 1196.2 1233.3 1275.6 * 027 028 Mining 8.9 12.1 8.9 15.8 12.6 22.2 21.6 19.0 21.7 19.3 27.4 23.5 26.2 32.7 34.8 46.2 43.7 48.9 * 028 029 Manufacturing 59.1 59.6 62.9 67.2 75.4 71.0 105.0 110.3 129.2 158.1 186.7 208.8 218.9 233.0 269.7 314.0 325.3 367.6 * 029 030 Electricity, gas and water 2.7 3.1 6.0 5.2 6.0 60.4 229.0 225.1 222.3 204.1 200.4 210.0 232.0 258.8 325.0 342.6 353.6 361.3 * 030 031 Construction 131.0 157.7 185.2 173.5 169.0 141.8 152.3 129.0 136.2 136.8 116.2 168.5 178.0 221.5 243.0 243.1 259.2 276.0 * 031 032 Trade 140.3 132.0 122.0 123.4 132.4 143.4 142.4 129.2 133.6 134.7 145.1 160.7 163.8 170.2 178.0 203.1 218.2 226.9 * 032 033 Transport and communications 54.9 57.4 64.8 66.4 79.4 83.9 91.3 122.1 142.4 172.1 182.0 192.3 234.6 241.5 245.4 274.5 313.0 349.6 * 033 034 Finance 80.3 77.0 91.1 109.4 110.1 126.2 135.7 141.0 162.9 212.2 208.8 215.4 238.1 245.4 263.2 256.2 319.9 348.7 * 034 035 Public administration b 121.5 102.1 113.1 130.3 126.0 168.6 200.0 210.0 217.0 223.3 233.2 251.6 266.5 293.0 330.2 334.5 360.5 385.7 * 035 036 Others 036 037 Less: Imputed bank service charges 30.0 24.0 26.0 32.0 25.0 24.0 30.0 31.8 41.1 28.8 21.0 28.1 45.0 61.2 95.4 115.8 106.0 126.2 * 037 038 Indirect taxes less subsidies....................................... 116.9 107.9 98.4 120.3 170.9 * 038 039 GDP at 1980 market prices....................................... 2833.0 3026.0 3193.0 3441.0 3685.0 * 039 040 Net factor income from abroad...................................................... 040 041 GNP at 1980 market prices...................................................... 041 Investment Financing, at current prices 042 Gross domestic capital formation 500.5 615.5 712.0 765.3 1084.5 1135.1 1088.2 1518.4 1452.4 1682.0 1710.6 2948.0 3296.6 4665.6 5336.6 5626.5 6969.7 7774.0 * 042 043 Gross national saving -178.0-180.5-305.3-231.3-103.5-202.1 206.0 322.0 795.6 1154.9 766.9 658.3 1664.0 3190.6 3651.3 3238.3 4471.9 5175.7 * 043 044 Gross domestic saving c 91.7 141.1 150.8 156.5 324.2 250.3 612.2 687.4 1007.8 1481.0 1258.1 1392.8 2399.0 3824.8 4859.0 4484.9 5612.8 6225.3 * 044 045 Net factor income from abroad -269.7-321.6-456.1-387.8-427.7-452.4-406.2-365.4-212.2-326.1-491.2-734.5-735.0-634.3-1207.7-1246.6-1140.9-1049.6 * 045 046 Foreign saving d 652.9 789.2 1085.0 989.0 1173.6 1262.4 871.6 1108.0 293.4 986.0 1204.0 2053.0 1975.0............... 046 047 Net transfer from abroad 650.2 780.8 887.5 672.1 849.0 982.3 630.0 602.0 277.0 950.0 1176.0 2020.0 2108.0............... 047 048 Net borrowing from abroad 2.7 8.4 197.5 316.9 324.6 280.1 241.6 506.0 16.4 36.0 28.0 33.0-133.0............... 048 At Current Market Prices, Ngultrum e 049 Per capita GDP 1026 1176 1353 1560 1734 1988 2506 2672 2911 3238 3493 3942 4359 15073 17128 19523 23426 25776 * 049 050 Per capita GNP 813 927 1008 1272 1424 1667 2224 2424 2770 3026 3182 3487 3828 13949 15053 17445 21580 24128 * 050