STATISTICAL APPENDIX

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STATISTICAL APPENDIX

G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 S TATISTICAL APP EN D IX 233 Real GDP growth Annual estimates and forecasts 1 Quarterly growth 2 2015 2016 2017e 2018f 2019f 2020f 16Q2 16Q3 16Q4 17Q1 17Q2 17Q3e World 2.8 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.4 Advanced economies 2.2 1.6 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.4 United States 2.9 1.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 Euro Area 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.5 2.4 1.6 1.6 2.7 1.8 2.3 Japan 1.4 0.9 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.1 United Kingdom 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.7 Emerging market and developing economies 3.6 3.7 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.3 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.5 5.0 East Asia and Pacific 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Cambodia 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.7............ China 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.8 Fiji 3.6 0.4 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.2............ Indonesia 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 Lao PDR 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.9............ Malaysia 5.0 4.2 5.8 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 5.6 5.8 6.2 Mongolia 2.2 1.4 2.8 3.1 7.3 5.5-0.1-7.3 11.0 4.1 6.0 6.5 Myanmar 7.0 5.9 6.4 6.7 6.9 6.9............ Papua New Guinea 8.0 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.4 3.4............ Philippines 6.1 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5 7.1 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.9 Solomon Islands 2.5 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7............ Thailand 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.3 Timor-Leste 4.0 5.7 2.4 4.2 5.0 5.0............ Vietnam 6.7 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.6 6.8 5.1 6.2 7.5 Europe and Central Asia 1.0 1.7 3.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.0 0.5 2.4 2.9 3.8 5.2 Albania 2.2 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.7 4.1 4.0 4.1.. Armenia 3.2 0.2 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.0............ Azerbaijan 1.1-3.1-1.4 0.9 1.5 2.6............ Belarus -3.8-2.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.4-1.5-3.6-1.9 0.4 1.7.. Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 2.6 3.8 3.6 2.8 1.7.. Bulgaria 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.5 3.0 4.3 3.6 3.9 3.8 Croatia 2.3 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.5 2.6 3.0 3.3 Georgia 2.9 2.8 4.3 4.2 4.7 5.0 3.1 2.6 2.8 5.3 4.9 4.4 Hungary 3.4 2.2 3.9 3.8 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.5 1.9 4.3 3.3 3.9 Kazakhstan 1.2 1.1 3.7 2.6 2.8 3.0-1.5 1.3 2.0 3.5 4.7.. Kosovo 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.7............ Kyrgyz Republic 3.9 3.8 3.5 4.2 4.8 4.6............ Macedonia, FYR 3.8 2.4 1.5 3.2 3.9 4.0 2.3 2.4 3.3 0.0-1.3 0.2 Moldova -0.4 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.3............ Montenegro 3.4 2.9 4.2 2.8 2.5 2.1............ Poland 3.8 2.9 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.1 3.5 4.5 4.3 5.1 Romania 3.9 4.8 6.4 4.5 4.1 3.5 6.0 4.3 4.8 5.7 6.1 8.8 Russia -2.8-0.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8-0.5-0.4 0.3 0.5 2.5 1.8 Serbia 0.8 2.8 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 2.0 2.8 2.5 1.1 1.4 2.1 Tajikistan 6.0 6.9 5.2 5.0 5.5 5.7............ Turkey 6.1 3.2 6.7 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.9-0.8 4.2 5.3 5.4 11.1 Turkmenistan 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3............ Ukraine -9.8 2.3 2.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 1.5 2.3 4.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 Uzbekistan 8.0 7.8 6.2 5.6 6.3 6.5............

234 S TATISTICAL APP EN D IX G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 Real GDP growth (continued) Annual estimates and forecasts 1 Quarterly growth 2 2015 2016 2017e 2018f 2019f 2020f 16Q2 16Q3 16Q4 17Q1 17Q2 17Q3e Latin America and the Caribbean -0.6-1.5 0.9 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.2 1.4 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.2 Argentina 2.6-2.2 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.2-3.7-3.7-1.9 0.4 2.9 4.2 Belize 2.9-0.8 0.8 2.2 1.7 1.7............ Bolivia 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 4.9 3.7 3.3 3.8.. Brazil -3.5-3.5 1.0 2.0 2.3 2.5-3.4-2.7-2.5 0.0 0.4 1.4 Chile 2.3 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.8 0.5 0.1 1.0 2.2 Colombia 3.1 2.0 1.8 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.4 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.2 2.0 Costa Rica 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.3 3.9 4.9 3.9 4.0.. Dominican Republic 7.0 6.6 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.7 8.6 5.8 5.9 5.3 2.7.. Ecuador 0.2-1.5 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.0-1.7-1.5 1.0 2.2 3.3.. El Salvador 2.3 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.3.. Grenada 6.2 3.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1............ Guatemala 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.3.. Guyana 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 2.0 4.5 5.3 2.5-0.7 4.5 Haiti 3 1.2 1.4 1.1 2.2 2.5 2.5............ Honduras 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.0 2.9 4.2 5.6 3.6 6.2 Jamaica 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.4 0.1-0.1.. Mexico 3.3 2.9 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.6 3.3 2.1 3.3 3.2 1.9 1.5 Nicaragua 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 7.3 4.5 3.8 6.6 4.3.. Panama 5.8 4.9 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7............ Paraguay 3.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.3 5.3 3.4 7.1 1.1 3.0 Peru 3.3 4.0 2.6 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.7 3.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 St. Lucia 2.0 0.9 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.8............ St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.4 1.9 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8............ Suriname -2.7-5.1 0.0 2.2 1.2 1.2............ Trinidad and Tobago -0.6-5.4-3.2 1.9 2.2 1.6............ Uruguay 0.4 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.2 1.3 1.1 3.4 4.3 2.8 2.2 Venezuela, RB -8.2-16.1-11.9-4.2 0.6 0.9............ Middle East and North Africa 2.8 5.0 1.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.8 4.9 6.2 5.2 5.1.. Algeria 3.7 3.3 2.2 3.6 2.5 1.6............ Bahrain 2.9 3.2 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.8 3.7 1.5 2.9 3.3.. Djibouti 6.5 6.5 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0............ Egypt, Arab Rep. 3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 5.3 5.8 4.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0.. Iran, Islamic Rep. -1.3 13.4 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.3 9.0 11.7 17.1 16.0.... Iraq 4.8 11.0-0.8 4.7 1.7 1.9............ Jordan 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0.. Kuwait 0.6 3.6-1.0 1.9 3.5 3.5............ Lebanon 0.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0............ Morocco 4.5 1.2 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.2............ Oman 4.7 5.4 0.7 2.3 2.5 2.5............ Qatar 3.6 2.2 1.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 1.8 3.9 1.7 2.4 0.6.. Saudi Arabia 4.1 1.7 0.3 1.2 2.1 2.2 0.9 1.2 2.2-0.5-1.0.. Tunisia 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.7 3.3 4.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.9 1.7 2.1 United Arab Emirates 3.8 3.0 1.4 3.1 3.3 3.3............ West Bank and Gaza 3.4 4.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9............

G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 S TATISTICAL APP EN D IX 235 Real GDP growth (continued) Annual estimates and forecasts 1 Quarterly growth 2 2015 2016 2017e 2018f 2019f 2020f 16Q2 16Q3 16Q4 17Q1 17Q2 17Q3e South Asia 7.1 7.5 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.1 5.7 6.2 Afghanistan 1.1 2.2 2.6 3.4 3.1 3.1............ Bangladesh 3,4 6.6 7.1 7.2 6.4 6.7 6.7............ Bhutan 3,4 6.6 8.0 6.7 6.9 7.6 7.6............ India 3,4 8.0 7.1 6.7 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.5 7.0 6.1 5.7 6.3 Maldives 3.3 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0............ Nepal 3,4 2.7 0.4 7.5 4.6 4.5 4.5............ Pakistan 3,4 4.1 4.5 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0............ Sri Lanka 4.8 4.4 4.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 2.4 4.6 5.3 3.9 4.0 3.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1 1.3 2.4 3.2 3.5 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.1.. Angola 3.0 0.0 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.5............ Benin 2.1 4.0 5.4 6.0 6.3 6.7............ Botswana 3-1.7 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 3.9 6.9 4.2 0.8 1.0.. Burkina Faso 4.0 5.9 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.0............ Burundi -3.9-0.6 0.5 1.5 2.5 2.5............ Cabo Verde 0.9 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8............ Cameroon 5.8 4.5 3.7 4.1 4.3 4.3............ Chad 1.8-6.4-2.7 3.7 2.9 6.8............ Comoros 1.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9............ Congo, Dem. Rep. 6.9 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.3............ Congo, Rep. 2.6-2.8-1.1 2.3 1.5 1.5............ Côte d'ivoire 8.9 8.3 7.6 7.2 7.2 7.2............ Equatorial Guinea -9.1-9.0-8.5-6.0-4.2-4.2............ Ethiopia 3 9.6 7.5 8.5 8.2 7.8 7.8............ Gabon 4.0 2.1 1.1 2.4 3.7 3.7............ Gambia, The 4.1 2.2 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.2............ Ghana 3.8 3.7 6.1 8.3 5.5 5.5 1.1 4.6 4.5 6.6 9.0 9.3 Guinea 3.5 6.6 6.7 5.8 5.9 5.9............ Guinea-Bissau 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.4............ Kenya 5.7 5.8 4.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 6.3 5.7 6.1 4.7 5.0.. Lesotho 5.6 2.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2............ Liberia 0.0-1.6 2.5 3.9 5.0 6.0............ Madagascar 3.1 4.2 4.1 5.1 5.6 5.4............ Malawi 2.8 2.5 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.4............ Mali 5.7 5.8 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7............ Mauritania 1.4 2.0 3.5 3.0 4.6 4.6............ Mauritius 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7............ Mozambique 6.6 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4............ Namibia 6.0 1.1 1.7 3.0 3.5 3.5............ Niger 4.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.6............ Nigeria 2.7-1.6 1.0 2.5 2.8 2.8-1.6-2.3-1.6-1.0 0.7 1.4 Rwanda 8.9 5.9 5.2 5.9 6.8 6.8............ Senegal 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0............ Seychelles 3.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.5............ Sierra Leone -20.6 6.3 5.6 6.3 6.7 6.7............

236 S TATISTICAL APP EN D IX G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 Real GDP growth (continued) Annual estimates and forecasts 1 Quarterly growth 2 Sub-Saharan Africa (continued) 2015 2016 2017e 2018f 2019f 2020f 16Q2 16Q3 16Q4 17Q1 17Q2 17Q3e South Africa 1.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.3 0.8 Sudan 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.7............ Swaziland 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.9 1.8 1.8............ Tanzania 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.9 8.5 7.0 5.5 5.7 7.8.. Togo 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.4............ Uganda 3 5.2 4.7 4.0 5.1 5.7 6.0 3.3 2.8 2.9 4.5 5.3.. Zambia 2.9 3.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.2.. Zimbabwe 1.4 0.7 2.8 0.9 0.2 0.2............ Sources: World Bank and Haver Analytics. Notes: e = estimate; f = forecast. 1. Aggregate growth rates calculated using constant 2010 U.S. dollar GDP weights. 2. Year-over-year quarterly growth of not-seasonally-adjusted real GDP, except for Ecuador, Tunisia, and the United States, where only seasonally-adjusted data are available. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are from the production approach. Year-over-year quarterly growth in the United Kingdom is calculated using seasonally-adjusted real GDP. Regional averages are calculated based on data from following countries. East Asia and Pacific: China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Europe and Central Asia: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Latin America and the Caribbean: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. Middle East and North Africa: Bahrain, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia. South Asia: India and Sri Lanka. Sub-Saharan Africa: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. 3. Annual GDP is on fiscal year basis, as per reporting practice in the country. 4. GDP data for Pakistan are based on factor cost. For Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, the column labeled 2017 refers to FY2016/17. For Bhutan and India, the column labeled 2016 refers to FY2016/17. For additional information, please see www.worldbank.org/gep.

G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 S TATISTICAL APP EN D IX 237 Data and Forecast Conventions The macroeconomic forecasts presented in this report are prepared by staff of the Prospects Group of the Development Economics Vice- Presidency, in coordination with staff from the Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment Global Practice and from regional and country offices, and with input from regional Chief Economist offices. They are the result of an iterative process that incorporates data, macroeconometric models, and judgment. Data. Data used to prepare country forecasts come from a variety of sources. National Income Accounts (NIA), Balance of Payments (BOP), and fiscal data are from Haver Analytics; the World Development Indicators by the World Bank; the World Economic Outlook, Balance of Payments Statistics, and International Financial Statistics by the International Monetary Fund. Population data and forecasts are from the United Nations World Population Prospects. Country- and lending-group classifications are from the World Bank. DECPG databases include commodity prices, data on previous forecast vintages, and inhouse country classifications. Other internal databases include high-frequency indicators such as industrial production, consumer price indexes, house prices, exchange rates, exports, imports, and stock market indexes, based on data from Bloomberg, Haver Analytics, OECD Analytical House Prices Indicators, IMF Balance of Payments Statistics, and IMF International Financial Statistics. Aggregations. Aggregate growth for the world and all sub-groups of countries (such as regions and income groups) is calculated as GDP-weighted average (at 2010 prices) of country-specific growth rates. Income groups are defined as in the World Bank s classification of country groups. Forecast Process. The process starts with initial assumptions about advanced-economy growth and commodity price forecasts. These are used as conditioning assumptions for the first set of growth forecasts for EMDEs, which are produced using macroeconometric models, accounting frameworks to ensure national account identities and global consistency, estimates of spillovers from major economies, and high-frequency indicators. These forecasts are then evaluated to ensure consistency of treatment across similar EMDEs. This is followed by extensive discussions with World Bank country teams, who conduct continuous macroeconomic monitoring and dialogue with country authorities. Throughout the forecasting process, staff use macroeconometric models that allow the combination of judgement and consistency with model-based insights.

G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 S E LEC TE D TO PICS 239 Global Economic Prospects: Selected Topics, 2015-18 Growth and Business Cycles Global output gap Is the global economy turning the corner? January 2018, Box 1.1 Low-income countries Regional perspectives Potential growth Recent investment slowdown Recent developments and outlook January 2018, Box 1.2 Recent developments and outlook June 2017, Box 1.1 Recent developments and outlook January 2017, Box 1.1 Recent developments and outlook June 2016, Box 1.1 Graduation, recent developments, and prospects January 2015, Chapter 1 Recent developments and outlook January 2018, Box 1.3 Recent developments and outlook June 2017, Box 1.2 Recent developments and outlook January 2017, Box 1.2 Recent developments and outlook June, 2016, Box 1.2 What is potential growth? January 2018, Box 3.1 Understanding the recent productivity slowdown: Facts and explanations January 2018, Box 3.2 Moving together? Investment and potential output January 2018, Box 3.3 The long shadow of contractions over potential output January 2018, Box 3.4 Productivity and investment growth during reforms January 2018, Box 3.5 East Asia and Pacific January 2018, Box 2.1.1 Europe and Central Asia January 2018, Box 2.2.1 Latin America and the Caribbean January 2018, Box 2.3.1 Middle East and North Africa January 2018, Box 2.4.1 South Asia January 2018, Box 2.5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa January 2018, Box 2.6.1 Investment developments and outlook: East Asia and Pacific January 2017, Box 2.1.1 Europe and Central Asia January 2017, Box 2.2.1 Latin America and the Caribbean January 2017, Box 2.3.1 Middle East and North Africa January 2017, Box 2.4.1 South Asia January 2017, Box 2.5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa January 2017, Box 2.6.1 Regional integration and spillovers East Asia and Pacific January 2016, Box 2.1.1 Europe and Central Asia January 2016, Box 2.2.1 Latin America and the Caribbean January 2016, Box 2.3.1 Middle East and North Africa January 2016, Box 2.4.1 South Asia January 2016, Box 2.5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa January 2016, Box 2.6.1

240 S E LEC TE D TO PICS G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 Global Economic Prospects: Selected Topics, 2015-18 Growth and Business Cycles Other topics Education demographics and global inequality January 2018, SF 2 Weak investment in uncertain times: Causes, implications and policy responses January 2017, Chapter 3 Implications of rising uncertainty for investment in EMDEs January 2017, Box 3.2 Implications of the investment slowdown in China January 2017, Box 3.3 Interactions between public and private investment January 2017, Box 3.4 Quantifying uncertainties in global growth forecasts June 2016, SF 2 Who catches a cold when emerging markets sneeze? January 2016, Chapter 3 Sources of the growth slowdown in BRICS January 2016, Box 3.1 Understanding cross-border growth spillovers January 2016, Box 3.2 Within-region spillovers January 2016, Box 3.3 Recent developments in emerging and developing country labor markets June 2015, Box 1.3 What does weak growth mean for poverty in the future? January 2015, Box 1.1 What does a slowdown in China mean for Latin America and the Caribbean? January 2015, Box 2.2 How resilient is Sub-Saharan Africa? January 2015, Box 2.4 Linkages between China and Sub-Saharan Africa June 2015, Box 2.1 Commodity Markets With the benefit of hindsight: The impact of the 2014 16 oil price collapse January 2018, SF1 From commodity discovery to production: Vulnerabilities and policies in LICs January 2016, Chapter 1 After the commodities boom: What next for low-income countries? June 2015, Chapter 1, SF Low oil prices in perspective June 2015, Box 1.2 Understanding the plunge in oil prices: Sources and implications January 2015, Chapter 4 What do we know about the impact of oil prices on output and inflation? A brief survey January 2015, Box 4.1 Globalization of Trade and Financial Flows Arm s-length trade: A source of post-crisis trade weakness June 2017, SF The U.S. economy and the world January 2017, SF Regulatory convergence in mega-regional trade agreements January 2016, Box 4.1.1 Can remittances help promote consumption stability? January 2016, Chapter 4 Potential macroeconomic implications of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement January 2016, Chapter 4 Regulatory convergence in mega-regional trade agreements January 2016, Box 4.1.1 China s integration in global supply chains: Review and implications January 2015, Box 2.1 What lies behind the global trade slowdown? January 2015, Chapter 4

G LO BAL EC O NO MIC P ROS P EC TS J AN U ARY 2018 S E LEC TE D TO PICS 241 Global Economic Prospects: Selected Topics, 2015-18 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies Investment-less credit booms January 2017, Box 3.1 Recent credit surge in historical context June 2016, SF1 Peg and control? The links between exchange rate regimes and capital account policies January 2016, Chapter 4 Negative interest rates in Europe: A glance at their causes and implications June 2015, Box 1.1 Hoping for the best, preparing for the worst: Risks around U.S. rate liftoff and policy options June 2015, SF1.1 Countercyclical monetary policy in emerging markets: Review and evidence January 2015, Box 1.2 Fiscal Policies Debt dynamics in emerging market and developing economies: Time to act? June 2017, SF Having fiscal space and using it: Fiscal challenges in developing economies January 2015, Chapter 3 Revenue mobilization in South Asia: Policy challenges and recommendations January 2015, Box 2.3 Fiscal policy in low-income countries January 2015, Box 3.1 What affects the size of fiscal multipliers? January 2015, Box 3.2 Chile s fiscal rule An example of success January 2015, Box 3.3 Narrow fiscal space and the risk of a debt crisis January 2015, Box 3.4 Development Economics Prospects Group (DECPG): Selected Other Publications on the Global Economy, 2015-18 Commodity Markets Outlook Investment weakness in commodity exporters OPEC in historical context: Commodity agreements and market fundamentals Energy and food prices: Moving in tandem? Resource development in an era of cheap commodities Weak growth in emerging market economies: What does it imply for commodity markets? Understanding El Niño: What does it mean for commodity markets? How important are China and India in global commodity consumption Anatomy of the last four oil price crashes Putting the recent plunge in oil prices in perspective Column1 January 2017, SF October 2016, SF July 2016, SF April 2016, SF January 2016, SF October 2015, SF July 2015, SF April 2015, SF January 2015, SF High-Frequency Monitoring Column1 Global Monthly newsletter Global Weekly newsletter

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