Outline MAE 493R/593V- Renewable Energy Devices Energy Storage Demand of energy storage Forms of energy storage http://www.flickr.com/photos/royal65/3167556443/ Why is Energy Storage Important? Required to make low duty cycle alternative energy sources (e.g. Solar energy) viable. Energy Storage Market The global energy storage market is poised to grow from $329 million in 2008 to $4.1 billion by 2018, according to a new report from Pike Research. Important for power leveling for the power generation stations operate more efficiently if they run at constant output level want to shove unused energy to a storage system and recover it later at times of peak demand. Required for smart Grid. Provide power for portable devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. Make transportation devices (vehicles) operate more efficiently Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Generation Intermittency For example, Short-duration intermittency from wind generation is caused by variations of wind speed that occur throughout the day Jim Eyer and Garth Corey, Sandia National Laboratories 1
Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Generation Intermittency ARRA - Southern California Edison / A123 Li-Ion: 8 MW / 4 hr battery plant for wind integration at Tehachapi, CA. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Energy Storage for Coal-fired Power Generation Utilization Rate Without Storage 61% With Storage 68% 0% 12:00 AM 4:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 12:00 AM With Storage Without Storage Source: IMRE GYUK, DOE Spinning Reserve is used when power plants operate at a level slightly below the point where they begin to produce power. This allows them to react quickly to large swings in demand Source: Jason Makansi, Pearl Street Inc Energy Loading Change in a Day Smart Grid Source: Tokyo Electric Power Company http://www.infowars.com/smart-grid-the-cloud-why-are-they-linked/ Energy Storage is the key to Smart Grid Energy Storage is the key to Smart Grid ARRA - Beacon Power: 20MW Flywheel Storage for Frequency Regulation in PJM 20 MW Flywheel System in NY State initiated with DOE Loan Guarantee 2 more 20 MW systems proposed (flywheels and Li-Ion) Dan Raster, EPRI Source: IMRE GYUK, DOE 2
for Electric System Storage Requirement for Different Applications By courtesy of Jamie Patterson Source: Liang Meng Forms of Energy Storage Mechanical processes: Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheels Electrochemical processes: Batteries Supercapacitors Fuel Cells (reversible) Thermal processes: Molten salts, solar pond Chemical Processes: Hydrogen Storage Forms of Energy Storage Requirement for Energy Storage Means Large amount of energy that can be stored (energy density of the material) High efficiency at which it can be recovered. Some materials have high energy storage capacity but low rate of recovery High Power density. Release large amount of energy with a short time Good Cycling Stability Lost cost Long life time Flywheel Energy Storage Operating Principle of Flywheel Advantages: Flywheel Energy Storage Not affected by temperature changes, can operate at a much wider temperature range Long Lifetime High power output Challenges: Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy. They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator Reduce cost of flywheel and magnetic bearing Mass production with quality Develop light weight vacuum vessel Reduce overall weight 3
Forms of Energy Storage Energy Scale Rating Energy Density and Power Density Rating Energy Density (Wh/kg) Source: Jamie Patterson, California Energy Commission Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop, http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/ees_rpt.pdf Energy Density and Power Density Rating Discharge Time and Power Rating Discharge Time and Power Rating Cost Rating 4
Capabilities of Current Storage Techniques Technology Roadmap Source: Liang Meng Source: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence 5