UITP R&I Day, 25 October 2017 Performance assessment in JIVE Capitalising on CHIC and other H2 bus projects Dr. Michael Faltenbacher, thinkstep AG Parallel session 2 ebus performance JIVE project The JIVE project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 735582. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Hydrogen Europe and N.HERGY. The MEHRLIN project is co-financed by the European Union s Connecting Europe Facility. 1
Table of contents Introduction thinkstep Why fuel cell buses CHIC and JIVE projects Performance evaluation in FCB projects CHIC results & recommendations Demand aggregation Perspective on future costs 2
Introduction thinkstep Evaluation of Bus systems since 2001 ZeEUS, JIVE, CHIC, HyFLEET:CUTE, CUTE Monitoring of battery electric & H2FC buses in > 30 european cities Life cycle based environmental (LCA) and economic (LCC) evaluation of FC Hybrid, BEV, CNG and Diesel buses Large Scale H 2 Infrastructure (guidance, techno-economic analysis) SSB AG, VDV, Perth Transport Authority, Development of life cycle based sustainability strategy (SSB, PTA) used for VDV position paper Sustainable fuel and drive train concepts for urban bus transport Basis for procurement of 650 buses (320 Mio. ) (PTA) WG Innovative drivetrains bus (BMVI, BMUB) 25+ bus operator in Germany, >200 Hybrid-, batteryelectric and conv. Diesel buses LCA of different Diesel hybrid concepts Technology evaluation regarding technology readiness, efficiency, environmental performance, accepatance 3
Cities common challenges & political solutions Cities across Europe and beyond are facing common challenges: Increasing urbanisation & congestion growing demand for transport services Environmental challenges air quality, GHG emissions Economic constraints affordable, reliable, high quality services with limited budgets Political answers: cities and countries plans to phase out diesel (France, Netherlands, UK) and go for zero emission solutions (e.g. Olso, Hamburg, Paris) Electrification as the only long term viable option for delivering zero emission buses, with two principal options: 1) Battery electric buses 2) Fuel cell electric buses 4
Why choose fuel cell buses? High daily range 350+ km without refuelling Zero tailpipe emissions Only water emitted and CO 2 emissions savings linked to hydrogen production source Collaboration A European network of frontrunners in place willing to share their expertise Operational flexibility no need for new street infrastructure, rapid refuelling (<10 min) Comfort for passengers and drivers due to reduced noise levels and smooth driving experience A concrete answer to ambitious policy targets set for transport decarbonisation Source: CHIC Emerging Conclusions 5
A fuel cell bus : an electric bus 2 or 3 axles Up to 100 passengers Hydrogen = the fuel used Fuel cell: transform hydrogen in electrical energy Electric motor: converting electrical energy to mechanical energy Battery: balancing peaks in demand and storing regenerated braking energy 6
Hydrogen production/ Refuelling Station - basics Hydrogen main sources: SMR/green hydrogen/by product Hydrogen as a fuel, as energy carrier, as long term /seasonal storage (e.g. of excess renewable electricity) Bus depot adaptation Specific training required 7
Where are fuel cell buses in Europe today & tomorrow EU-funded FCB projects CHIC (project finished in 2016/buses still driving) Bolzano, IT 5 FC buses (2013) London, UK 8 FC buses (2011) Milan, IT 3 FC buses (2013) Oslo, NO 5 FC buses (2013) Cologne, DE* 2 FC buses (2014) Hamburg, DE* 6 FC buses (2011/2015) High V.LO-City Antwerp, BE 5 FC buses (2014) Aberdeen, UK 4 FC buses (2015) Groningen, NL 2 FC buses (2016) San Remo, IT 3 FC buses (2017) HyTransit Aberdeen, UK 6 FC buses (2015) Legend EU-funded FCB projects 3Emotion Aalborg, DK 3 FC buses (2018) London, UK 2 FC buses (2017) Pau, FR 8 FC buses (2019) Rome, IT 5 FC buses (2018) South Rotterdam, NL 2 FC buses (2017) South Holland, NL 4 FC buses (2018) Versailles, FR 2 FC buses (2018) JIVE Aberdeeen, UK 10 FC buses Birmingham 20 FC buses Bozen, IT 12 FC buses Cologne region, DE 30 FC buses London, UK 26 FC buses Rhein-Main region, DE 11 FC buses Riga, LV 10 FC buses Slagelse, DK 10 buses Wuppertal, DE 10 buses Current national/regional-funded fuel cell bus projects Karlsruhe, DE * 2 FC buses (2013) Stuttgart, DE * 4 FC buses (2014) Frankfurt, DE * 4 FC bus (2017) Arnhem, NL* 1 FC bus (2017) North Brabant, NL* 2 FC buses (2017) Countries with (upcoming) FCB In operation Planned operation (2015) Operation start/planned start * Co-financed by regional/national funding sources Last update: Sept 2017 8
CHIC delivered 56 fuel cell buses in eight cities from six different OEMs (2010-2016) Source: CHIC Emerging Conclusions 9
The JIVE project will help commercialise fuel cell buses through a large-scale demonstration across five countries JIVE: Joint Initiative for hydrogen Vehicles across Europe Objectives o Deploy 139 FC buses across nine cities UK 56 FC buses Denmark 10 FC buses o Achieve 30% cost reduction versus state of the art Latvia 10 FC buses o Operate 50% of the vehicles for at least 36 months o Deploy the largest capacity HRS in Europe Germany 51 FC buses o Achieve near 100% reliability of HRS o Demonstrate technological readiness of FC buses and HRS Italy 12 FC buses o Encourage further uptake A A Current FC buses Future FC buses (other projects) Fuel cell buses in cities participating in JIVE A Future FC buses (Project JIVE) Articulated bus (Project JIVE) A A A A JIVE began in January 2017 and will be a six year project 10
JIVE & MEHRLIN Partners and deployment sites 1 Scottish cluster 10 FC buses Aberdeen City Council Dundee City Council 2 Birmingham 20 FC buses Birmingham City Council ITM Power 3 London 26 FC London Bus Services Ltd London Bus Services Ltd buses Oude Tonge Stedin Diensten 5 City tbc Denmark 10 FC buses 6 Riga Satiksme 7 WSW mobil Riga 10 FC buses Wuppertal 10 FC buses AWG 4 STA, IIT 10 South Tyrol 15 FC buses Rovereto Trentino Trasporti Local coordinators JIVE Local coordinator MERHLIN Bus operators Follower 9 Rhein-Main 11 FC buses VMW 8 Köln 30 FC buses Regionalverkehr Köln Regionalverkehr Köln Stadwerke Hürth 11
The largest fuel cell bus deployment project to date started in January 2017 for 6 years 139 new fuel cell buses JIVE bus deployment 139 new zero emission fuel cell buses across 5 countries MEHRLIN infrastructure 7 hydrogen refuelling stations in 7 EU locations Aim: advance the commercialisation of fuel cell buses and boost the deployment of hydrogen as an alternative fuel in the EU through large-scale deployment of vehicles and infrastructure Co-funded by a 32M from the FCH JU under the EU Horizon 2020 programme Co-funded by 5.5M from the EU Connecting Europe Facility 12
Performance evaluation in Jive: KPIs Hydrogen infrastructure KPI no. Parameter FCH JU 2016 AWP target JIVE targets (KPIs) HRI-1 Efficiency of on-site hydrogen production (at capacity factors > 20%) No target > 56% (LHV basis) HRI-2 Efficiency of complete supply chain (production unit and station unit) No target > 51% (LHV basis) HRI-3 Availability of station (after teething period of max. six months) 98% (excluding scheduled preventive maintenance) 98% (excluding scheduled preventive maintenance) with aspiration to achieve > 99% HRI-4 Amount of hydrogen dispensed to project buses No target > 4,500 kg per bus per year HRI-5 Speed of dispensing No target > 3 kg/min HRI-6 Cost of hydrogen dispensed 9 /kg excl. taxes 9.0 / kg dispensed (excl. taxes) at end of project HRI-7 Hydrogen purity > 99.999% > 99.999% 24/10/2017 13 13
Performance evaluation in Jive: KPIs FC buses I KPI no. Parameter FCH JU 2016 AWP target JIVE targets (KPIs) FCB-1 Vehicle operational lifetime >20,000 hours initially, with minimum 25,000 hours as project target Tender specifications and project require a bus operation of over 8 years. FCB-2 Distance travelled Minimum 100,000 km per bus in 3 years Minimum distance travelled will be 44,000km/year, average of 59,000km and a maximum of 90,000km (in Slagelse). FCB-3 Operating hours per fuel cell system Number of hours according to manufacturer s warranty 15,000 hours or 5 years, whichever is lower (at the project start), >20,000 hours by project end stack replacements built into maintenance costs. FCB-4 Availability of bus >90% on a fleet basis after an initial 6 month ramp-up phase. Tender specifications and contracts require >90% vehicle reliability, but allow for a 6 month teething phase where lower reliability is expected (based on CHIC learning). FCB-5 Mean distance between failures MDBF Fuel cell MDBF >2,500 km. An MDBF of >2,500 km (after the teething period) will be a specification in the procurement exercises and will be stipulated in the contracts. 24/10/2017 14
Performance evaluation in Jive: KPIs FC buses II KPI no. Parameter FCH JU 2016 AWP target JIVE targets (KPIs) FCB-6 Specific fuel consumption < 9 kg / 100 km (solo bus, 12 13.5 m), < 14 kg / 100 km (articulated bus, 18 m). These figures shall be included as a minimum efficiency requirement in the procurement documents. FCB-7 Efficiency Tank-to-wheel efficiency >42%, on the SORT 1 & 2 drive cycles. >42% on SORT 1 & 2 to be required by the specification and demonstrated by suppliers as part of their factory sign off. FCB-8 Vehicle capex 650,000 per standard single deck 12m bus and 1,000,000 for articulated buses. Tenders will require capex below 650k for a base 12m bus, excluding additional parts (CCTV, extra doors, Wi-Fi etc.). Articulated bus tenders will require capex below 1m. FCB-9 Vehicle opex No target. Maximum of 100% more than an equivalent cost of maintaining a diesel bus, aiming at 50% more by the end of the project. 24/10/2017 15
[kg/100km] Significant fuel economy improvements One of the most significant results of the trial programme is the improvement in the fuel economy: 8kg H 2 /100km app. for the 12m buses (= ~ 27l diesel) = 30% more energy efficient than a diesel bus 1 and a >50% improvement compared with previous fuel cell bus generation (HyFLEET:CUTE) Why? use of fully hybridised powertrains, smaller and more optimised fuel cell systems 30 25 20 Average Average consumption consumption fuel cell of electric fuel cell buses electric buses This area Shaded indicates area the indicates consumption consumption range within range the previous in HyFLEET:CUTE, EU project High 47 FLEET:CUTE: buses 47 buses consumed between 18.4 and 29.1 kg H2/100km consumed between 18.4 and 29.1 kg H2/100km 15 10 5 0 Jan 12 May 12 Sep 12 Jan 13 May 13 Sep 13 Jan 14 May 14 Sep 14 Jan 15 May 15 HyFLEET:CUTE range CHIC FC average consumption CHIC FC average consumption (12 m buses) CHIC goal CHIC FC average consumption (12m buses) CHIC goal 1 Based on fuel consumption of a diesel bus of 40 l of diesel/100km 16
The fuel cell systems have demonstrated reassuringly high system lifetimes Two fuel cell technologies have now surpassed 25,000 hours in fuel cell bus operations London buses (Ballard) A London bus recently surpassed the 25,000 hour mark on the busy urban RV1 route, a 6.9 year life with no major maintenance http://www.greencarcongress.com/2017/08/20170830-ballard.html AC Transit (Originally UTC) The AC Transit bus surpassed 25,000km in July 2017. the buses started operating in 2010 http://www.actransit.org/2017/07/11/fuel-cell-record-25k/ Heavy duty fuel cell manufacturers targeting bus applications are aiming at warranties of 20,000 hours or more. 17
CHIC conclusions Fuel cell buses can offer: Operational flexibility (comparable to diesel): Experience with > 9 million kms driven Refueling times < 10 min Zero local emissions Reduced CO 2 emissions, with a pathway to zero emission - 85% reduction compared to diesel buses along the bus life cycle when hydrogen fuel is produced from renewable energy sources 6,800 tonnes of CO2 equivalent saved > 4.3 million litres diesel avoided (> 400 t H2 dispensed @ >25.000 fills) Satisfaction for end users (drivers & passengers) Zero H 2 related accidents 18
Recommendations Improve bus availability, especially at the beginning by resolving teething technical issues & increasing scale Reduce the technology costs bus and hydrogen prices coordinated commercialisation process (see below) Harmonise regulations on hydrogen refuelling stations work underway on international standards Report available at: http://www.fuelcellbuses.eu/public-transport-hydrogen/fuel-cell-electric-buses-proven-zero-emission-solution 19
Success factors project initiation & pre-procurement Collaboration Plan Regional context Budget Involve key delivery partners at an early stage & initiate a dialogue with the market players Develop a detailed project plan : identify route, define technical specifications at an early stage Put the fuel cell bus project in a larger context eg potential hydrogen regional strategy - ex. region with renewable sources available Get an detailed understanding of the budget look at match funding opportunities at EU, national, regional level 20
Success factors project delivery People are key: allocate sufficient resources for staff training and refreshing courses Introduce FC buses smoothly: introduction of a new technology can cause oprational stress Communication/Expectations management. Clear and regular communication with end users & finance providers is essential Technical assistance on site for the buses should be planned Refuelling station should belocated close to the bus depot and the drivers allowed to refuel the buses 21 21
Five clusters in place looking at demand aggregation, match funding strategies Strategies for joint procurement of fuel cell buses (July 2016) http://www.fuelcellbuses.eu/public-transporthydrogen/strategies-joint-procurement-fuel-cell-electricbuses-0 Source: Element Energy 22
No. of fuel cell buses Working with city representatives, the cluster coordinators identified demand for >600 fuel cell buses across Europe 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Potential demand for fuel cell buses by cluster and bus type 143 0 57 20 66 0 Non-articulated 9 0 9 Articulated Projects beginning in 2017 0 0 0 411 136 39 59 107 70 Non-articulated 82 0 10 52 20 0 Articulated Future projects Total: 645 vehicles Benelux France Germany N. Europe UK Note that these are provisional estimates based on the work of the cluster coordinators to date. No firm commitment has been made by the cities. While the cluster coordinators have sought to provide realistic and relatively conservative deployment numbers, in practice these figures may fall as more detailed local feasibility work is undertaken. Source: Strategies for joint procurement of fuel cell buses, Element Energy et al. for the FCH JU, Figure 9, p.30 (July 2016). http://www.fuelcellbuses.eu/public-transport-hydrogen/strategies-joint-procurement-fuel-cell-electric-buses-0 23
In progress and planned deployments are expected to deliver 400 fuel cell buses in Europe by 2020 Ramp-up scenario for FC buses in Europe Number of fuel cell buses in Europe deployed / planned by project Total: >355 >125 139 14 21 14 36 6 JIVE 2 (tbc) JIVE Other 3EMotion HyTransit High V.LO-City CHIC Source: Fuel Cell Electric Buses Potential for Sustainable Public Transport in Europe, Figure 29, p.48, Roland Berger for the FCH JU (2015). No. of FC buses Existing / planned projects will deliver 350 400 FC buses by the early 2020s large scale joint procurements will be required to unlock further cost reductions and widespread deployments Source: Element Energy 24
Fuel cell bus market development in Scandinavia On September 12 th 2017, Solaris, Nel, Hydrogen Valley and Ballard hosted the FCB17 event. Announcement from the hosts to meet a series of price targets (for orders exceeding 100 buses): 450k capital cost per fuel cell bus A maintenance cost of 0.35/km A hydrogen price below 5/kg This is the first time prices this low have been declared publicly. According to the promoters, this offers similar economics compared with other alternative drivetrains for bus. For further information see: http://hydrogenvalley.dk/white-paper/ Source: Ballard 25
The NewBusFuel project examined options for large-scale hydrogen refuelling at bus depots Source: NewBusFuel project 26
Accessing low cost (renewable) energy supplies will be key to generating cost-effective hydrogen Source: NewBusFuel project (thinkstep) 27
The main NewBusFuel project results are available as two reports: a techno-economic summary and a guidance document The two main project reports are intended to assist procurement activities for bus operators with no prior experience of hydrogen refuelling technologies Reports available at: http://newbusfuel.eu/publications/ 28
Thank you for your attention Project coordination Element Energy Limited Project dissemination Hydrogen Europe Dr. Michael Faltenbacher JIVE Evaluation WP Leader, thinkstep AG michael.faltenbacher@thinkstep.com @fuelcellbus www.fuelcellbuses.eu 29