The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand Evaluation of Thailand Existing Motorcycle Fueled with Ethanol Blended Gasoline on Tailpipe Emissions Padol Sukajit, Thummarat Thummadetsak, Somchai Siangsanorh PTT Research & Technology Institute, PTT Public Company Limited ABSTRACT The effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuel on emission was investigated in Thailand. The exhaust emissions tests on four-stroke motorcycle fueled with gasoline fuel (E) and ethanol blended gasoline fuel (E1&E2) were conducted and evaluated in this research. The emissions test results show that the ethanol blended gasoline fuel results in decreasing of CO emission by 4-7%. Other emissions are not difference. Fuel consumption test results between ethanol blended gasoline fuels compared to gasoline fuel are not difference. All emission test results using gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline for all motorcycles in this study are meet TIS legislations. INTRODUCTION The motorcycle population in Thailand up to 28 is 15-16 million units approximately. Especially, it is expected that there are 3 million units in Bangkok. A growth of motorcycle population is one of major causes of emission emitted to the atmosphere which is concerned on health effect. Almost of the motorcycles require gasoline RON91 fuel and most of them can use the gasoline fuel only. After the oil crisis, the alternative fuel such as ethanol blended gasoline fuel called gasohol became a key play role of alternative fuel in Thailand because of their product from agriculture and tax except of Thai government for gasohol fuel led to the lower price compared to fossil fuel. The ethanol blended gasoline fuel, E1 RON95 have been started introducing to Thai market since 22. Today E1 RON95, E1 RON91, E2 and E85 are commercialized in Thailand. Almost of motorcycles produced since 25 can be fueled with ethanol blended gasoline fuel up to 1% (E1) and some motorcycles produced in 28 can be fueled with ethanol fill up to 2%. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuel on tailpipe emission compare to gasoline fuel. TEST FUELS The test fuels for this research consist of 3 kinds of fuels; Gasoline RON91, Gasohol E1 and E2. These fuels are a commercial fuel in Thailand. All of them are meet the Thailand fuel specification and their properties are shown in the Table1. Table 1 Test fuels properties Properties RON 91.1 94.2 98.6 MON 83. 83.5 85.3 RVP @ 37.8 61.4 59. 58.8 o C, kpa Sulfur.47.76.69 Content,%wt. Density @.734.7487.7487 15.6 o C, g/cm 3 Sp.Gr. @ 15.6 o C, g/cm 3.7348.7495.7495 Distillation IBP, o C 35.6 39.5 39.7 1% Evap. o C 51.6 52.5 54.2 5% Evap. o C 78.3 73. 71.1 9% Evap. o C 156.5 157.5 153.1 End point, o C 186.1 185.5 185. Denatured Ethanol,% vol Benzene Content, % vol. Aromatic Content, %vol. Residue,%vol. Water content, %wt. Gross heating value, J/g. 1.2 2.2 1.93 1.73 1.84 3. 28.4 29.3 1. 1..9.14.39.48 45,975 44,136 42,238
The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand Table 1 (cont.) Test fuels properties Properties Silver strip corrosion, Number No.1 No.1 No.1 Oxidation stability, min Solvent washed gum, mg/1 ml C Content, %wt. H Content, %wt. O Content, %wt. TEST VEHICLES >36 >36 >36 1..9.5 86.2 82.94 79.66 13.53 13.32 12.94.27 3.74 7.4 There are 8 motorcycles from 4 models (2 for each model) were selected for evaluation on the tailpipe emission in this research. The selected motorcycles are cover a range of difference manufacturer, fuel distribution system and emission control technology. Model A and C are the motorcycle equipped with fuel injection system and model B and D are equipped with carburetor system. One difference between model B and D is a transmission system. Model D is an automatic transmission motorcycle but model B is a manual transmission. The technical data for all models are shown in Table 2 and 3. Table 2 Test motorcycles characteristic Description A B Model year 29 28 Odometer (km) 1 1 Engine Type Displacement (cc.) 4T Overhead camshaft 4T Overhead camshaft 19.1 124.9 Transmission 4-M/T 4-M/T Vehicle weight 95 98 (kg) Number of cylinder 1 1 Bore/Stroke 5. / 55.6 52.4/ 57.9 (mm) Compression 9:1 9.3: 1 ratio Injection system PGM-FI Carburetor Cooling system Air cooled Air cooled Fuel tank capacity (liter) 3.7 4 Table 2 (cont.) Test motorcycles characteristic Description A B Catalyzer Metal honeycomb None Fuel Specification Emission Legislation E2 TIS.235-2551 (level 6) E1 TIS.213-2545 (level 5) Table 3 Test motorcycles characteristic Description C D Model year 29 28 Odometer (km) 1 1 Engine Type 4T SOHC 4T SOHC Displacement (cc.) 134.4 113 Transmission 4-M/T A/T Vehicle weight 15 91 (kg) Number of cylinder Bore/Stroke (mm) Compression ratio Injection system Cooling system Fuel tank capacity (liter) Catalyzer Fuel Specification Emission Legislation TEST PROCEDURES 1 1 54./ 58.7 5/ 57.9 1.9: 1 8.8: 1 Single cylinder equipped with FI Carburetor Water Air cooled cooled 3.6 4.1 Air induction system E1 TIS.235-2551 (level 6) None E1 TIS.213-2545 (level 5) The motorcycle is placed on chassis dynamometer equipped with brake and flywheel. A test conducted over six elementary urban cycles lasting a total of 117 seconds for test motorcycles is carried out without interruption as shown in Figure 1(ECE R4). During the test, the exhaust gases are diluted with air so that the flow volume of the mixture remains constant. Throughout the test a continuous flow of samples of mixture must be passed into a bag so that concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (THC), oxides of nitrogen
CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) THC (g/km) The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand (NO x ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) can be determined in this succession. There are 3 kinds of analytical equipment for measuring the concentrations of the emission. A flame-ionization analyzer is used to measure the concentration of THC. A non-dispersive infra-red absorption analyzer is used for CO and CO 2 measurement. The concentration of NO x is measured by a chemiluminescent analyzer. The fuel consumption is calculated by using carbon balance method. The tailpipe emission limit according to Thailand legislation is shown in the table 3. THC and CO 2 are not significant difference between fueled with ethanol blended gasoline (E1&E2) and gasoline (E). The Fuel consumption is in the same rate for all fuel as shown in Figure 6. All emissions test results using both gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline in model A and C are meet TIS 235-2551. 1..75 THC Emission TIS 235-2551limit THC<.8 g/km.5.25. Figure 2 THC emission of motorcycle equipped Figure 1 ECE-R4 Driving cycle Table 3 Tailpipe emission limit (g/km) Legislation CO THC NOx THC+NOx TIS.213-2545 3.5 - - 2. TIS.235-2551 2..8.15 -.2.15.1.5 NOx Emission TIS 235-2551limit NOx <.15 g/km TEST RESULTS All motorcycles fueled with gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline were tested on tailpipe emission according to TIS legislation. The results were divided into two groups depend on their fueled system. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM MOTORCYCLE The emission test results of the motorcycles equipped is shown in Figure 2- Figure 5. The results show that CO emission from model A fueled with ethanol blended gasoline (E1&E2) decreases by 1-4% compared to gasoline (E) and it was found that CO emission decreases when adding more ethanol in fuel. Other emissions are not significant difference. Fuel consumption is also not different as shown in Figure 6. The emissions from model C show the CO emission decreases by 7-35% when fueled with ethanol blended gasoline (E1&E2). NO x emission is not different between E and E1 but in case of fuel with E2, NO x emission is 7-1% higher than E and E1.. Figure 3 NO x emission of motorcycle equipped 4 3 2 1 CO Emission TIS 235-2551limit CO < 2. g/km Figure 4 CO emission of motorcycle equipped
CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) Fuel Consumption (km/l) THC (g/km) CO2 (g/km) The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand 6 5 CO2 Emission shown in Figure 11. All emissions test results fueled with gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline in model B and D are meet TIS 213-2545. 4 3 2 1 2. 1.5 THC Emission 1. Figure 5 CO 2 emission of motorcycle equipped.5. 1 Fuel Consumption Figure 7 THC emission of motorcycle equipped 8 6 4 2.5.4 NOx Emission.3.2 Figure 6 Fuel consumption of motorcycle equipped.1. CARBURETOR SYSTEM MOTORCYCLE Figure 7- Figure 11 show the emission test results of the motorcycles equipped with carburetor system. The emissions from model B which is a motorcycle with manual transmission are also the same tendency compared to the motorcycles equipped. The results show that CO emission of the model B motorcycles fueled with ethanol blended gasoline (E1&E2) is around 4% decreasing compared to gasoline (E). Furthermore, CO emission decreases when adding more ethanol. Other emissions and fuel consumption are not significant difference. The results of model D motorcycles are different from model B as shown in Figure 12. CO emission from fueled with ethanol blended gasoline (E1&E2) decreases around 3-4% compared to fueled with gasoline (E). However, CO emission from E1 and E2 is not different. THC emission is not significantly different between E and E1 but fueled with E2 shows an increasing in THC by 7% relative to E and E1. NO x emission from using ethanol gasoline decreases by 2-4% compared to gasoline. CO 2 emission is not significant difference and also in fuel consumption as shown in Figure 12. According to TIS 213-2545 legislation, the sum of THC and NO x must not excess 2 g/km and the results of both models are Figure 8 NO x emission of motorcycle equipped 4 3 2 1 CO Emission TIS213-2545limit CO < 3.5 g/km Figure 9 CO emission of motorcycle equipped
Fuel Consumption (km/l) Emission (g/km) CO2 (g/km) The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand 8 6 4 2 CO2 Emission However, all emission test results using gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline for all motorcycles in this study are meet TIS legislations. REFERENCES 1. TIS 213-2545 legislation 2. TIS 235-2551 legislation Figure 1 CO 2 emission of motorcycle equipped 2.5 2. THC+NOx Emission TIS213-2545limit HC+NOx < 1.8 g/km CONTACT Padol Sukajit,Researcher PTT Research & Technology Institute PTT Public Company Limited e-mail:padol.s@pttplc.com Tel: 2-5373 ext. 8139 1.5 1..5. Figure 11 THC+NO x emission of motorcycle equipped 1 Fuel Consumption 8 6 4 2 Figure 12 Fuel consumption of motorcycle equipped CONCLUSION Ethanol blended gasoline could effect on tailpipe emission. The test results show that motorcycle fueled with ethanol blended gasoline results in decreasing of CO emission certainly and it was found that CO emission decreases when adding more ethanol in fuel. THC and NO x emission from some models increases when fueled with E2. Besides, there is one model that NO x emission decreases when fueled with E2. Other emissions are not significant difference. Fuel consumption test results with gasoline and ethanol blended gasoline are not different.
The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand