Overview of Energy Storage Technologies For Renewable Integration Jamie Patterson Sr. Electrical Engineer R&D Division California Energy Commission 1
Examples of Energy Storage Technologies
Energy Storage Efficiently Resolves Renewable Power Fluctuation, Ramping and Load Management Issues Frequency Regulation: Ramping: Load Leveling Load (MW) 0 24 Time (Hr) Str. Chrg Time: ~ 0.5 Day CAES Pumped Hydro Str. Chrg Time ~ Hrs CAES Pumped Hydro Battery, Flow type Note: In California ramping is a big issue Str. Chrg Time ~ Min s Battery, Regular or Flow Type SuperCap Flywheel SMES
Energy Storage for Load Leveling and Peak Shaving Source Tokyo Electric Power Company
Mega Watts (MW) Energy Storage Efficiently Resolves Wind Power Load Management Issues Daily Electric Load In California 0 6 12 Time (Hr) 18 24
Types of Electric Energy Storage Technologies Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheels Batteries Super-Capacitors (SuperCaps) Superconducting Magnetics Thermal Storage Fuel Cells (reversible) Hydrogen Storage
Electric Energy Storage Applications (All Boundaries Of Regions Displayed Are Approximate) High Priority 1000 100 Grid System Stability VAR Support Spinning Reserve Load Leveling Ramping Energy Arbitrage Renewables - Wind - Solar High Priority 10 1.0 Power Quality Temporary Power Interruptions Frequency Regulation Peak Peak Shaving Shaving T&D Deferral and T&D Deferral Transmission Conjunction Management Remote Island Applications Village Power Applications Black Start needs 1 to 10 MW s For a 1 to 2 Hr. Duration 0.1 0.1 Cycle 10 Cycle 15 Second 15 Minutes 1 Hour 5 Hour
Seconds Maximum Discharge Time Electric Energy Storage Technologies Metal-Air Batteries Flow Batteries NAS Battery Advanced Batteries Compressed Air Pump Storage Lead-Acid Batteries Super Capacitors High Energy Flywheels Modular Compressed Air Low Energy Flywheels SMES 1 kw 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW Power Rating
Energy Storage Applications Identified by PIER Subject Areas Transmission Distribution Generation/ Renewables End Use Industrial, Building & Residential Transportation Energy Storage to Support CA ISO Ancillary Services Energy Storage to Integrate Intermittent Renewables Energy Storage to Support Distribution (upgrade deferral, congestion relief, peak load reduction, asset utilization, demand response, renewable integration, etc.) Energy Storage to Support MicroGrid Operations Energy Storage to Integrate Intermittent Renewables Energy Storage to Support Renewable Dispatchability Energy Storage to Support Peak Load Shifting, DR, New Emission Standards, Improved Energy Efficiency, Power Reliability and Improved Power Quality Energy Storage to Apply Renewables to Industrial, Commercial and Residential Operations and to Help Meet New Emission Standards Energy Storage to Support Transportation Goods Movement, Automotive & Truck Operations, Light Rail/Commuter Train Operations and the Reuse of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems Small Scale Energy Storage as a DR Resource for C&I (possibly residential) To reduce peak load, improve reliability and improve power quality Energy Storage to Support C&I MicroGrid Operations
Typical Transmission Benefit to Cost Ratio for Battery Plants Versus Hours of Storage and MW Size Example Results Expected From EPRI Analyses Example Results Expected From Phase 1 (Continued) Benefit to Cost Ratio 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Plant Size Storage Time Note: The cost for an extra hour of storage for a battery plant is so expensive that the B/C Ratio goes down relatively quickly, compared to CAES.
PIER Energy Storage Research Active Projects Ultracapacitor Technology Flywheel Technology ZBB VRB CAES (underground and modular above ground) NaS 11
PIER Energy Storage Research Ultra Capacitor Technology 12
PIER Energy Storage Research Ultra Capacitor Technology 13
PIER Energy Storage Research Flywheel Technology 14
PIER Energy Storage Research ZBB Technology 15
PIER Energy Storage Research VRB Technology 16
PIER Energy Storage Research NaS Technology 1.7 m Sand 2.2 m Fuses 0.67 m Main Pole Heater Cells Vacuum Vessel NAS Battery 8MW / 57.6MWh Battery Module 17
PIER Energy Storage Research NaS Technology Japan Tokyo Nagoya Fukuoka Capacity Energy 2MW 14.4MWh 18
PIER Energy Storage Research PG&E Proposed NaS Installation PG&E Emerald Lake Substation (NAS Battery Will Likely Be Installed in the Empty, Back Part of this Substation) Source: EPRI, Schainker
Capital Cost Comparison of Energy Storage Plant Types Technology $/kw + $/kwh* x H = Total Capital, $/kw Compressed Air, CAES - Large (100-500 MW) 440 1 10 450 - Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str 600 80 2 760 Pumped Hydro, PH - Conventional PH (1000MW) 1300 40 10 1700 Battery, BES (target) (10MW) - Lead Acid, commercial 250 300 2 1150 - Advanced (NaS/Flow) 250 500 2 1250 Flywheel (target) (100kW) 250 700 2 1650 Superconducting (1MW) 200 1000 2 2200 Magnetic Storage, SMES (target) Super-Capacitors (best today) 250 12000 1/60 450 (target) 250 1200 1/60 270 * This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kw for each hour of storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements. EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur. 20
MW Power Level MW Capability Of Energy Storage Plants (In Next Five Years) MW Power Scale Per Module For Energy Storage Plant Types 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Ld Acid / NaS Battery ZnBr / Flow Battery Flywheel Storage Super Capacitor 21
CAES Geologic Siting Opportunities In CA 22
Underground Natural Gas Storage Facilities in the Lower 48 States This chart shows the successful siting and operation of natural gas storage in U.S. Depleted Gas Fields Porous Rock/Aquifers Salt Caverns 23