Flywheel as High Power Storage Devices for Grid Load Balancing and Stabilization Matt Lazarewicz Vice President and Chief Technical Officer International Renewable Energy Storage Conference Gelsenkirchen, Germany October 30-31, 31, 2006
Topics What is frequency regulation? Choices for frequency regulation Flywheel product evolution Open US markets Demonstration systems Preliminary results Summary
What is Frequency Regulation? Every electric grid requires instantaneous balancing of supply and demand known as frequency regulation Provided today by adjusting output of generators ~1-2% of forecast load Flash presentation: http://www.beaconpower.com Flywheels and Frequency Regulation
Frequency Regulation Basics
Today s Regulation from Generators Fossil generators follow load with a time averaged control signal Signal matches generator s slow ramp rate Slow response results in overshooting and undershooting Imperfect balance correction Reduces regulation effectiveness Chart courtesy of Eric Hirst & Brendan Kirby used in various papers
Frequency Regulation from Generators Fossil performance Load is dropping Slow regulation signal calls for more power Result: load/generation mismatch aggravated Desired improvement: Faster regulation ramp rate Faster signal Result: mismatch reduced, tighter frequency control Reducing mismatch improves performance Chart courtesy of Eric Hirst & Brendan Kirby used in various papers
What Are the Options? Characteristic Nuclear Fossil Simple Cycle Hydro Nat'l Gas Simple Cycle Nat'l Gas Combined Cycle Beacon Flywheel Ability to ramp up/down Poor Fair Excellent Good Fair Outstanding Rate of Change Hours <1%/min 3%/min 5%/min 0.5%/min 100% <4 sec Regulation range N/A +/- 3-4% +/- 5% +/- 20% +/- 2% +/- 100% Negative impact of cyclic operation N/A Governor wear, tube fractures Control wear Fuel efficiency, emissions, turbine life Governor wear, tube fractures None Flywheel systems much faster because they are designed for this application
Performance versus Damped Signal 1.00 1.00 0.80 Actual PJM regulation signal (5-5-03) 1.00 NET NET Power Power MegaWatts MegaWatts 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.00-0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40-0.40-0.60-0.60-0.80-0.80-1.00-1.00 2 hrs 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 Flywheels follows PJM Regulation signal > 95% of time FESS follows this signal 91% of the time 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40-0.60-0.80-1.00 Power (Relative to Set Point)
Performance Following ACE Signal 1.000 0.800 Actual PJM Area Control Error (ACE) (5-5-03) 1.00 0.80 NET Power MegaWatts 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000-0.200-0.400-0.600-0.800 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40-0.60-0.80 Power Relative to Set Point -1.000-1.00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 Flywheels Follow ACE signal > 99 percent of time May be more effective than following regulation signal Might lower grid regulation requirement
Frequency Regulation Market Dynamics Supply and demand equation will tighten: Increasing electricity use will drive demand Wind penetration will further accelerate demand Older fossil fuel-powered plants, often used for regulation, are being taken out of service Nuclear plants respond too slowly Regulation demand increasing while Regulation supply decreasing
U.S. Markets for Regulation Services MISO NY ISO New England RTO PJM Interconnection California ISO ERCOT ISO Open-bid regulation markets: >$600 M in 2005 Open market pricing defines true value of regulation Annual average price range: $45-$75/MW-hr
How the US ISO Market Works Today RTO dispatches regulation turbines to add or drop generation Generator must respond within 5 minutes Duration of response typically < 15 minutes Bid process Internet-enabled, marginal pricing Provider bids quantity of power and price PJM model adds opportunity cost and ranks bids Accepts bids until quota filled Last bidder sets clearing price All providers receive clearing price
Regulation Supplied by Generation MW output 120 100 80 60 40 20 100MW generator example 5 MW headroom +/-5 MW Freq Reg 90 MW average energy 0 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 1 34 67 100 133 166 199 232 265 298 331 364 397 430 463 Generator must be backed Time off to provide regulation and headroom lost energy sales
Regulation Using Generator vs. Energy Storage 100 MW Generator Set at 90 MW with 5 MW Regulation Energy Storage providing 5 MW of Regulation MW to Grid 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12:00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM 12:00 AM Time of Day Generator varies output Decreases efficiency Increases emissions MW to Grid 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 12:00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM 12:00 AM Time of Day Flywheel recycles energy High round trip efficiency Zero emissions
Advanced Flywheel Technology Motor/Generator Hub/Shaft Magnetic Bearings Composite Rim Vacuum Housing
Beacon Flywheel Product Evolution 2000 2001 2004 2006 Gen 1 Telecom 2 kwh / 1 kw Gen 2 Telecom 6 kwh / 2 kw Gen 3 Grid 6 kwh / 15 kw Gen 4 Grid 25 kwh / 100 kw Telecom applications Over 500,000 hours of operation 2005 2007 100kW demonstration unit 1st MW operational in commercial service
Smart Energy Matrix Modular Design 1-MW increments up to 20 MW (or more) High availability through redundancy Small units factory built; large plants site built One MW Smart Energy Matrix Five MW Smart Energy Matrix
Smart Energy Matrix 20 MW Plant Preliminary design
Smart Energy Matrix 20 MW Plant
Technology Differentiation Recycles energy with low losses Attached on distribution or transmission network No air emissions permitting simple and fast Responds to grid operator commands or line frequency Super fast response full power range in < 4 seconds! No down-time from scheduled maintenance 20-year design life with no major maintenance Can operate continuously 15 min charge / 15 min discharge 350,000 (100% depth of discharge) cycles in 20 years 1MW system can deliver > 4000 MWh / yr back to the grid
Performance Demonstrations $2 million in contracts from DOE, CEC and NYSERDA Two Smart Energy Matrix scale-power demonstration systems now operating 100 KW systems Uses Gen 3 6 kwh flywheels San Ramon, CA Validates monitoring and control hardware and software Gain approval for commercial service with Gen 4 flywheels Amsterdam, NY
Demonstration Scale Factors Full scale attributes: 15 minute capacity Grid operator communication and control Utility user interface Speed of response Control of multiple flywheels 4-quadrant (real and reactive power) operation Scale attributes: Rated Power Grid interconnection
Project Objectives Prove capability @ 100kW scale-power level Demonstrate live and secure communication with ISO Validate ability to follow fast changing regulation signals Validate monitoring and control hardware and software Verify anti-islanding capability Prepare for full-scale commercialization Validate performance Collect data for design improvements Report results, gain industry confidence Gain ISO approval for commercial service Gain insight on value of fast acting regulation
Graphic User Interface
Acceptance Test 120 Step Changes 100kW Acceptance Test Signal Set Point = -10 kw Max Reg = 100 kw Flywheels start @ 19,000 RPM 110 100 Signal 90 80 60 Actual Full Discharge 70 50 Reg Signal ~ kw's 40 20 0-20 -40 Zero Reg Signal 30 10-10 -30-50 Net Power ~ kw's -60 Zero Net -70-80 -90-100 -110 Full Charge ~CAISO ACE Charge to full speed Load Bank comes on -120-130 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 Time (Minutes)
Other Promising Applications Angular Stability Control Renewable Ramp Mitigation UPS Peak Power Micro-Grid Power Regulation Renewable Energy Integration
Summary Scale-power results positive to-date Testing to be completed in 2006 Gen 4-100kW / 25kWh flywheel in 2006 Can free fossil plants for base loading Reduce cycling on fossil regulating plants for better efficiency and emissions May lower amount of regulation needed 1st service revenues by 2007 year-end 10-20 MW operating by 2008 year-end
Flywheel as High Power Storage Devices for Grid Load Balancing and Stabilization Matt Lazarewicz lazarewicz@beaconpower.com 978-661 661-2832 International Renewable Energy Storage Conference Gelsenkirchen, Germany October 30-31, 31, 2006