STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF LUBRICANTS The most important function of lubricants is the reduction of friction and wear and the relative movement of two bearing surfaces is only possible if a lubricant is present. Standards, Specifications and Classifications of Lubricants BASE OIL ADDITIVES Lubricant is either an oil or a grease or a solid used to reduce friction between two surfaces. Lubricants are classified into two groups: automotive and industrial lubricants, lube oils and greases. Mineral oil - Paraffin - Hydrocracking (HC) Synthetic oil - Polyalphaolefins (PAO) - Polyglykols (PAG) - Esters (E) - Phosphate Esters (PH) - Silicon oils (SI) - Polyisobutylenes (PIB) 4-stroke engine oils 2-stroke engine oils - Viscosity modifiers - Depressants - Anti-wear Additives (AW) - Antirust Additives - Antioxidants - Detergents - Antifoam Agents Specialities Hydraulic oils Lubricants for automatic transmission Lubricants for manual transmission Tractor oils Type of Synthetic Base Oil Polyalphaolefins (PAO) Polyglykols (PAG) Esters (E) Phosphate Esters (PH) Silicon Oils (SI) Compatibility with Mineral Oils excellent good Engine oil viscosity classification SAE J300 revised 6/2001 SAE viscosity grade 0W 5W 10W 15W 20W 25W 20 30 40 40 50 60 Low temperature Viscosity HTHS at 100 C, at 150 C, Cranking / pumping viscosity mm 2 / S mpa*s max. max. viscosity temperature C min. max. min. mpa*s at C 6200 at - 35 C - 40 3,8 6600 at - 30 C - 35 3,8 7000 at - 25 C - 30 4,1 7000 at - 20 C - 25 5,6 9500 at - 15 C - 20 5,6 13000 at - 10 C - 15 9,3 5,6 <9,3 2,6 9,3 <12,5 2,9 12,5 <16,3 2,9 12,5 <16,3 3,7 16,3 <21,9 3,7 21,9 <26,1 3,7 1) for 0W - 40, 5W - 40, 10W - 40 2) for 15W - 40, 20W - 40, 25W - 40, 40 1) 2) The viscosity of an engine oil is an indicator of how readily a loadcarrying film can be formed at all lubrication points in an engine. As viscosity is a function of temperature, it applies to all potential ambient and operating temperatures. The requirements of viscosity classification are determined now by SAE J300 revised in June 2001. As the vehicles of European manufacturers have a wide spread occurrence, the basic classification system is ACEA which replaced CCMC classification in 1996. The development of lubricants is closely linked to the specific applications and application methods, the following section will consider both lubricants and their application. 6
THREE MAIN FACTORS SPECIFICALLY AFFECTING THE EUROPEAN MARKET Extended oil drain intervals Fuel savings Exhaust gas composition ACEA specifications are guidelines for European cars. The different uses of the oils are labelled by the European ACEA 2008 classification by letter: A/B for passenger car gasoline and diesel engines C for passenger cars with diesel particulate filter E for commercial vehicles with diesel engines Standards, Specifications and Classifications of Lubricants Regard to different levels (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) within a class. A higher figure but did not have to mean a higher quality. For the oil industry are still the year of introduction and an edition number (Issue-No.) indicated that if something has changed the test conditions, test sharpness is the same. ACEA A/B for gasoline and diesel engine oils A1 / B1 Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in gasoline engines and car & light van diesel engines specifically designed to be capable of using low friction low viscosity oils with a high temperature / high shear rate viscosity of 2.6 mpa*s for xw/20 and 2.9 to 3.5 mpa*s for all other viscosity grades. These oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. A3 / B3 A3 / B4 A5 / B5 Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use in high performance gasoline engines and car & light van diesel engines and/or for extended drain intervals where specified by the engine manufacturer, and/or for year-round use of low viscosity oils, and/or for severe operating conditions as defined by the engine manufacturer. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use in high performance gasoline and direct injection diesel engines, but also suitable for applications described under A3/B3. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in high performance gasoline engines and car & light van diesel engines designed to be capable of using low friction low viscosity oils with a High temperature / High shear rate (HTHS) viscosity of 2.9 to 3.5 mpa*s. These oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. ACEA C for Catalyst compatibility oils C1 C2 C3 C4 performance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines requiring low friction, low viscosity, low SAPS oils with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9 mpa*s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life and maintain the vehicles fuel economy. Warning: these oils have the lowest SAPS limits and are unsuitable for use in some engines. performance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines designed to be capable of using low friction, low viscosity oils with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9mPa*s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life and maintain the vehicles fuel economy. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. performance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines, with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 3.5mPa*s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. performance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines requiring low SAPS oil with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 3.5mPa*s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. Abbreviation: SAPS: Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulphur DPF: Diesel Particulate Filter TWC: Three way catalyst HTHS: High temperature / High shear rate viscosity 7
ACEA E for Heavy Duty Diesel engine oils E4 Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under very severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer s recommendations. It is suitable for engines without particulate filters, and for some EGR engines and some engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. E6 E7 E9 Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under very severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer s recommendations. It is suitable for EGR engines, with or without particulate filters, and for engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E6 quality is strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is designed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing effective control with respect to piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer s recommendations. It is suitable for engines without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and most engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing effective control with respect to piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer s recommendations. It is suitable for engines with or without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and for most engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E9 is strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is designed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Drivers Manuals and/or Dealers should be consulted if in doubt. 8
API Classification have been made by AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE API, ENGINE OIL LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM EOLCS. Engine Oil Guide 1. Performance Level: Gasoline engine oil categories (for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines): Oils designed for gasoline-engine service fall under API s S (Service) categories. See inside for descriptions of current and obsolete API service categories. Diesel engine oil categories (for heavy-duty trucks and vehicles with diesel engines): Oils designed for diesel-engine service fall under API s C (Commercial) categories. See inside for descriptions of current and obsolete API service categories. 2. Viscosity Grade: Measure of oil s thickness and ability to flow at certain temperatures. Vehicle requirements may vary. Follow your vehicle manufacturer s recommendations on SAE oil viscosity grade. 3. Energy Conserving: The Energy Conserving designation applies to oils intended for gasoline-engine cars, vans, and light trucks. Widespread use of Energy Conserving oils may result in an overall savings of fuel in the vehicle fleet as a whole. GUIDE TO SAE VISCOSITY GRADES OF ENGINE OIL FOR PASSENGER CARS Multigrade oils such as SAE 5W-30 and 10W-30 are widely used because, under all but extremely hot or cold conditions, they are thin enough to flow at low temperatures and thick enough to perform satisfactorily at high temperatures. Note that vehicle requirements may vary. Follow your vehicle manufacturer s recommendations on SAE oil viscosity grade. If lowest expected outdoor temperature is Typical SAE Viscosity Grades for Passenger Cars 0 C (32 F) 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50-18 C (0 F) 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40 Below -18 C (0 F) 5W-20, 5W-30 The current and previous API Service Categories are listed below. Vehicle owners should refer to their owner s manuals before consulting these charts. Oils may have more than one performance level. For automotive gasoline engines, the latest engine oil service category includes the performance properties of each earlier category. If an automotive owner s manual calls for an API SJ or SL oil, an API SM oil will provide full protection. For diesel engines, the latest category usually but not always includes the performance properties of an earlier category. API S - GASOLINE ENGINES SM SL Current: Für alle Fahrzeugmotoren gültig in Gebrauch. Eingeführt 2004, haben SM Öle einen verbesserten Schutz gegen Oxidation, Korrosion, Ablagerungen, Verschleiß und bessere Eigenschaften bei niedrigen Temperaturen über die Öllebensdauer. Einige SM Öle entsprechen den neuesten ILSAC Spezifikationen und sind als kraftstoffsparend (EC = Energy Conserving) gekennzeichnet. Current: For 2004 and older automotive engines. SJ SH SG SF SE SD SC SB SA Current: For 2001 and older automotive engines. Obsolete: For 1996 and older engines. Obsolete: For 1993 and older engines. Obsolete: For 1988 and older engines. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1979. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1971. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1967. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1951. Obsolete, CAUTION: Contains no additives. Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1930. 9
API C - DIESEL ENGINES CJ-4 CI-4 CH-4 Current: Introduced in 2006. For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 2007 model year on-highway exhaust emission standards. CJ-4 oils are compounded for use in all applications with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 500 ppm (0.05% by weight). However, use of these oils with greater than 15 ppm (0.0015% by weight) sulfur fuel may impact exhaust aftertreatment system durability and/or oil drain interval. CJ-4 oils are effective at sustaining emission control system durability where particulate filters and other advanced aftertreatment systems are used. Optimum protection is provided for control of catalyst poisoning, particulate filter blocking, engine wear, piston deposits, low- and high-temperature stability, soot handling properties, oxidative thickening, foaming, and viscosity loss due to shear. API CJ-4 oils exceed the performance criteria of API CI-4 with CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, CG-4 and CF-4 and can effectively lubricate engines calling for those API Service Categories. When using CJ-4 oil with higher than 15 ppm sulfur fuel, consult the engine manufacturer for service interval. Current: Introduced in 2002. For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 2004 exhaust emission standards implemented in 2002. CI-4 oils are formulated to sustain engine durability where exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used and are intended for use with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4, and CH-4 oils. Some CI-4 oils may also qualify for the CI-4 PLUS designation. Current: Introduced in 1998. For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 1998 exhaust emission standards. CH-4 oils are specifically compounded for use with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, and CG-4 oils. CG-4 CF-4 CF-2 CF CE CD-II CD CC CB CA Obsolete: Introduced in 1995. For severe duty, high-speed, four-stroke engines using fuel with less than 0.5% weight sulfur. CG-4 oils are required for engines meeting 1994 emission standards. Can be used in place of CD, CE, and CF-4 oils. Obsolete: Introduced in 1990. For high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CD and CE oils. Current: Introduced in 1994. For severe duty, two-stroke-cycle engines. Can be used in place of CD-II oils. Current: Introduced in 1994. For off-road, indirect-injected and other diesel engines including those using fuel with over 0.5% weight sulfur. Can be used in place of CD oils. Obsolete: Introduced in 1985. For high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CC and CD oils. Obsolete: Introduced in 1985. For two-stroke cycle engines. Obsolete: Introduced in 1955. For certain naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after 1990. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after 1961. Obsolete, CAUTION: Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after 1959. API EC All engines, energy conserving SH/EC Min. 1.5 % less fuel consumption than an SAE 20W-30 reference oil in 1982 SH/EC II SJ/EC Same as SH/EC, but with minimum 2.5 % lower fuel consumption Replaces SH/EC and SH/EC II. Only together with API-SJ. Cuts in fuel consumption: OW-20, 5W-20 > 1.4%, OW-XX, 5W-XX >1.1%, 10W-XX, others > 0.5%. Reference oil 5W-30 AAMA and JAMA International Lubricant Standardization and approval committee ILSAC (in Asia): GF-1 Obsolete : fully corresponded to API SH, viscosity SAE 0W-XX, SAE 5W-XX, SAE 10W-XX, i.e. XX 30, 40, 50, 60 GF-2 GF-3 GF-4 GF-5 MIL-L Current : Appeared in 1996 and corresponded to API SJ. Current : Appeared in 2001 and corresponded to API SL. Current : Appeared in 2004 and corresponded to API SM. The next gasoline engine oil quality upgrade, rejected replacing an engine sequence test with a less costly bench test; moved ahead on developing a new fuel-economy test for engine oils, year-life of the category from 2009 to 2014. MIL (Military standard -USA- classification) Lube oils 10 MIL-G Greases, hydraulic fluids