EU-Commission JRC Contribution to EVE E. Paffumi, M. De Gennaro European Commission, Joint Research Centre Directorate C, Energy, Transport and Climate Sustainable Transport Unit April 10 th -11 th 2017, Ann Arbor (USA) 22 nd Meeting of the GRPE Informal Working Group on Electric Vehicles and the Environment (EVE).
Presentation Summary Presentation of the EU-Commission JRC activities, as possible contributions to the EVE IWG: Desktop research: big data platform TEMA; Laboratory research: xev testing; EVE IWG activities summary JRC proposal for the EVE IWG
EU-Commission JRC Activities as possible contributions to the EVE IWG: Desktop research: big data platform TEMA; Since 2012 JRC is developing TEMA: Transport technology and Mobility Assessment platform TEMA is a flexible and modular big data platform, based on GPS mobility data and natively interfaced with GIS. TEMA reproduces large scale transportation systems in real-world conditions varying technological constraints, thus assessing the potential of innovative vehicle technologies in realistic scenarios (e.g. environmental impact, energy efficiency, infrastructure design and sustainability). TEMA is policy-focused: its output has been already used for various policy support activities, i.e. revision of the Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to evaporative emissions from LDVs, Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure.
Modular Structure of TEMA Transportation Data Vehicle technologies (xev) Behavioral models Mobility Statistics Usability analyses (UF) Energy demand Infrastructure design V2G & V2X Emissions (ICE/xEVs, driving / evaporative / cold-start)
Input of TEMA (Italy) Province of Modena Province of Firenze Monitored Vehicles Transportation Data Database lines (after cleaning) [ 10 6 ] Trips No. [ 10 6 ] Trips length [km 10 6 ] 16,263 15.998 2.642 14.98 12,478 32.008 1.870 20.66 Vehicle Technologies (xevs): EVs, from 450 to 2600 kg (curb weight) from 13 to 85 kwh (battery size) from 70 to 265 Wh/km (consumption); PHEV; Open Parameters; Behavioral Models (recharge with 16 behaviors): opportunistic-unconstrainted /constrained / price-based / smart-grid; AC (3.3 kw/10kw) and DC (50 kw);
Results of TEMA (Italy) 16 Modena 100 All Days 14 Firenze Mobility Statistics: 100 90 Share of the fleet in motion [%] 12 10 8 6 4 2 Small size car - (a) 0 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Week Average (May 2011) 100 90 Share of Fleet Parked 95 90 85 Medium size car - (b) Mean Minimum 80 0 5 10 15 20 24 Hour of the day [h] - (a) [%] 80 70 60 50 40 30 Usability Analyses: 20 [%] BEV (16kWh @ 185 Wh/km) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Small size car - (a) 80 Only weekend days (Saturday and Sunday) 100 BEV (24kWh @ 210 Wh/km) Medium size car - (b) 100 70 95 90 60 [%] 80 [%] 70 60 50 40 30 50 40 30 20 Share of Fleet Parked 90 85 Mean Minimum 80 0 5 10 15 20 24 Hour of the day [h] - (c) 10 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 Str. 1 - Long-Stop R-AC Str. 1 Str. - Long-Stop 2 - Short-Stop R-AC Str. 2 R-DC - Short-Stop R-DC Str. 3 - Str. Smart 3 - Smart AC AC 0 0 Str.1 - Long-Stop Str.1 - Long-Stop R-AC Str. 2 - Short-Stop R-AC Str. R-DC2 - Short-Stop Str. 3 - Smart-AC R-DC Str. 3 - Smart-A Trips which can be made electric referred to the total vehicles sample Trips which can be made electric referred to the vehicles sample Only vehicle with 100% of trips made electric Only vehicle with 100% of trips made electric
Results of TEMA (Italy) Energy Demand (Florence Italy / BEV 24 kw @ 210 Wh/km + Long-Stop Random AC) 43.88 (a) (b) Latitude [deg] 44.3 44.2 44.1 44 43.9 43.8 43.7 43.6 43.5 Latitude [deg] 43.86 43.88 43.84 43.86 43.82 43.84 43.8 43.82 Latitude [deg] 43.78 43.8 43.7643.78 43.7443.76 43.7243.74 43.72 43.4 43.7 11.1 11.15 11.2 11.25 11.3 11. 43.7 Longitude [deg] 10.5 11 11.5 12 11.1 11.15 11.2 11.25 11.3 11.35 11 Longitude 11.5 [deg] 12 50 < kwh/day < 200 200 < kwh/day < 500 kwh/day > Longitude [deg] Longitude [deg] 20 < kwh/day < 50 50 < kwh/day < 100 kwh/day >100
Latitude [deg] d) - (a) Results of TEMA (Italy) 136 102 526 899 780 53 52 238 1153 984 678 1272 509 871034 1000 5 3 950 865 797 780 645 611 475 238 136 153 407 390 746 695 712645 560 560 441 221.28 11.3 11.32 Infrastructural Design Number of charging spots AC-3.3kW (max-based) - (a) (Florence Italy / BEV 24 kw @ 210 Wh/km + Long-Stop Random AC) Latitude [deg] Number of charging spots AC-3.3kW (mean-based) - (a) 424 43.86 238 Number of charging spots AC-3.3kW (mean-based) - (a) 390356 441 356 339 43.86 204 323 356 43.86 136 306 272 170 289 356 272 85102 68 289 51 255 27221 6951170 1221 1238 204 43.84 102 85 68 34 85 1424 68 51 899 68 68 950 1238 43.84 458 17 1170 9671475 1424 1390 51 51 356 678 712 1136 1119 43.84 17 34 1085 950 746 17 814 356 17 17 899 746 712526 1119 1085 1068 882 865 238 662 882 848 43.82 509 17 17 831 339 51 645 662 695 34 594 339 306 678 289 255 441 407 43.82 407 17 407 306 17 255 34 509 526 526 68 17 272 43.82 289 17 17 34 390 390 102 17 153 34238 238 577 323 204 204 221 85 102 238 611 136 170 441 390 662 797 51 102 441 51 136 34 136 695 848 492 916 509 458 255 43.8 577 458 1000 611 695 1051 85119 34 102 373 68 51 390 119 85 170 475 119 204 47577 797 712 729 119 831 1136 678 85 102 85 356 712 102662 306746 916 1170 695 611 238 475 306 746 390 577 594 272 628 43.8 441 356 882 1034 1068 1136 1 1356 458 526 1085 814 306 289 272 492 746 43.8 323 255 560 848 712 136 390458 662 1492 1373 678 323 373 407 102 306 526 1085 611 1153 1204 1407 1407 594 1255 1390 1136984 356 577 695 1170 1356 933 458 1204 967 780 814 797 475 170 678 373 814 407 373 102 831 933 1085 712 373 594 882 1136 1 797 865 526 763 780 967 865 526 645 678 1000 7801170 662 882 695 967 1102 1119 831 882 1085 967 916 373 882 899 882 967 475899 780 43.78 695 323 865 916 712 814 763 831 780 729 865 797 1102 797 950 1085 899 746662 407 306 916 746 645 763 814 984 831 950 662 831 526 475 780 780 475 356 492 458 594 289 475 933 950 645 712 441 645 611 509 967 933 678 645 526 967 204 678 729 967 882 780 441 221 339 695 695 458 441 47594 594 577 560 729 678 797 746 645 763628 662 390 424 492 424 424 407 390 373 475 1102 1153 1238 1153 984678 153 1085 1119 814 967 645 645 611 594 475 373 746 984 1 1272 509 323 441 43.78 441 492 560 492 43.78 763 594 662 645 611 119 594 678 492 475 560 204 594 424 323 746 306 594 441 577 509 475 289 289 289 763 695 712 645 119 373 390 645 577 577 458 272 272 678 255 323 899 729 255 729 475 390 594 797 356 407 441 560 780 526 441 814 170 611 560 356 1034 85 204 628 306 577 441 526 424 306255 1000 289 323458 746 678 68 373 390 323 221 255 662 424 79780729 628 577 339 323 356 407 356 339 407 170 611 390 458 1034 526 390 1000 577 662 780 831 1085 865 916 797 950 1051 950 814 136 255 865 899 678 526 509 373 645 831 560 611 780 611 475238 475 678 306 645 136 153 238 678 662 645 662 458 492 289 1153 407 339 323 458 984 424 390 407 424 373662 950 441 560 407 390 848 102 492 373 407 899 136 509 441 458 339 390 831 831 323 373 323 475 560 662 712 916 526 560 662 712 678 43.76 933 560 119 577 356 441 407 323170 102 119 170 306 339 509 390 373 356 356 373 390 306 323 170 695 272 289 272 221458 628 645 628 492 390 373 407 475 255 526 102 119 136 509 306 289 526 526 390 407 238 967 339373 306560 746712 695 645 780 797 865 373 289 475 560 560 441 831 373 272 306 204 645 272 323 272 221 255 221 43.76 475712 153 43.76 611 407 390 136 255 238 323 306 221 204 611 458424 577 441 390 526 153 323 323 678 458 441 272 356 645 170 526 238 255 204 221 119 170 43.74 373 102 289 102 85 153 136 170 153 170 153 119 204 170 43.74 43.74 11.14 11.16 11.18 11.2 11.22 11.24 11.26 11.28 11.3 11.32 Longitude [deg] 11.14 11.14 11.16 11.16 11.18 11.1811.2 11.211.22 11.22 11.24 11.26 11.28 11.3 11.32 Longitude [deg] Latitude [deg] 339 43.86 204 306 289 356 272 255 272 102 68 85 68 51 899 950 967 43.84 17 34 1085 9 356 17 8991119 1085 1068 43.82 526 407 407 255 17 17 17 34 5 2 51 102136 3 170 356 30 43.8 136 3904 170 289 43.78 255 136 170 255 407 441 560 102 424 136 136 373 407 525 5 43.76 645 712 407 390 645 678 373 43.74 11.14 11.16 11.18 11 Airports Petrol Stations Shopping Malls Car Parking Lots Bus Parking Lots 80 kwh/day < 400 ar Parking Lots Bus Parking Lots 80 kwh/day < 400 400 kwh/day < 1000 kwh/day 1000 Latitude [deg] Number of chargin 0 0
Results of TEMA (Italy) Emissions Results (Driving (CO 2 CO NOx HC)/Evaporative(VOCs))
Further applications of TEMA (EU-wide IT/NL/BE/FR/DE/PT/GR) Province of Modena Province of Firenze Province of Amsterdam Province of Brussels Province of Paris Province of Athens Province of Lisbon Province of Krefel No. of vehicles Total trips lengths [km 10 6 ] Number of days 16,263 14.98 31 12,478 20.66 31 197,754 19.86 7 96,802 11.21 14 171,220 38.39 7 15,366 1.49 7 7,522 2.48 7 4,160 0.97 7
EU-Commission JRC Activities as possible contributions to the EVE IWG Laboratory research: xev testing; Since 2013 JRC is testing xevs for policy support purposes: 2013/14 Test Campaigns: A-segment passenger vehicle BEV, 16 kwh, 1,080 kg, 35 kw electric motor; C-segment SUV, parallel hybrid in through-the-road configuration, 120 kw-ice + 27 kw-em (19% DoH), 3.1 kwh battery (NiMH); C-segment passenger vehicle BEV, 24 kwh, 1,520 kg, 80 kw;
Laboratory (Dyno) On-road A-segment BEV - C-segment HEV C-segment BEV 45.85 Route-3 45.8 Latitude [deg] 45.75 45.7 45.65 8.6 8.65 8.7 8.75 8.8 8.85 8.9 Longitude [deg]
2014 Test Campaigns: C-segment BEV (Vehicle schematic) Aux. 12V-DC DC/DC DC Heater 44 kw DC-IN 3.3/6.6 kw AC-IN M 3 EM AC 3-phases Inverter DC DC DC AC/DC DC M 5 High-Voltage Battery AC AC Charger M 1 M 2 M 4
2014 Test Campaigns: C-segment BEV (Energy Cons. & Range) TAmb. = +25 ºC HVAC OFF TAmb. = +25 ºC HVAC ON TAmb. = -7 ºC HVAC OFF NEDC range [km] [Wh/km] (l/100 km) 130.7 156.9 (1.76) 112.6 182.0 (2.04) 119.8 171.2 (1.92) WLTC range [km] [Wh/km] (l/100 km) 114.9 178.4 (2.00) 105.6 194.0 (2.18) 101.5 202.0 (2.27) WMTC range [km] [Wh/km] (l/100 km) 112.1 182.9 (2.05) 103.2 198.6 (2.23) 102.5 200.1 (2.25) RANGE TEST [km] NEDC 126.5 WLTC 117.8 WMTC 116.8 - Energy Consumption [Wh/km] NEDC 112.2 300 250 200 150 Energy Consumption [Wh/km] 300 250 200 150 X1.5! Circle = NEDC Circle = NEDC Diamond = WLTC Square Diamond = WMTC = WLTC Asterisk Square = MAC WMTC Filled = HVAC Off Off Not Filled = HVAC On = HVAC On TAmb. = -7 ºC HVAC ON 82.0 250.0 (2.81) 73.7 278.1 (3.12) 76.9 266.6 (2.99 100 100-7 C +23 C - -7 ºC +25 ºC Ambient Temperature Ambient Temperature
2014 Test Campaign: C-segment BEV (Efficiencies) η 1 3 NEDC WLTC WMTC TAmb. = +25 ºC HVAC OFF TAmb. = +25 ºC HVAC ON TAmb. = -7 ºC HVAC OFF TAmb. = -7 ºC HVAC ON 74.3% 75.2% 79.0% 64.4% 68.9% 72.2% 67.7% 65.9% 71.4% 46.6% 48.3% 53.9% Grid η 2 3+/- η 1 3 /η 1 3 + η 1+ Battery S INV Inverter EM η 3+/- Heater S H Wheel η 2 +/-
Summary of EVE Group activities As per status report of Part A of the Nov. 2014 mandate for EVE-IWG (Nov. 2016): Battery performance and durability (in-vehicle); Determination of the powertrain performance in hybrid configuration; Method of stating energy consumption; Battery recycling/recyclability;
JRC proposal for the EVE Group Battery performance and durability (in-vehicle); Determination of the powertrain performance in hybrid configuration; TEMA-based model Lab-activities round-robin(?) Proposal of test matrix(?) Method of stating energy consumption; - To be shifted to Group of Experts on Energy Efficiency Battery recycling/recyclability - Removed as per Part B
JRC proposal for the EVE Group (Battery performance and durability) In-vehicle Battery ageing mechanisms (FEV report @ EVE 16) Battery Durability in Electrified Vehicle Applications: A Review of Degradation Mechanisms and Durability Testing : Chemistry; DoD & in-vehicle battery cycling; Charging rate (AC-3.3 kw/9 kw, 50 kw, 100 kw, 350 kw?); Driving cycle (urban-highway-combined) & aggressiveness; Environmental conditions (temperature); Mechanical stress (vibrations); Usage (mileage driven recharges), kwh exchanged; JRC aims at contributing to expand the knowledge base via driving data analyses (next slide)
SOC JRC proposal for the EVE Group (Battery performance and durability) TEMA statistics DoD Charge Rate - Usage Implementing in TEMA an in-vehicle battery ageing model P P D R D time A P,i A D,i A R,i A=Σ(A P,I + A D,I + A R,i )
JRC proposal for the EVE Group (Determination of the powertrain performance in hybrid configuration) Update on the SAE J2908 Activities (ANL Mike Duoba @ EVE 16):
JRC proposal for the EVE Group (Determination of the powertrain performance in hybrid configuration) Status: 1. Reference Method (Chassis Dyno Testing); 2. Candidate Method (Component testing and calculation) JRC is open to discuss the possibility to conduct validation testing necessary to confirm validity of the methods
Main References: M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, G. Martini, Big Data for supporting low-carbon transport in Europe: applications, challenges and opportunities, Big Data Research, Volume 6, December 2016, pp. 11-25. M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, G. Martini, Data-driven analysis of the effectiveness of evaporative emissions control systems of passenger cars in real-world use condition: time and spatial mapping, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 129, pp. 277-293, 2016. M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, G. Martini, Customer-driven design of the recharge infrastructure and Vehicle-to- Grid in urban areas: a large-scale application for electric vehicles deployment, Energy, Volume 82, 15 March 2015, Pages 294 311, 2015. E. Paffumi, M. De Gennaro, G. Martini, H. Scholz Assessment of the potentiality of electric vehicles and charging strategies to meet urban mobility requirements, Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 2014, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 22-60, 2015. M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, H. Scholz, G. Martini, A pilot study to address the travel behaviour and the usability of electric vehicles in two Italian provinces, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2014. G. Martini, E. Paffumi, M. De Gennaro, G. Mellios, European type approval test procedure for evaporative emission from passenger cars against real-world mobility data from two Italian provinces, Science of Total Environment, Volume 487, 15 July 2014, Pages 506 520, 2014. M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, G. Martini, U. Manfredi, S. Vianelli, F. Ortenzi, A. Genovese, Experimental Test Campaign on a Battery Electric Vehicle: Laboratory Test Results (Part 1), SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 4(1):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1167, 2015. E. Paffumi, M. De Gennaro, G. Martini, U. Manfredi, S. Vianelli, F. Ortenzi, A. Genovese, Experimental Test Campaign on a Battery Electric Vehicle: On-Road Test Results (Part 2), SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 4(2):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1166, 2015. M. De Gennaro, E. Paffumi, G. Martini, U. Manfredi, H. Scholz, H. Lacher, H. Kuehnelt, D. Simic, Experimental investigation of the energy efficiency of an electric vehicle in different driving conditions, SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1817, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1817, 2014.
Contacts Info: EC DG JRC DIR C ETC Sustainable Transport Unit elena.paffumi@ec.europa.eu michele.degennaro@ec.europa.eu