Mass Rapid Transit Options Darío Hidalgo, PhD Director Integrated Transport Practice WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 Chapter 3 MASS TRANSIT: METRO, LRT AND BRT http://www.unhabitat. org/content.asp?type id=19&catid=555&cid =12336
Component Metro LRT BRT Running Ways Rail Tracks Rail Tracks Roadway Type of Right of Way Segregation From the Rest of the Traffic Underground/ Elevated/ At-grade Total Segregation (no interference) Usually At-grade some applications Elevated or Underground (tunnel) Usually Longitudinal Segregation (at grade intersections) some applications with full segregation Type of Vehicles Trains (multi-car) Trains (two-three cars) or single cars Type of Propulsion Electric Electric (few applications Diesel) Usually At-grade some applications Elevated or Underground (tunnel) Usually Longitudinal Segregation (at grade intersections) some applications with full segregation Buses Usually Diesel/CNG some applications Hybrid (Diesel/CNG- Electric) or Electric Trolleybuses Sources: UNHabitat (2013) from Fouracre, et al. (2003), Vuchic (2007), Diaz and Hinnebaugh (2007)
Component Metro LRT BRT Stations Level boarding Level boarding or Level boarding (few stairs with stairs) Payment Collection Information Technology Systems Service Plan User Information Off-board Usually off-board Off-board Signalling, control, user information, advanced ticketing (magnetic/electronic cards) Simple; trains stopping at every station; few applications with express services or short loops Simple; trains stopping at every station between terminals From simple to very complex; combined services to multiple lines; express, local some combined with direct services outside the corridor Very clear signage, static maps and dynamic systems Image Modern and attractive Advanced as compared with standard buses Sources: UNHabitat (2013) from Fouracre, et al. (2003), Vuchic (2007), Diaz and Hinnebaugh (2007)
182 Cities with Metro 10,435 km, 112 million passengers per day
BRT 206 Ciudades www.brtdata.org
No single alternative dominates the others Caracteristic Space Required Bus lanes 2-4 lanes Existing Roads Light Rail - Tramway 2-3 lanes Existing Roads Heavy Rail - Metro New Right of Way Elevated or Underground Bus Rapid Transit - Metrobus 2-4 lanes Existing Roads Flexibility High Limited Low High Impacts on Traffic Mixed Mixed Integration with Feeders Level of Service (Fruquency, Occupancy) Reducción de Congestión (?) Mixed Easy Difficult Difficult Easy Low Good Muy Good (corredor denso) Good Safety Low Buena Muy Buena Good Emmissions High Low Low Reliability Low Medium (bunching) Goood High Medium Medium Transfers /Walking Low Medium High Medium Sources: Adaptado por el autor de Halcrow Fox, 2000 ), L. Wright and K. Fjellstrom, 2003, y V. Vuchic, 1992
Fuente: Vukan R. Vuchic. Urban Public Transport Systems and Technology. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1992
Metro: High End Mass Transit Option
Largest Metro Systems in the World Million Passengers per Year per Kilometer
Million of USD per Kilometer Capacity is the Main Driver of Capital Cost Capacity (Passengers per Hour per Direction)
Common deviation between planning and implementation Actual/ Estimated (Average) Cost 1.91 Passenger Demand 0.52 Bent Flyvbjerg,"Cost Overruns and Demand Shortfalls in Urban Rail and Other Infrastructure," Transportation Planning and Technology, vol. 30, no. 1, February 2007, pp. 9-30. DOI: 10.1080/03081060701207938 Link to published article: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03081060701207938 12 urban rail transit projects with information before and after
Elevated vs. Underground (traditional table) Million USD/km (2000) Million USD/km (2014) Ratio At Grade 15-30 21-41 1 Elevated 30-75 41-103 2,0-2,5 Underground 60-180 82-247 4,0-6,0 Source:Halcrow-Fox (2000), projected to 2014 with US inflation rate
USD Million per Kilometer (2014) But data shows otherwise Percent Underground Sources: World Bank (2014) and Flyvbjerg, Bruzelius & van Wee (2008).
Metros Capital cost is mainly a function of passenger demand Very high cost variability may depend on local considitons High uncertainty mitigation with good planning
BRT Intermediate to High Capacity Transit
BRT Diverse Sizes http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
Varied throughput http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
Commercial speed http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
Operational productivity http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
Capital productivity http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
Capital Cost http://www.wri.org/publication/modernizing-public-transportation
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=777310 Comparing Alternatives
Range and Individual Capital Costs for Mass Transit in the USA 2005-2012 Source: General Accounting Office, 2012
Recommendations Mass Transit Do not choose the technology and then justify it For the conditions of any city the key is integration of different services, taking most advantage of the existing systems
Muchas Gracias!