Eco-drive diffusion activities in Japan

Eco-drive diffusion activities in Japan UD TRUCKS CORPORATION Eishi Ohno Japan Automobile manufacturers Association, Inc. Environment Committee Climate Change Subcommittee Transport Policy Working Group Chairman March 3, 2014 1

2 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. 1. What is fuel economy?

Number of vehicles Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Distribution of on-road fuel economy of a model Fuel economy significantly changes depending on how the driver uses the car even if the model is the same. (Actual drive fuel economy data of 1555 vehicles) on-road fuel economy (km/l) Edited from e fuel economy data 3

4 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. 2. What is eco-drive?

5 What is eco-drive? Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Eco-drive is... "Driving that improves the on-road fuel economy in actual drive". (1) Driving such as accelerating, braking, and shift changing Practical trainings are effective. (2) Operations such as interior environment setting and maintenance Classroom trainings are effective.

6 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Eco-drive 10 tips In Japan, the related government agencies and private organizations have defined the Eco-drive 10 tips" jointly to diffuse eco-drive.

Eco-drive 10 tips (continued) 1. Start & accelerate gently Driving 2. Drive with less acceleration/deceleration and sufficient distance from preceding car Driving 3. Release acceleration pedal earlier for deceleration Driving 4. Use air conditioner appropriately Operations 5. Stop unnecessary idling Operations 6. Depart early and avoid traffic jams Operations 7. Inspect starting with tire air pressure check Operations 8. Remove unnecessary load Operations 9. Stop unwise parking that may hinder the traffic Operations 10. Know your car's fuel economy Operations 7

Constant practice rate % Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Awareness and implementation of "Eco-drive 10 tips" 100 JAMA questionnaire result Item with high practice rate but low awareness rate Item with high practice rate and awareness rate Warm up appropriately Item with low practice rate and awareness rate Utilize traffic information Idling stop 0 Awareness rate % Release acceleration pedal earlier Select parking space wisely Do not put unnecessary load Use air conditioner moderately Check tire air pressure Gentle acceleration Accelerate/dec elerate gently Item with high awareness rate but low practice rate 100 8

Fuel economy improvement by eco-drive The on-road fuel economy improvement by eco-drive is estimated at nearly 10% as the global average. <On-road fuel economy improvement by eco-drive promotion programs in various countries> Country Method Less than 3 years after program 3 years or more after program Netherlands National program 10 to 20% 5 to 10% Australia National program 10 to 15% 5 to 10% Japan Smart drive contest Eco-drive workshop 10 to 25% National program 6 to 10% Germany Carriers 6 to 10% 6 to 8% Passenger car training courses 10 to 25% 10 to 15% The U.K. Carriers 10% Source: Edited based on IEA Workshop on Ecodriving 2007 9

Distribution Ratio Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Examples of fuel economy improvement by eco-drive This is the result of the eco-drive campaign carried out by TOYOTA Rent a Car in Japan. The eco-drive aware customers who answered the questionnaire achieved an about 10% improvement in the actual drive fuel economy. 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% Answered to questionnaire (Average 27.3 km/l) No answer to questionnaire (Average 24.8 km/l) 0% 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Source:Toyota Motor Corp. On-road fuel economy (km/l) 10

11 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Eco-drive pleasure (1) Fuel cost saving (money saving) (2) Global warming prevention (CO2 reduction) (3) Traffic accident prevention (safety improvement) (4) Human friendly (for passengers and walkers)

Reality of global warming prevention The CO2 emission of transportation sector sustains about 20% of the total emission. Around 90% of that is emitted from automobiles. Eco-drive improves on-road fuel economy by about 10% If all drivers practice Eco-drive, CO2 of that country can be reduced by nearly 2%. (10 million ton reduction in Japan) Energy Source CO2 Emission in Japan Energy conversion sector 7.4% Household sector 16.1% Industry sector 35.7% Work sector 21.1% Transportation sector 19.6% Year 2011 (Total of 1.173 billion ton) 12

Reality of traffic accident prevention Transition of traffic accident rate in case of trucks Volume Before activity After activity # of months Accidents Accidents/year # of months Accidents Accidents/year Accident reduction rate Total 1878 779 263 4.05 743 147 2.37 41.4% (2006 to end of March 2009) Accidents/year Reduced by 41.4% Before activity After activity Source: Tokyo Trucking Association A probing test with passenger cars also confirms that eco-drive can reduce traffic accidents. 13

14 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. 3. Truth of eco-drive

Q1 Should I perform an idling stop manually while waiting at stop signal at an intersection? [1] You should perform an idling stop at an intersection because the fuel economy is improved. [2] It is dangerous to perform an idling stop at an intersection. The airbag will not function and the brake may be less effective. 15

16 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Risk of (manual) idling stop at intersection - Do not perform an idling stop near the lead vehicle because the safety systems such as the airbag do not function. - Do not perform an idling stop on a hill road. - The brake becomes less effective if you depress the brake pedal several times during idling stop. - You may make an error in the operation or delay in vehicle start if not accustomed. - The engine may not restart due to battery depletion. - The life spans of the parts (such as starter, battery) are shortened if you perform an idling stop frequently. - The turn signal lamps and wiper do not operate. - Several seconds are required to start up the electronic equipment. - Never turn the ignition key to ON during idling stop. * There is no problem for the automatic idling stop (including hybrid vehicles).

Q2 Is the engine brake on a downhill considered an eco-drive? [1] No fuel is injected while the accelerator pedal is not depressed, leading to improved fuel economy and safe driving. [2] The fuel consumption increases because the engine runs at a high rotation speed with a lower gear. It is not an eco-drive. 17

Q3 Is it necessary to practice eco-drive even with an eco-car superior in fuel economy? [1] The fuel economy improves if you practice eco-drive even with an eco-car. [2] It is not necessary because an eco-car runs at an optimum fuel economy. 18

Ratio to fuel economy for average acceleration Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Sudden acceleration significantly deteriorates the fuel economy. Slow and gentle acceleration improves the fuel economy. However, you should also follow the traffic flow considering other vehicles around you. Fuel economy change due to acceleration Average acceleration Sudden acceleration Gentle acceleration Time required for 20 km/h to 40 km/h acceleration (s) Edited from the report of the 2012 energy saving equipment introduction promotion project (automobile actual drive fuel economy information provision project) by Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of METI. 19

Ratio to JC08 mode fuel economy Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. When the average speed* lowers due to a traffic jam or others, the fuel economy deteriorates significantly. As the average speed increases, the fuel economy improves until the speed reaches about 60 to 70 km/h. At a higher speed, the fuel economy deteriorates gradually. * Average speed: Total traveling distance of each drive divided by total time. If the vehicle frequently stops due to a traffic jam, signal stop or others, the average speed decreases because a longer time is required. Fuel-economy Change due to average speed Average speed of Japanese JC08 Fuel Economy Testing Mode Average speed: - Tokyo 18 km/h - Paris 26 km/h - London 30 km/h * The characteristic of a hybrid vehicle has a tendency that fuel economy does not change significantly even when the speed changes, different considerably from this chart. Average speed (km/h) Edited from the report of the 2012 energy saving equipment introduction promotion project (automobile actual drive fuel economy information provision project) by Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of METI. 20

Achievement ratio to fuel economy fully warmed up Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. When the engine is started while it is cold, the engine consumes more fuel. Accordingly, a long distance drive allows the engine to warm up, improving the fuel economy. Relationship between travel distance and on-road fuel economy in ordinary road Travel distance (km) Moment when the vehicle is started just after engine start without warm-up 21

Tire air pressure When the tire air pressure lowers by 50 kpa (0.5 kg/cm 2 ), the fuel economy deteriorates by 3 to 5%. 22

Vehicle weight A 10% increase in the vehicle weight leads to about 5% deterioration in the fuel economy. Assume that the actual drive fuel economy is 20 km/l for a compact car with one occupant. If 3 more passengers get on the car, resulting in 4 occupants in total, the actual fuel economy deteriorates by about 1.5 km/l, and becomes 18.5 km/l. * However, the total fuel consumption is smaller than the case that each of the 4 occupants uses a separate car respectively. 23

24 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Air resistance When a roof carrier or roof box is installed on the roof of the car, not only the vehicle weight but also the air resistance increases. A 10% increase in the air resistance leads to about 5% deterioration in the fuel economy on a highway. Installing a roof carrier or roof box on the roof may increase the air resistance by dozens of percentages.

25 Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. 4. Eco-drive diffusion activities in Japan

Eco-drive diffusion activities in Japan Currently, various governmental/private organizations are deploying eco-drive diffusion activities. Eco-drive promotion liaison committee (MLIT, METI, Ministry of Environment, Police Agency Ministry of Environment (Public Relation) Eco-drive public meeting Eco-drive promotion council Agency of Natural Resources and Energy JAF Foundation for Promoting Personal Mobility and Ecological Transportation Automobile Dealers Association JAMA Local governments Driving schools Local branches of Automobile Dealers Association 26

Eco-drive promotion status in Japan Eco-drive diffusion level is relatively higher for trucks in Japan. Eco-drive diffusion activities should be expanded to passenger cars. <1st stage> <2nd stage> <3rd stage> Commercial truck Carriers Private truck In-house logistics Construction vehicle Private passenger car Companies Fuel in use 20% Private passenger car Household vehicles Commercial vehicle Bus operator Taxi operator Fuel in use 45% Expand in stages Fuel in use 35% Source: ASUA 27

Examples in Japan <Ministry of Environment> The Ministry of Environment started Eco driver project. A website was set up with the same name and recruited members. It introduces the eco-drive diffusion activities of various organizations. On December 1, 2013, the ministry announced the kick-off at the Tokyo Motor Show venue. Mr. Makihara, Parliamentary Secretary for Environment 28

Examples in Japan <Agency of Natural Resources and Energy> Program for car dealers This year, dealer staff will be trained as eco-drive leaders in 4 prefecture branches. Cooperation: JADA, JAF, JAMA, ASUA Program for elementary schools Programs for TV stations Have children recommend eco-drive to their parents. Partnership with TV stations for PR via the media. 29

Points of eco-drive activity promotion in company The management and managers must seriously tackle with it by giving a higher priority [Creating an environment facilitating eco-drive practices] (1) Define the roles and rules. (2) Continuously manage the fuel economy. (3) Discuss about the eco-drive once a month. Source: ASUA 30

Points of eco-drive diffusion (truck) - In Japan, many carriers are tackling with eco-drive for the sake of fuel cost reduction. - There are many organizational efforts involving all employees. <Eco-drive diffusion activities of these companies> (1) Utilization of digital tachometers (2) Group activities by drivers (3) Application for eco-drive contests - It is important to tackle with it as a cost reduction/safety measure for the company. IC card Data 31

Examples in Japan <Tokyo Trucking Association> - Tokyo Trucking Association, an association of freight transport operators in Tokyo, has started the "Green eco project" as its own project. The organization is offering eco-drive education programs and managing the fuel economy of each truck driver. (over 16,000 trucks from 591 operators are involved.) Set target Complete driving management chart Educate drivers Prepare fuel economy database Source:Tokyo Trucking Association 32

Year: Business operator Department Name Vehicle No. Driving management table Month: Driving management table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Date Trip meter reading Travel distance Refilled Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. amount Fuel economy km km L km/l 1 sheet for 1 vehicle/month Entry only at refueling (Filling up is ideal) 10 km km L km/l Target fuel economy Reading at last refueling in previous month Monthly best fuel economy km/l km 11 12 13 14 15 If not filled up, enter the added amount of fuel (example: +10) km/l 16 17 Note/comment 18 19 Calculate fuel economy every time 20 km km L km/l 21 Service note Date 22 Tire air pressure Guideline: once a month th day 23 24 25 26 Only a sheet of paper enables 27 28 29 30 31 fuel km economy km L km/l management Distance Fuel Fuel Monthly total Source: ASUA 33

Example of cost reduction by eco-drive for trucks Tokyo Trucking Association (since Year 2006), 591 companies, 16,348 vehicles Started also in Shiga, Saitama, Chiba, Osaka, Aichi, and Toyama prefectures. The fuel cost saving amounting to 35 bahts/l x 16,860,770 L = 590,126,950 bahts could be achieved by 16,348 trucks practicing eco-drive. Fuel economy improvement rate 6 year average 4.61% improvement CO2 conversion (Fuel reduction amount) Equivalent to about 3,180,000 cedar trees planted Fuel reduction amount About 16,860,770 L Traffic accident reduction rate 4 year average 40.0% reduction Improvement CO2 reduction Saving Reduction Light oil Number of accidents for each participating vehicle A cedar tree absorbs 14 kg of CO2 in a year Source: Forestry Agency/Ministry of Environment Equivalent to about 84,304 drum cans (200 L each) Before activity 0.18 accidents/vehicle After activity 0.11 accidents/vehicle Source:Tokyo Trucking Association 34

Examples in Japan <ASUA as a consultant> - ASUA Corporation, an eco-drive consulting company, carries out the diffusion activities by subcontracting eco-drive activities from the transportation industry, government, local governments, and industrial associations. - They operate the fuel economy management site for drivers, ReCoo, to visualize the eco-drive. - In 2012, the company was registered as a certified company of United Nation's WAFUNIF. They have been tackling with the eco-drive promotion not only in Japan but also on a global basis. Promotion program at elementary schools United Nations WAFUNIF certificate Source: ASUA 35

Examples in Japan < for passenger cars in private companys> FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation - About 11,000 private vehicles used for commuting - 5,000 employees have registered in 2 years - Fuel economy improvement (1st to 2nd year comparison) 4.74% improvement - The accidents during commuting for 2 plants Reduced by about 50% COCA-COLA WEST Bending Co., Ltd. - About 1,400 private vehicles used for commuting - Implement eco-drive activity seminars for the managers of each site - Traffic accidents (as injuring side) by company vehicles have reduced by about 40% in total and reduced by about 60% in ordinary roads. 36

Examples in Japan <JAF: Japan Automobile Federation> - The following eco-drive diffusion activities are being deployed by the local branches. Eco-drive instructors are stationed at each local branch. (1) "Eco-training" Over 3000 people have received this eco-drive lesson with practical exercises so far. (2) "Eco-drive class room seminar" Hosted by JAF every year. Around 120 thousands people have received the seminar so far. (3) "Eco-drive skill training" JAF dispatches a trainer to hold a training session in response to a request by a company or others. Nearly 3000 people have received the training so far. Source: JAF 37

Examples in Japan <Japan Automobile Dealers Association> - Multiple local branches of JADA are offering an eco-drive seminar to the dealers, which in turn are providing the knowledge acquired from the seminar to the users. - Nowadays, JAMA and JAF are also cooperating in the JADA seminars as a collaborative initiative of the automotive industry. Source: JADA 38

Examples in Japan <All Japan Student Automobile Association> All Japan Student Automobile Association, consisting of the automobile clubs of (about 120) universities in Japan, has held an eco-drive contest at the Suzuka Circuit every year since 2006. Such a large scale eco-drive contest using actual vehicles was implemented for the first time by ASAA. JAMA and its members have offered financial support to this contest. <Result of year 2013> Date: August 26, 2013 Place: Suzuka Circuit Participants: 45 teams Three models, Aqua, CR-Z and Leaf, were used in different courses respectively. Source: All Japan Student Automobile Association 39

Examples in Japan <JAMA> Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. The onboard eco-drive tools in a passenger car such as fuel consumption meter are rapidly spreading to an increasing number of models. At present, they are installed in about 90% of new models. 40

Examples in Japan <JAMA, continued> In the site of the Tokyo Motor Show, the eco-drive talk show was held jointly with the government. <December 2013> <November 2011> 41

International co-operation for eco-drive diffusion JAMA, ACEA, and Auto Alliance are collaboratively pushing an integrated approach including eco-drive. Driving Sustainability through an Integrated Approach Government Automakers Low carbon policy Subsidies Incentives Infrastructure Fuel/Energy Suppliers Consumers High fuel efficiency Next gen. vehicles Diversified fuel/energy Eco-driving Wider use of low-carbon vehicles www.drivingsustainability.com European Automobile Manufacturers Association Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association United States Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 42

International co-operation for eco-drive diffusion(continued) - An eco-drive symposium will be held in United Nations early October this year. - In the future, the eco-drive diffusion activities should be promoted through international cooperation. Source: ASUA 43

Summary: To diffuse eco-drive in Thailand Both top-down and bottom-up efforts are required for diffusing eco-drive We should start with the trucks that show a high diffusion level and then spread the move to the passenger cars gradually. <Government's top-down diffusion activities> In addition to making eco-drive known widely, it is important to improve the people s awareness showing government policy. It is necessary to have a system that supports organizations/companies deploying eco-drive activities. <Users' bottom-up activities> It is necessary to prepare an environment where organizations/companies can tackle with eco-drive It is important to establish correct eco-drive education system (at acquisition of driver license). Sharing of effects given by eco-drive. Eco-drive leads to CO2 reduction, fuel cost saving, and accident reduction. Eco-drive requires almost no cost. 44

Thank you for your attention. * Points to remember for eco-drive - Safety first - Also consider surrounding traffic - Take it easy and do it as everyday practice - Pursue eco-drive that matches the nation state and people characteristics 45