1 On-Road Emissions in Asia Measured by Remote Sensing 1 Presentation Outline 2 December 04 1. Introduction to Vehicle Remote Sensing a. RSD Technology b. RSD Measurements 2. Asia Remote Sensing Data India Data 3. Motorcycle Measurement Challenges a. Enhancement Plans Niranjan Vescio Presentation at BAQ 2004 Agra, India December 8, 2004 4. Concluding Remarks Contributors 3 Introduction to Remote Sensing 4 India Study Sponsor Data Collection Data Analysis Ms. K. Easter, Mr. K. Balakrishnam US Asia Environmental Partnership Dr. Balraj Bahnot Automotive Research Association of India PB 832 Pune, India Mr. Nitin Manawat Environmental Systems Products Tucson AZ, USA; Mumbai, India [nitin.manawat@etest.com] Dr. Donald H. Stedman, Gary A. Bishop University of Denver, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Denver, CO, USA [dstedman@du.edu] Dr. Peter McClintock Applied Analysis Tiburon, CA, USA [peter.mcclintock@pacbell.net] December 04
2 Measurement Principle 5 Smoke/Particle Measurement 6 IR Spectroscopy (Light Absorption) 1. Diesel Emissions PM Mass Shift Old to New 1500nm to 250nm 2. Measurement λ Opacimeter to RSD SF 550nm to 230nm 0.25 1.5 0.23 0.55 Opacity UV New Old New Smoke Channel Traditional Opacimeter Source:Presentation by David Kittleson, University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, et al Chemical & Physical Characteristics of Diesel Aerosol, presented at the 12th Annual CRC Conference, April 15-17, 2002. RSD Technology 7 The On-Road Advantage 8 On-road emissions cause poor air quality. Remote sensing measures on-road emissions. www.rsdaccuscan.com
3 RSD Measurements Ratios to Concentrations 9 Fuel Specific Mass Emissions CO, HC, NO per kg of Fuel Burned 10 1. RSDs Measure Ratios CH X + N 2 + O 2 CO 2 + CO + CH X + NO 2 2. RSDs Calculate Concentrations Q Q Q 1. Simple Explanation - http://www.rsd-remotesensing.com/user_info.asp under RSD for Non-Technicals 2. Math Derivation - http://www.feat.biochem.du.edu/whatsafeat.html under standard combustion equation. gco kgfuel ghc kgfuel gno kgfuel 28 Q = 71.4 Q + 1+ (3 2.2 Q') 44 2.2 Q' = 71.4 Q + 1+ (3 2.2 Q') 30 Q'' = 71.4 Q + 1+ (3 2.2 Q') Where, CO Q = CO2 HC Q'= CO2 NO Q' ' = CO2 Smoke Factor of 1 = 10gmSmoke/kg of Fuel On-Road Emissions 11 Correlation Test Setup Japan Petroleum Energy Center February 2003 12 On-road emissions are not certification emissions. Nevertheless new measured on-road usually read well below their certification values. A/F sensor Exhaust pipe Si tube Mirror Suction of blower On-road emissions are not the same as readings from scheduled emission tests. On average the two correlate very well 1. Second vs. Second ( a good analyzer) 2. Results vs. Result ( can screen ) 3. Average vs. Average ( can characterize fleet emissions) Engine Cooling fan to HORIBA MEXA9100EGR AccuScan4000 RSD HORIBA Direct analyzer blower To bench analyzer
4 Correlation Test Method & Results Mitsubishi Lancer 13 RSD vs. I/M 240 - HC 14 Several different drive modes were utilized: - LA4 drive mode - Steady state drive modes (60,40,20kph) Horiba bench analyzers were compared to RSD: - Comparisons between gas ratios and their mean values. - CO/CO2, HC/CO2, NO/CO2 IM240 g/mi 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 IM240 HC g/mi vs. RSD HC ppm propane (Each point is one model year 1992-2002, N=83,737) y = 0.0032x - 0.2559 R 2 = 0.9794 0.1 0.0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 RSD HC ppm propane Exhaust Emissions Variability 15 16 All emissions tests show low variability on new. All emissions tests show high variability when testing older, and especially older broken,. (Bishop et al, 1996; www.feat.biochem.du.edu) AQIRP data Even Federal Test Procedure (FTP) testing performed 21 times shows this high variability. Grams/mile
5 Station-Based Test Variability 17 Remote Sensing Test Variability 18 Scheduled emission tests tend to be performed only once for which pass. Remote sensing readings can include as many as 5000 per day. Scheduled emission tests are only repeated for which fail the first time. Variability of readings taken day after day on the same vehicle is readily apparent. Therefore, vehicle emissions variability less likely to be identified through conventional station-based testing. Sources of Variability (descending order of magnitude): 1. Vehicle (site selection, cutpoints) 2. Ambient Conditions (track & account for changes) 3. Instrument Set-up (audits, self-diagnostics) 4. Instrument Itself (building a better analyzer) Gross Emitter ID Study 19 BAR Pullover Study Method 20 Upstream Dual RSD Screen: Dual RSDs Vehicles exceeding RSD Cutpoints Downstream Roadside ASM:
6 21 RSD Gross Emitter ID Performance Asia Remote Sensing Data 22 On-road gross emitters pulled over by a policeman have more than an 82-88% chance of failing a California emissions test based on one RSD exceedance. December 04 >92% chance based on 2 RSD readings above cutpoints. [ REMOTE SENSING DEVICE HIGH EMITTER IDENTIFICATION WITH CONFIRMATORY ROADSIDE INSPECTION ; California BAR Final Report 2001 06 August 30, 2001, copy available on www.feat.biochem.du.edu.] Asia RSD Data 23 Auto emissions by decile. New Delhi, 2004 24 Locations & Year Measurements Mean Mean Mean 6000 gco/kg ghc/kg gno/kg Bangkok THA, 1993 5,260 264 220 Hong Kong, 1993 Katmandu NPL, 1993 Kuala Lumpur MAL, 1995 5,891 11,227 9,478 115 362 209 20 189 22 31 5000 4000 CO HC NO Singapore appears comparable to the US Seoul KOR, 1993 Taipei TWN, 1993 Singapore 1995 2004 Tokyo JPN, 1995 Melbourne AUS, 1992 New Delhi, India, 2004 Auckland NZ, 2004 3,104 12,062 1,681 3,881 5,260 10,800 34,400 100 180 148 32 67 149 106 89 14.7 23.4 7 5 7.6 6.8 61 13 24 10 24 20 10 Asian onroad emissions show large variability ppm (CO/10) 3000 2000 1000 Majority of have negligible emissions Average is dominated by a small fraction of high emitters Average USA 1989-92 34,000 113 26 Average USA 2003 63,000 39 3.5 4.9 Everywhere a few vehicle produce the majority of the motor vehicle emissions. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Decile
7 India Data Collection Summary 25 Pune RSD Sites 26 4 Days each in Pune and Delhi 2 Pune Sites, 3 Delhi Sites ~10,000 records each in Pune and Delhi Speed/Acceleration measurements were not used to to filter emissions data (i.e. Vehicle specific power). Delhi RSD Sites 27 One Pune Site 28
8 One Delhi Site 29 CO Emissions (g/kg fuel) 30 CO Emissions g/kg of fuel 400 350 300 250 Pune Delhi 200 150 100 50 - motorcycle motor scooter Three wheeler Commercial Four wheel Bus HC Emissions (g/kg fuel) 31 NO Emissions (g/kg fuel) 32 HC Emissions g/kg of fuel NO Emissions g/kg of fuel 300 40.0 250 200 150 Pune Delhi 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 Pune Delhi 100 50-15.0 10.0 5.0 - motorcycle motor scooter Three wheeler Commercial Four wheel Bus motorcycle motor scooter Three wheeler Commercial Four wheel Bus
9 Smoke Emissions (g/kg fuel) 33 34 Pollutant Contribution (% of Total) 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 Smoke Emissions g/kg of fuel Pune Delhi Percent of Total 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% NOx Smoke HC NOx CO HC NO Smoke Fleet 5.00 0.00 motorcycle motor scooter Three wheeler Commercial Four wheel Bus 10% 0% motorcycle motor scooter Three wheeler Heavy diesel Four wheel NO Mean Emissions by Decile 35 36 Smoke Mean Emissions by Decile RSD NO Mean Emissons of Each Decile RSD Smoke Mean Emissions of Each Decile 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 NO ppm 3000 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 Smoke Factor 4.0 Bus Commercial vehicle Four wheel vehicle Three wheeler motorcycle motor scooter 1 2 3 4 5 6 2000 1000 0 10 9 8 7 Decile motor scooter motorcycle Commercial vehicle Three wheeler Four wheel vehicle Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 7 8 9 10 Decile
10 RSD Smoke - Singapore 37 RSD Diesel Smoke - Singapore 38 Average Smoke Diesel vehicle smoke increases steadily with age 0.35 0.30 0.25 Petrol have less smoke but smoke also increases with age Smoke 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 HGV - D BUSES - D LGV - D TAXIS - D -0.05-0.10 1980 & older 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001 & newer RSD Patrol Smoke - Singapore 39 India Data Collection Efficiency 40 Smoke 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 Average Smoke MOTORCYCLE - P BUSES - P LGV - P CARS - P 0.05 0.00-0.05-0.10 1980 & older 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001 & newer Pune Delhi % % Vehicles Emissions Emissions Vehicles Emissions Emissions Approx. Delhi Type Observed Measured Measured Observed Measured Measured Registrations 2WM 7,126 2,095 29% 2,705 293 11% 1,600,000 2WS 4,704 1,326 28% 1,987 249 13% 1,000,000 3WV 3,695 2,065 56% 1,602 529 33% 73,772 4WD 975 759 78% 1,349 973 72% 122,625 4WV 1,689 1,558 92% 8,750 6,846 78% 1,233,064 Bus - CNG 1,565 1,318 84% 24,678 Other 1608 773 3502 19,797 8,576 21,460 10,208 4,054,139
11 RSD Motorcycle Measurement 41 42 2-Wheeler Measurement Challenges December 04 1. Exhaust Volume Small samples 2. Exhaust Location Variable height and directions 3. Driving Mode Many Coasts and Decelerations 4. Dual Vehicle Passes Contaminated or Blocked Measurement Motorcycle RSD Concept 43 Concluding Remarks 44 3-mirror option Loaded Mode Measurement Dedicated Lane Multiple Beam Heights 5-mirror option RSD4000 introduces UV smoke channel. RSDs offer the advantage of measuring on-road emissions. Emissions variability recognized in multiple RSD measurements. RSDs proven & widely used for screening and characterization. India data show: - CO uniform across types and proportional to fleet #s. - HC higher in rich burning 2/3-wheelers. - 3-W & HC lower in Delhi (credit CNG program) - Delhi CNG buses appear low HC emitters. - NO highest among Heavy Goods Diesels and Petrol 4-Ws - Highest rates from CNG buses, although contribution is lower than commercial HDDs. - Smoke highest in 2/3-Ws, lowest in High NOx emitters. - 3-W smoke lower in Delhi, also low in Buses - Rises with age and higher in Diesels. 2-W capture efficiency must be improved. - Loaded mode measurement in a dedicated lane with more versatile beam deployment.
12 Web Sites 45 University of Denver: - www.feat.biochem.du.edu DU reports, publications and downloadable data. - www.sign.du.edu SMART SIGN 24/7 RSD operation and live web camera. Environmental Systems Products - www.esp-global.com general ESP Product Info - www.rsdaccuscan.com history, legislation, reports, documents, technology, products