Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility - Chairman of the Management at GmbH
Introduction
Agenda Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - a necessity 3. Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 4. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments 5. Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy 6. The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems
Introduction
Primary energy consumption Introduction 5 4 3 3,9 2 1 0 0,6 1,7 1,9 1,0 1,3 Travel coach Diesel car Gasoline car Train < 200 km/h l diesel equiv. / 100 km/occupant Train > 200 km/h Domestic flight 500 km Source: ifeu, Heidelberg
Average external costs of passenger transport Introduction 80 70 76 pro 1.000 Pkm 60 50 40 30 20 10 37,7 22,9 52,5 0 Car Bus Rail Air Average external costs Source: INFRAS/IWW
Reasons why environmentally friendly and futureviable mobility is necessary Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Health hazards (diesel particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone) Climate hazards (greenhouse gases) Environmental hazards (NOx, SO 2 ) The finite nature of fossil fuels and the expected development of prices for such fuels The limited amount of space available for vehicle traffic (congestion/parking spaces)
A look at the world's two most populous countries Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity 1400 1200 1000 800 Total: 0.2 billion autos 1110 Total: 1.12 billion autos 1310 600 400 459,5 436 200 0 6 7,6 EU 25 India China Population (millions) Autos/1,000 residents
Levels of fossil fuel reserves Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity Erdöl 70 Erdgas 120 Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen Kohle 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Vorratsdauer Zeit Jahre 1000 Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen
Development of the price of crude oil (Brent) Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity 70 60 Actual development (January 2000 June 2006) 50 US $ / Barrel 40 30 Cut-off point for cost comparison with synthetic fuels Forecast 2001 (high) Forecast 2001 (low) 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2001
Future-viable mobility - demands to be placed on modes of transport and land-use and traffic planning Demands on future modes of transport Low internal and external costs overall Conservation of resources in production and operation - Use of renewable energy sources to power drive systems Minimal pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions Conservation of space Reliable in terms of time available for users
What has been achieved to date with buses in terms of environmentally friendly mobility? Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
Buses by emission reduction categories Federal Motor Transport Authority 2005 Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 20.0 % 28.9 % 51.1 % Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher
Forecast for VDV fleet as of January 2006 Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 2.0 % 53.0 % 28.9 % Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher
Euro emission standards for trucks and buses Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date 100 Euro 0 (1998/99) Euro 1 (1992/93) 75 Euro 2 (1995/96) Euro 3 (2000) [ % ] 50-87 % - 82 % - 88 % - 95 % Euro 4 (2005) Euro 5 (2008) 25 0 NOX HC CO Particulates* * The standard for particulates begins from Euro 1 Source: VDA-Jahresbericht Auto 2004
D 2066 LUH engine (E5 / EEV) - performance stages Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date Charge-air intercooler (engine-mounted) Twin turbocharger Performance: D 2066 LUH (EEV) Max. torque (Nm) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 1250 1550 1750 1900 2100 0 199 228 310 257 264 294 287 316 338 270 270 310 228 350 360 400 390 460 430 Output (kw / hp) Performance: D 2066 LUH (Euro5) Double EGR cooler incl. radiator Air/water intercooler (engine-mounted)
Evolution of bus engines 1897 / diesel Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments 2003 / diesel D20 common rail?? LPG CNG H 2
Exhaust emissions with gaseous fuels (MAN engines) 2 Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments - all MAN gas engines satisfy the EEV standards - particulate emissions are less than 5 mg/kwh (limit 20 g/kwh) gaseous emissions [g/kwh] 1 HC CO 0,0 0,0 HC CO NO x NO x EEV limits g/kwh 0.4 3.0 2.0 0 LPG λ=1 3-way cat. conv. CNG λ=1 3-way cat. conv. CNG lean mix 3-way cat. conv. H2 λ=1 Red. cat. conv.
Total CO 2 emissions from city buses Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments [kg/100 km] 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Fossil fuel paths Diesel CE, Euro 3 CNG CEs, natural gas Germ. Methanol CEs, methanol from nat. gas FC, H 2 from natural gas FC, H 2 electrolysis, power grid Germ. FC, methanol from natural gas Renewable fuel paths H 2 CE, H 2 from biomass FC, H 2 from biomass H 2 electrolysis, renewable mix Vehicle drive system CE combustion engine FC fuel cell CNG compressed natural gas H2 hydrogen Energy supply
HyFleet:CUTE City buses with hydrogen combustion engine for Berlin Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
Hybrid fuel-cell bus Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
DE hybrid city bus being tested on Nuremberg's No. 36 bus line Recovery Start-stop automatic Operation of ancillary units as required Bus leaves bus stop using electric motor Depending on bus line, fuel savings of 20 to 25%
Components of the DE drive system with Ultracap storage Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments UC module Step-up/ step-down converter www.ultracapbus.de Diesel engine 162 kw with transmission PSM generator 170 kw 2 x e-motor, 75 kw with transmission Inverter Electric ancillary components
Fuel strategy Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Basis Increasing fuel consumption BTL H 2 Sun Wind Water Biomass Conventional fuels GTL CTL Natural gas Coal CNG Natural gas Oil Present Future
Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy Total reserves of fossil energy sources will last into the far future. Production from fossil resources, especially non-conventional fossil resources, will make these fuels increasingly expensive. Reducing CO 2 emissions will become more and more important. Synthetic fuels made from biomass (BTL) and hydrogen must be used as extensively as possible. Synthetic fuels, especially hydrogen, offer great potential for substantially reducing emissions of all exhaust gas components.
Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems
Requirements of coordinated land-use and traffic planning The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems The following points should be taken into account in the planning of future residential areas and in the renewal and revitalization of existing residential areas: Preventing traffic in order to improve mobility for everyone Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most environmentally friendly and promising modes of transport Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most economical modes of transport
Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility!