Programme of learning: Guidance to Instructors on Subject Delivery This is a suggested programme for the delivery of this subject. The main headings are the Learning Outcomes (LO1, LO2, etc), with sub headings related to topics within those Learning Outcomes (see Glossary of Terms). Activities: Some practical activities are suggested throughout the programme as a way of reinforcing the learning and adding interest. It may be not be practical to undertake all of these activities at the suggested part of the programme. Instructors may have to adapt this programme to prevailing circumstances. Method of delivery: Learning resources can be found on Ultilearn and may be adapted by the instructor, if required. Lesson delivery should be as practical as possible and should contain the maximum amount of cadet participation and interaction. Check of understanding: Each lesson should contain a check of understanding (see Glossary of Terms). At the start of each lesson, the previous check of understanding should be reviewed in order to consolidate previous learning before moving on to new learning. Formative assessment: There should be a formative assessment at the conclusion of each Learning Outcome (see Glossary of Terms). Summative assessment: This is the Online Assessment, through Ultilearn, of the Assessment Criteria for this subject (see Glossary of Terms). Assessment Criteria (see Glossary of Terms) are found on the final page of this document. Page 1 of 12
Introduction: Introduction to the subject and assessment method General introduction: LO1: Know types of aircraft engines Introduce the basic principles and differences between: o Petrol and diesel engines o Four-stroke and two-stroke cycles o Rotary type engines Introduce the benefits and disadvantages of petrol and diesel engines Introduce the 2-stroke engine, explaining: o Uses and designs o Operating cycle o Benefits and disadvantages Introduce rotary type engines, explaining: Review: o Uses, designs and operating method o Benefits and disadvantages Review the differences between petrol and diesel engines, four-stroke and twostroke cycles and the operation of rotary type engines Formative assessment: Formative assessment of the differences between petrol and diesel engines, four-stroke and two-stroke cycles and the operation of rotary type engines Page 2 of 12
Introduction: LO2: Know the purpose of components in petrol piston engines Introduce the operation of petrol piston engine fuel, oil, ignition, cooling systems and power boosting systems and their system units Oil system: Introduce the oil system Explain the following: o Operation o Distribution o Pumps o Filter o Tank operation Carburettor and injection fuel systems: Introduce the carburettor and injection fuel systems Explain the method of operation Explain the parts of a simple carburettor, including: o Air intake and choke tube o Main jet o Float chamber and float mechanism o Throttle valve Explain why the size of fuel valve is important and for what purpose Explain carburettor refinements and air to fuel ratio Explain rich or lean mixtures Explain the injection flow control Explain the distribution and pumps, including accelerator pump Explain how and why a filter is used Explain tank operation Explain the problems of aircraft fuel system and how they are overcome Ignition system: Introduce the ignition system Explain the following: o Ignition system uses o Operation and parts of coils Page 3 of 12
o Spark plugs o Magneto o Condensers o Distributor o Contact breakers electronic systems Air and fluid cooling systems: Introduce air and fluid cooling systems Explain the types and properties of lubricants Explain engine lubrication systems Explain the types and use of oil pumps Explain the following: o Types o Uses o Comparisons of air cooling and liquid cooling systems Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling systems Power-boosting systems: Introduce power-boosting systems Explain the following: Review: o Types o Uses o Comparison of turbo and super-charging o Other systems Review the operation of petrol piston engine fuel, oil, ignition, cooling systems and power boosting systems and their system units Formative assessment: Formative assessment of the operation of petrol piston engine fuel, oil, ignition, cooling systems and power boosting systems and their system units Page 4 of 12
Introduction: LO3: Understanding operating principles of piston engines Introduce the basic operating principals of a piston engine cycle, its mechanical construction and various layouts Principles of a piston engine: Review the basic principles of a piston engine learnt from LO1 and introduce a more detailed understanding Explain the principles of: o Compression o Combustion o Linear force producing rotary movement Explain the design principles Explain piston configurations and layout, including: o Line-4 o V6 o Flat-4 Mechanical construction: Introduce the mechanical construction of a piston engine Explain the description, design, construction and function of the following: o Pistons o Connecting rods o Crankshaft o Inlet and exhaust valve mechanisms Operating principles: Introduce the operating principles Explain the terms, including: o Stroke o Bore o Top dead centre o Bottom dead centre Explain piston engine cycle, including: o Induction o Compression Page 5 of 12
o Power o Exhaust Explain what happens at each point in the cycle and why Explain value and ignition timing Explain the definition, meaning and operation, of the following: Review: o Valve lead o Valve lag o Valve overlap Review the basic operating principals of a piston engine cycle, its mechanical construction and various layouts Formative assessment: Formative assessment of the basic operating principals of a piston engine cycle, its mechanical construction and various layouts Page 6 of 12
LO4: Understand operating principles of propellers Introduction: Introduce the basic operating principles of a propeller and its control system Propeller: Introduce the propeller Explain the types and uses of the following: o Two blades o Three blades o Four blades Explain the parts, including: o Blade leading edge o Hub o Pitch change mechanism Explain the basic operating principles, including: o Helical path o Angle of attack equals blade angle minus helix angle Explain the meaning of the following: o Blade twist o Blade cross-section Pitch: Introduce pitch Explain the uses and function of the following: o Fixed pitch propellers o Viable pitch propellers Explain the control mechanism and relationship with engine power Explain safety devices, including: o Fine pitch stop o Hydraulic pitch stop Propeller operations: Introduce propeller operations Explain the range of movement, including: o Reverse pitch o Ground fine Page 7 of 12
Review: Review the basic operating principles of a propeller and its control system Formative assessment: Formative assessment of the basic operating principles of a propeller and its control system Page 8 of 12
Activity 1: Cadets should undertake some practical exercises in the construction and deconstruction of engines and parts of engines Activity 2: Cadets should visit an airfield or maintenance facility to see engines and propellers in a working environment Page 9 of 12
Subject review: Review of the subject and activities Preparation for summative assessment: Prepare for Online Assessment on Ultilearn Page 10 of 12
Assessment Criteria for Each Learning Outcome Subject Piston Engine Propulsion Classification BTEC Aviation Studies Learning Outcome The learner will: LO1: Know types of aircraft engines Senior Cadet / Master Air Cadet Unit 10: Principles of Piston Engine Propulsion The learner can: Assessment Criterion P1: Identify the differences between petrol and diesel engines P2: Describe the use and design of the two stroke engine P3: Describe the use and design of the rotary type engine LO2: Know the purpose of components in petrol piston engines P4: Describe the purpose of components in piston engine fuel systems P5: Describe the purpose of components in piston engine oil systems P6: Describe the purpose of components in piston engine ignition systems P7: Describe the purpose of components in piston engine cooling systems P8: Describe power boosting systems LO3: Understanding operating principles of piston engines P9: Explain the operating cycle of piston engines P10: Describe different layouts of piston engines LO4: Understand operating principles of propellers P11: Explain the function of each of the main components of a propeller and its control system P12: Explain the advantage of a constant speed variable pitch propeller system Page 11 of 12
ACO Aviation Training Syllabus Glossary of Terms Term Learning outcomes Assessment criteria Guidance to instructors on subject delivery Formative assessment Summative assessment Examination Online assessment Lesson check of understanding Check of understanding for First Class Cadet Meaning What a cadet is expected to know, understand or be able to do. The standard a cadet is expected to meet to demonstrate that a learning outcome, or set of learning outcomes, has been achieved. A programme that gives the instructor guidance on the content and suggested order of delivery for a particular subject. It will include the learning outcomes, what should be covered to achieve those outcomes and any relevant practical activities. Regular and informal assessment that provides feedback throughout the learning process that supports the cadet s progress. This can take the form of checks of understanding through question and answer sessions or demonstration of an activity. Assessment of learning by an HQ Air Cadets paper-based examination or online assessment. A cadet will have to correctly answer a question that directly relates to an assessment criterion. Paper-based exclusive choice question paper for the old syllabus subjects for Leading, Senior and Master Air Cadet. Online assessment process, accessed through Ultilearn, for Leading Cadet from Sep 10 and Senior and Master Air Cadet from Sep 11. Throughout and at the end of each lesson there should be a check of understanding. At the start of the next lesson, the previous check of understanding should be reviewed in order to consolidate previous learning before moving on to new learning. This is a competence-based assessment process for First Class Cadet which should test understanding through practical demonstration, activity observation, oral questioning and inspection. Page 12 of 12