INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD 382 481, 08-10 DECEMBER, 2011 1 Effect of injection pressure on performance & emission for the blend of diesel & Karanja Bio-diesel.-A Review study A. Hitesh J. Yadav, B. Harilal S.Sorathia, C. Prof. Sorathiya Arvind S, and D. Dr. Pravin P. Rathod A. PG Student B. Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department C. Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Engineering College Bhuj Abstract -- Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels and environmental threat, a number of renewable sources of energy have been studied worldwide. An attempt is made to assess the suitability of vegetable oil for diesel engine operation, without any modifications in its existing construction. One of the important factors which influence the performance and emission of diesel engine is fuel injection pressure. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of injection pressures on performance and emissions characteristics of the engine. The injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. By changing the various parameters like Load, Blending Ratio, Injection Pressure various performance and emission characteristics will be measured. Non edible Karanja (Pongamia Pinata ) biodiesel blended with diesel were tested for their use as substitute fuels for diesel engines. One of the major objectives of the present study was to experimentally access the practical applications of diesel & karanja biodiesel blend in single cylinder diesel engine used in generating sets, road transport vehicle, and three cylinder diesel engines used for agricultural applications in India and the effect of variable injection pressure of blend of diesel and karanja oil on performance, emission and combustion tests at varying loads. Keywords-- Diesel engine; vegetable oil; Karanja biodiesel, Pongamia Pinata, Blend, Injection Pressure. D I. INTRODUCTION IESEL engine has gained the name and fame in serving the society in many ways. Its main attractions are ruggedness in construction, simplicity in operation and ease of maintenance. But due to the shortage of fossil fuel, we may not be able to avail its services for long time. Hence efforts are being made all over the world, to bring out nonconventional fuels for use in diesel engines. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines depends on various factors like fuel quantity injected, fuel injection timing, fuel injection pressure, shape of combustion chamber, position and size of injection nozzle hole, fuel spray pattern, air swirl etc. The fuel injection system in a direct injection diesel engine is to achieve a high degree of atomization for better penetration of fuel in order to utilize the full air charge and to promote the evaporation in a very short time and to achieve higher combustion efficiency. The fuel injection pressure in a standard diesel engine is in the range of 200 to 1700 atm depending on the engine size and type of combustion system employed. [10] The fuel penetration distance become longer and the mixture formation of the fuel and air was improved when the combustion duration became shorter as the injection pressure became higher. When fuel injection pressure is low, fuel particle diameters will enlarge and ignition delay period during the combustion will increase. This situation leads to inefficient combustion in the engine and causes the increase in NOx, CO emissions. When the injection pressure is increased fuel particle diameters will become small. The mixing of fuel and air becomes better during ignition delay period which causes low smoke level and CO emission. But, if the injection pressure is too high ignition delay become shorter. So, possibilities of homogeneous mixing decrease and combustion efficiency falls down. Therefore, smoke is formed at exhaust of engine (Rosli Abu Bakar et al., 2008; Venkanna et al.,2009). In this work, the effects of fuel injection pressure are experimentally studied on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using Karanja Biodiesel blended with diesel in various proportions like 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% as a fuel. II. REVIEWS Number of research papers and studies has been conducted on the use of karanja biodiesel blend as a substitute of fuel and effect of changes in parameters like injection pressure, injection timing, fuel quantity, fuel spray pattern etc. Number of reviews has been taken below to complete the present study. V.S. Hariharan and K. Vijayakumar Reddy on his study on Effect of injection pressure on diesel engine performance with Sea lemon oil [5] has studied that increased injector opening pressure has a significant effect on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. An increase in injection pressure is found to enhance the atomization at the nozzle outlet, resulting in a more distributed vapour, hence better mixing. The nozzle opening pressure was set by
2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY, NUiCONE 2011 adjusting the spring of the injector and values were 170,190,210 and 230 bar. Smoke levels steadily fall with increase in the injector opening pressure due to improved mixture formation because of well-atomized spray. On the whole a significant improvement in the performance and emissions can be realized by properly optimizing the injector opening pressure when a diesel engine is to be operated with neat Sea lemon oil. Y.C.Bhatt & M.K.Verma in his study on Effect of Fuel Temperature and Injection Pressure on Engine Performance with Karanja (Pongamia glabra) Methyl Ester Oil and Blends with Diesel [7] studied the effect of fuel temperature and injection pressure on Karanja Methyl Ester (Karanja Biodiesel) blended with diesel and varying the two injection pressure 180 & 245 kg/cm 2 and concluded that fuel temperature and injection pressure has significant role on engine performance parameters. Power output & Brake thermal efficiency decreases with the increase in concentration of KME in diesel & increased with the increase in the injection pressure and fuel temperature. The brake specific fuel consumption and BSEC increased with the increase in the concentration of KME in diesel and decreased with the increase in injection pressure and fuel temperature. Exhaust gas temperature increase with the4 increase in concentration of KME in diesel, the increase in exhaust gas temperature was non significant with increase in fuel temperature and injection pressure. Nagarhalli M.V & Nandedkar V.M in his study on Effect of injection pressure on emission and performance characteristics of Karanja biodiesel and its blends in C.I. Engine [4] studied the performance and emission characteristics of the blend of Karanja biodiesel and diesel by varying three injection pressure of 190 bar, 200 bar and 210 bar and concluded that The hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased for B20 and B40 blends by 15-25% at an injection pressure of 190 bar. NO x emissions showed a drop of 24% or B20 blend and 16% for B40 blend. HC emissions at 200 bar injection pressure decreased by up to 3% for B20 and B40 whereas NO x decreased by 30-39% in comparison with diesel. At an injection pressure of 210 bar, HC emissions were unchanged for B20 blend and decreased by 18% for B40 blend whereas NO x showed an increasing trend (8-18%). and recommended to use B40 blend in the existing diesel engines without any modifications and better performance. S. S. Karhale, R. G. Nadre, D. K. Das & S. K. Dash in his study on Studies on Comparative Performance of a Compression Ignition Engine with Different Blends of Biodiesel and Diesel under Varying Operating Conditions [6] tested the blend of Karanja biodiesel & diesel with two variable injection pressure of 180 & 245 kg/cm 2 and temperature of 30, 50 & 70 C. and concluded that Engine starting was normal with karanja methyl ester and its blend with diesel. Injection pressure and fuel temperature were found to be significant effects on engine performance parameters. The power output decreased with increase in the concentration of karanja methyl ester in diesel and increased with the increase in injection pressure and fuel temperature. Rosli Abu Bakar, Semin and Abdul Rahim Ismail, in his study Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment [12] investigated effects of fuel injection pressure on engine performance. Experiments have been performed on a diesel engine with four-cylinder, two-stroke, direct injection. Engine performance values such as indicated pressure, indicated horse power, shaft horse power, brake horse power, break mean effective pressure and fuel consumption have been investigated both of variation engine speeds - fixed load and fixed engine speed variation loads by changing the fuel injection pressure from 180 to 220 bars. According to the results, the best performance of the pressure injection has been obtained at 220 bars, specific fuel consumption has been obtained at 200 bars for fixed load variation speeds and at 180 bar for variation loads fixed speed. Cenk Sayin, Mustafa Canakci,, Ahmet Necati Ozsezen And Ali Turkcan, in his study on Emission Characteristics Of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Methanol-Blended Diesel Fuel [16] investigated ethanol-blended diesel fuel from 0 to 15% with an increment of 5%. The engine has original injection pressure of 200 bar. The tests were conducted at three different injection pressures (180, 200 and 220 bar) with decreasing or increasing washer number. All tests were conducted at four different loads (5, 10, 15, and 20 N m) for constant engine speed of 2200 rpm. The experimental test results proved that brake thermal efficiency, heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, smoke number, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions reduced as brake-specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, combustion efficiency, and nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions increased with increasing amount of methanol in the fuel blend. When comparing the results to the original injection pressure, at the decreased injection pressure (180 bar), peak cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, combustion efficiency, and nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions decreased, whereas smoke number, unburned hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions increased at all test conditions. On the other hand, with the increased injection pressure (220 bar), smoke number, unburned hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions diminished, and peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, combustion efficiency, and nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions boosted at all test conditions. With respect to brake-specific fuel consumption, brake-specific energy consumption, and brake thermal efficiency, changing injection pressure gave negative results in the all fuel blends compared to the original injection pressure.
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD 382 481, 08-10 DECEMBER, 2011 3 B.K.Venkanna, Swati B. Wadawadagi & C.Venkataramana Reddy, in his study on Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Blends of Pongamia Pinnata Linn Oil (Honge oil) and Diesel Fuel [13] investigated Pongamia Pinata Linn oil and diesel blend on the Single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine and tests were conducted for the entire load range (0 to 100% i.e., 0 to 5 hp) at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the performance parameters, such as FC, EGT, torque and exhaust gas emissions were measured after attaining the steady state. The cooling water temperature was maintained constant (70 to 75 C). He concluded that least CO and HC emissions were observed at 275 bar and 250 bar respectively and this is better than neat diesel fuel at standard injection pressure of 200 bar. Vinay Kumar D, Veeresh Babu A & Ravi Kumar Puli, in his study on Effect of injection pressure on the performance & smoke formation of low heat rejection engine using Pongamia Methyl Easter" [14] used single cylinder DI diesel engine is converted to low heat rejection engine and the effects of Pongamia biodiesel usage in the LHR engine on the performance and emission characteristics were investigated experimentally. It is observed that there is steady increase of Fuel consumption from No load to 60% load at 250 bar and without Coating. There is almost no change FC at 180 bar with/without coating. However SFC has reduced at 180 bar injection pressure. At 250 bar injection pressure, the thermal efficiency improved with increased emissions. This may probably be due to the changes in the fuel spray structure which affects combustion. The changes in the spray may be shorter breakup length, higher dispersion and higher spray tip penetration. Thermal efficiency at 180 bar injection pressure was comparatively lower than that of diesel. On the whole it can be concluded that 250 bar injection pressure could improve the performance and smoke characteristics with Pongamia methyl ester in a diesel engine. III. CASE-STUDY In this study of variable injection pressure of diesel & biodiesel blend, I have taken the case-study of the experiment done by Mr.Y Ratnakara Rao, Dr. V. Ramachandra Raju, Dr.M.Muralidhara Rao, P. Srikanth, M.Suresh & Y. Mohan Raviteja on their study on Optimization of Injection Parameters For A Stationary Diesel Engine.[15] An experimental test rig with necessary instrumentation is selected for test purpose. The engine is mounted on a sturdy mild steel chassis and is coupled with rope brake dynamometer. Fuel consumption is measured with the help of a standard burette and air consumption with orifice fitted to an air box. The rate of coolant flow is measured by a turbine flow meter. The layout of the setup is shown in the Fig.3.1. The technical specifications of the engine were presented in Table 3.1. Fig 3.1 Layout of Experimental setup 1. Engine 6. Three way valve. 2. Brake drum dynamometer 7. Air flow direction. 3. Air box 8. Exhaust flow. 4. Fuel tank 9. Manometer 5. Burette Power Speed S.F.C. TABLE 3.1: APECIFICATIONS OF THE ENGINE 3.7 KW Compression Ratio 20:1 1500 RPM 247gms/kw hr/182gms/bhp IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Experimentation at various injection pressures: Fig.4.1 shows the variation in BTE with BP at different injection pressures. It can be noted that highest brake thermal efficiency is obtained at an injection pressure of 200bar. The brake thermal efficiencies obtained at full load at an injection pressure of 160bar is 23.43%, at 200bar it is 31.12%, while at 250bar injection pressure, the brake thermal efficiency obtained is 24.45%. Fig.4.2 shows the variation in mechanical efficiency with Brake power at various injection pressures. It can be observed that the highest mechanical efficiency at full load is obtained with an injection pressure 160bar. The variation in Exhaust gas temperature with Brake power at different injection pressures is shown in the Fig.4.3. It can be seen that minimum Exhaust gas temperature is obtained at 200bar injection pressure. From the Fig.4.4 it can be observed that the brake specific fuel consumption is less at 200 bar injection pressure.
4 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY, NUiCONE 2011 V. CONCLUSIONS Fig 4.1 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Brake power at different injection pressures From the experiments carried out on the engine at various injection pressures and injection timings, Following conclusions can be drawn. At an injection pressure of 200 bar the brake thermal efficiency is better. The specific fuel consumption is found to be less at 200 bar injection pressure. However there is a slight increase in frictional power at 200 bar pressure. The study was carried out on DI diesel engine with diesel as a fuel while other vegetable oils & blends can be tried. Further reduction in viscosity can be obtained by addition of additives in the blend of Karanja biodiesel & diesel blend. Heating of biodiesel by engine exhaust gas to reduce viscosity. Use of EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation), advanced catalytic converter can be used to reduce emission. Effect of bio-diesel on spray characteristics in diesel engines using CFD can be investigated. VI. REFERENCES [1] Pradeepta Kumar Sahoo, " Studies on Bio Diesel production from various Non-edible oils and utilization in I.C.Engines I.I.T.Delhi, Feb-2007. Fig 4.2 Mechanical efficiency Vs Brake power at different injection pressures [2] Amrit Pal Singh, 2001 ESN 003 Studies on the Performance & E mission characteristics of a diesel engine with diesel & vegetable oil blends I.I.T.Delhi, Dec-2003 [3] N.Stalin & S.J.Prabhu Performance test of I.C. Engine using karanja Bio diesel blending with diesel presented in ARPN journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol-2, No.5, October-2007. [4] Nagarhalli.M.V 1, Nandedkar.V.M Effect of injection pressure on emission and performance characteristics of Karanja biodiesel and its blends in C.I. Engine, International Journal of Applied Engg. Research, Dindigul, Volume 1, No.4, 2011, ISSN 09764259 [5] V.S. Hariharan1 and K. Vijayakumar Reddy, Effect of injection pressure on diesel engine performance with Sea lemon oil, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 4 No. 8 (Aug 2011) ISSN: 0974-6846 Fig 4.3 Exhaust gas temperature Vs Brake power at different injection pressures [6] S. S. Karhale, R. G. Nadre, D. K. Das & S. K. Dash Studies on Comparative Performance of a Compression Ignition Engine with Different Blends of Biodiesel and Diesel under Varying Operating Conditions Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,21(2 ) : (246-249) 2008, October-2006 [7] Y C BHATT and M K VERMA, Effect of Fuel Temperature and Injection Pressure on Engine Performance with Karanja (Pongamia glabra) Methyl Ester Oil and Blends with Diesel [8] H RAHEMAN and A G PHADATARE, Emissions and Performance of Diesel Engine from Blends of Karanja Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) and Diesel, I.I.T.Kharagpur [9] The Biodiesel Handbook, by Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen & Jürgen Krahl, AOCS Press Fig4.4 Brake specific fuel consumption Vs Brake power at different injection pressures [10] Sawant Rath, Performance & Emission Analysis of blends of Karanja Methyl Ester in a Compression Ignition Engine, Ph.D. thesis submitted at N.I.T. Rourkela, 2011
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD 382 481, 08-10 DECEMBER, 2011 5 [11] John B Heywood (1988) Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw Hill Book Company. [12] Rosli Abu Bakar, Semin and Abdul Rahim Ismail, Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment, American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3): 197-202, 2008, ISSN 1546-9239 [13] B.K.Venkanna, Swati B, Wadawadagi & C.Venkataramana Reddy, Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Blends of Pongamia Pinnata Linn Oil (Honge oil) and Diesel Fuel, Agricultural Engineering international: The CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript number 1316. Vol. XI., May, 2009 [14] Vinay Kumar D, 2 Veeresh Babu A, 3 Ravi Kumar Puli, Effect of injection pressure on the performance & smoke formation of low heat rejection engine using Pongamia Methyl Easter", Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, E-ISSN0976-7916. [15] Ratnakara Rao, Dr. V. Ramachandra Raju, Dr.M.Muralidhara Rao, P. srikanth, M.Suresh & Y. Mohan Raviteja, Optimization of Injection Parameters For A Stationary Diesel Engine, Vol. 10 Issue 2 (Ver 1.0) Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, June 2010 [16] Cenk Sayin, Mustafa Canakci,, Ahmet Necati Ozsezen And Ali Turkcan, Emission Characteristics Of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Methanol-Blended Diesel Fuel DOI: 10.1021/Ef900060s, 2009
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