New results from a 215 PEMS testing campaign on a Diesel Euro 6b vehicle Cécile Favre, Dirk Bosteels, John May AECC Jon Andersson, Simon de Vries Ricardo 11 th Integer Emissions Summit & AdBlue Forum Europe 215 18 June 215, Brussels, Belgium
Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC) AISBL AECC members: European Emissions Control companies Exhaust emissions control technologies for original equipment, retrofit and aftermarket for all new cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles and non-road mobile machinery. 2
Diesel NOx and air quality The 27 Euro 6 Regulation (EC 715/27) requires emissions to be effectively limited throughout the normal life of the vehicles under normal conditions of use. Control of Diesel NOx in real-world driving conditions is an essential step towards EU Member States meeting air quality targets. Emissions inventory and projections by DG Environment for different NOx Conformity Factors: Baseline CF=1.5 Euro 6 does not reduce real-world NO 2 further compared with Euro 4 (CF~1) Euro 6 NOx RDE reduce proportionally (CF=4) CF=1, Euro 6 limits met in real-world With a CF~4, NO 2 non-compliance in 22 is 3 times higher than in the baseline (CF=1.5) scenario ( stations substantially above the NO 2 limit would increase from 3 to 1% ). Source: European Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment accompanying the Clean Air Package, SWD(213)531, 18 December 213. 3
Context of AECC test programme AECC recently demonstrated [1] NOx Deviation Ratios between 1.1 and 1.6 on a development vehicle, under specific boundary conditions, and with advanced calibration of existing Euro 6 Diesel emissions control technology. Emissions Analytics identified some Euro 6 cars with low onroad NOx emissions. AECC decided to evaluate one of them, according to the EU RDE procedure. AECC investigated at Ricardo, UK the real-world emissions performance of a commercially available Euro 6 Diesel car equipped with an advanced emissions control system. [1] Potential for Euro 6 Passenger Cars with SCR to meet RDE Requirements, 36 th International Vienna Motor Symposium, May 215, www.aecc.eu/content/pdf/1557%2fev- AECC%2paper%2Potential%2for%2Euro%26%2Passenger%2Cars%2with%2SCR%2t o%2meet%2rde.pdf. 4
Test vehicle 2.l Euro 6b Diesel car, 12 kw Emission Control System: Close Coupled DOC + SCR on DPF, High and Low Pressure EGR Vehicle and exhaust ageing ~58 km Pump grade EN59 Diesel fuel (~9 ppm S, 2.6% FAME) Emissions CO 2 CO NOx THC+NOx PM PN 111 g/km 23.4 mg/km 56.4 mg/km 82.4 mg/km.15 mg/km 2 x 1 9 /km Source: CoC Source: Lörch, Aachen Colloquium 213 5
Emissions test regime NEDC WLTC Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) route around Ricardo Technical Centre Duration Ambient temperature Altitude Max. speed 13 to 112 min 8 to 29 C -8 to 13 m 121 to 13 km/h 6
Emissions (mg/km) Tailpipe emissions on NEDC and WLTC Euro 6 limits met for all pollutants, except NOx on WLTP. 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 5 mg/km * Emissions (#/km) 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+1 1.E+9 1.E+8 PN (#/km) CO2 (g/km) NOx CO THC PM NEDC WLTC Euro 6 limit * deducted from HC+NOx limit Vehicle inertia NEDC: 159 kg WLTC: 168 kg 7
Cumulative NOx [g] Tailpipe NOx emissions on test cycles Exhaust temperature [ C] Dyno Speed [km/h] Dyno speed [km/h] 1.6 1.4 1.2 Cumulative NOx 4 35 3 1 25.8 2.6 15.4 1.2 5 5 1 15 Time [s] PEMS NEDC Cumulative NOx [g] PEMS WLTC Cumulative NOx [g] NEDC Dyno Speed [km/h] PEMS Dyno Speed [km/h] 3 25 2 SCR temperature 4 35 3 25 15 2 1 5 15 1 5 5 1 15 Time [s] NEDC Exhaust Temperature [ C] WLTC Exhaust Temperature [ C] 8
Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) Horiba PEMS ONE for gaseous emissions (CO, CO 2, NO, and NOx). Matter Engineering MD19-2E hot diluter with TSI 31 particle number counter modified to provide a ~23 nm counting efficiency (d 5 ) comparable to lab-based PMP for particle number. 9
DPF regen. Emissions (mg/km) DPF regeneration DPF regen. DPF regen. Real-Driving Emissions 5 repeats of same RDE route. 3 NOx Deviation Ratio 3 2 1 2.3 1.44 1.43 1.75 2 RDE#1 RDE#2 RDE#3 RDE#4 RDE#5 1 CO2 (g/km) NOx CO RDE#1 RDE#2 RDE#3 RDE#4 RDE#5 1
Particle Number is controlled under real-world conditions Emissions (#/km) 1.E+12 Power supply issue on RDE#1, 2, and 4. PEMS PN available only for RDE#3 and RDE#5. 1.E+11 1.E+1 1.E+9 RDE#1 RDE#2 RDE#3 RDE#4 RDE#5 1.E+8 PN (#/km) 11
Cumulative NOx [g] Road Speed [km/h] DPF regeneration On-road NOx emissions 25 2 15 1 5 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time [s] RDE1 Cumulative NOx RDE2 Cumulative NOx RDE3 Cumulative NOx RDE4 Cumulative NOx RDE5 Cumulative NOx RDE2 Road Speed 12
Exhaust temperature [ C] Road Speed [km/h] On-road SCR temperature 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DPF regeneration 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time [s] RDE1 SCR temp. RDE2 SCR temp. RDE3 SCR temp. RDE4 SCR temp. RDE5 SCR temp. RDE2 Road Speed 13
Cumulative Urea [mg] Urea dosing and tailpipe NOx emissions 12 1 8 DPF regeneration 6 4 2 WLTC ~1875 mg NEDC ~32 mg 5 1 15 2 25 Cumulative NOx [g] RDE1 RDE2 RDE3 RDE4 RDE5 Urea dosing on RDE tests: 1.31 l/1km Tank size: 17.1 l AdBlue refill interval: 13 km 14
PEMS data analysis with EMROAD Route validity Emissions EMROAD processing Test Duration (min) % Distance by phase CO 2 NOx Valid MAW >15% Urban <6kph Rural Mway >9kph (g/km) (mg/km) Urban <6kph Rural Mway >9kph EMROAD driving style 5% valid MAW normal in each phase NOx DR RDE#1 111 39% 3% 31% 154.5 162 55% 32% 13% yes 2.3 RDE#2 11 42% 26% 32% 149.7 115 52% 32% 16% yes 1.44 RDE#3 115 42% 33% 25% 148.9 114 54% 34% 12% yes 1.43 RDE#5 115 37% 33% 3% 147.1 14 57% 3% 13% yes 1.75 Only RDE#2 is fully valid, including share of Moving Average Windows in Motorway conditions > 15%. RDE#2 achieves a NOx Deviation Ratio of 1.44 when calculated by EMROAD (vs. 1.2 based on unprocessed on-road emissions). 15
EMROAD Post-processing RDE#2 16
5 th percentile of Relative Positive Accel eration 95 th percentile of Velocity x Positive Accel (m 2 /s 3 ) 35 3 Dynamic characteristics of RDE trips RDE Cycle Aggressiveness Check (Velocity x Positive Acceleration) Urban Rural Motorway 25 2 15 1 RDE tests 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 6 9 12 15 Average Speed [km/h].3.25.2 RDE RPA (Relative Positive Acceleration) Check Urban Rural Motorway RDE tests 1 2 3 4 5 Currently proposed thresholds.15.1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Average speed [km/h] 17
Conclusions Challenges were encountered to obtain a valid test with EMROAD. A commercially available Euro 6b Diesel car using an advanced emissions control system showed a NOx Deviation Ratio of 1.44 when tested under specific boundary conditions and according to current RDE procedure (incl. data post-processing). This was achieved with a urea consumption of 1.31 l/1km, corresponding to a 13 km refill interval, requiring customer intervention. 18
Acknowledgments Thanks to Ricardo for their expertise in conducting repeatable testing, providing robust results and analysing the data in a timely manner. 19
Thank you for your attention 2