NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 1 Road Safety CE576 Fall 2011 Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D., P.E. The Nature of Road Safety Exercise 1: Defining Safety Various Definitions How do you define safety? Public health Highway safety professional Design, maintenance, or operations engineer Transit Human Factors
Total Injuries Injury Rate per 100M VMT Total Fatalities Fatality Rate per 100M VMT A Definition of Road Safety National Highway Fatalities and Fatality Rates 1988-2008* 48,000 2.5 Roadway safety is the number of accidents (crashes), or accident consequences, by kind and severity, expected to occur on the entity during a specific period. 46,000 44,000 42,000 40,000 38,000 36,000 34,000 Total Fatalities Fatality Rate per 100M 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Ezra Hauer 32,000 30,000 0.0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 4 Source: Created by Cambridge Systematics based on fatality data retrieved from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) and vehicle miles traveled data (Federal Highway Administration. *2008 Preliminary data retrieved from NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts Research Note DOT HS 811 124 5 National Highway Injuries and Injury Rates 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Total Injuries Injury Rate per 100M 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 The Public Health Perspective Events Causing Health Problems Cancer Heart disease Stroke Obesity Suicide Homicide Exposure to Risk 500,000 20 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 Source: Created by Cambridge Systematics based on injury data retrieved from NHTSA Traffic Crash Facts 2007 6 7 NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 2
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 3 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States 2010 The Dynamics of a Crash Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses because of its motion 9 The Dynamics of a Crash The Dynamics of Crash Crash Models and Road Safety Slide 2: Explain and define crush energy (include image below) Crush energy: Deformation of car and human parts 10 11
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 4 Driver Behavior and Crash Models Multidisciplinary Approaches Road Environment Factors (28%) 4% Human Factors (95%) 24% 67% 4% 4% Vehicle Factors (8%) 12 13 Road Safety a Complex Field Road safety is a complex, multidisciplinary, multimodal field devoted to the prevention and/or mitigation of crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Major Topics The Complex Nature of Road Safety Safety Disciplines 4 Es of Road Safety Road Safety Modes Crash Prevention Paradigm Shift 14 15
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 5 Safety Disciplines Safety Silos Backgrounds Education Perspectives Multimodal Institutional Levels Federal State Local Modes Passenger vehicles Trucks Transit Pedestrians/bicyclists 16 17 The 4 Es of Road Safety Engineering Engineering Design Education Enforcement Emergency Response Construction Operations Maintenance Vehicle 18 19
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 6 Education Enforcement Behavior Change Rules of the Road Risk Awareness Amplify Enforcement and Engineering Activities Police Prosecutors Judges Probation 20 21 Emergency Response Incident Response Emergency Medical Services Fire and Rescue Hazardous Materials Removal Human Factors & Biomechanics Capabilities and Limitations of the Human Body Strength Reaction time Visual acuity Physical durability Effects of Exceeding Human Limitations 22 23
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 7 Public/Private Administrators Vehicle Considerations Driver Licensing Vehicle Registration Analyze Insurance Claims Set Rates for Vehicle and Health Insurance Develop and Enforce Policies, Procedures, and Regulations Passenger Vehicles Largest number of crashes by far Size Performance characteristics Mode Connectivity Vehicle Characteristics Crash types Fleet diversity Height and weight 24 25 Other Motorized Vehicles Comparison of Vehicle Type Involved in Crashes Commercial Vehicles Interaction with other vehicles Roadway considerations Motorcycles Transit and Rail Vehicle Type Passenger Cars Light Trucks Large Trucks Motorcycles Rate (per 100 million Crash Total Number of Rate (per 100 million vehicle-miles Type Crashes registered vehicles) traveled) Fatal 25,029 1.55 18.52 Injury 1,893,000 117 1,401 Property Damage 4,169,000 258 3,085 Fatal 22,838 2.01 24.05 Injury 1,209,000 107 1,273 Property Damage 2,919,000 257 3,074 Fatal 4,932 2.21 58.15 Injury 82,000 37 971 Property Damage 354,000 159 4,176 Fatal 4,655 43.22 74.75 Injury 80,000 746 1,291 26 27 Property Damage 18,000 168 291
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 8 Non-Motorized Transport Paradigm Shift Pedestrians Bicyclists Roadway Facilities Single Modes and Disciplines Collaboration Multidisciplinary and Multimodal Strategies 28 29 Multidisciplinary Approaches Fatal Crash Involvement by Driver Age Young Drivers Zero tolerance Graduated driver licensing Safety Corridors 30 31
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 9 State Licensing Law & Driver Fatal Crash Involvement Life-Saving Interventions GDL STRONGEST GDL reduction of 38% for fatal crashes and 40% for injury crashes among16-year-old drivers. WEAKEST GDL reduction of 11% for fatal crashes and 19% for injury crashes. 32 Source: Baker et al., 2007 Rating of GDL Laws in the United States Safety Corridor Programs Legislation Data Analysis Signage Enforcement Public Education Legend = Good Source: = Fair = Marginal http://www.iihs.org/laws/gdl_int Module = Poor 1-1 ermediate.aspx 35
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 10 Safety Corridors in New Mexico 36