Elevator Consultants FortuneShepler.com ELEVATOR STRATEGIES FOR SUPERTALL & MIXED USE TOWERS CHICAGO COMMITTEE ON HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Chicago, Illinois Elevatoring Designs For World Class A Mixed Use Buildings 1
WHY BUILD SUPERTALL TOWER, ICONIC PROJECTS? Because we can! (King of the hill syndrome) Puts host city On the map Places tower in C.T.B.U.H. record (Top 10 or 20 tallest buildings) and Guiness book of records for Worlds Tallest Tower (3 Categories) Increases value of surrounding building plots TALL TOWER HEIGHT DEFINITIONS Super Tall ( > 300 Meters) Mega Tall ( > 600 Meters) Ultra Tall ( > 1000 Meters) MIXED (MULTI) USE TOWERS Prior to 2000; 5/20 supertall towers were mixed use By 2020; 15/20 of the world s tallest towers are projected to be mixed use TYPICAL TOWER OCCUPANCIES Former world trade centers WTC1 & WTC2, 4.5m ft 2 / tower were 10,000-12,500 persons (Designed for 25,000 persons per tower) Burj Khalifa about 4000-4500 person occupancy Kingdom Tower about 4500-5000 person occupancy 2
Define the elevator design terms Conventional (two button) VS destination dispatch (M 10) Define the building type and location Office, hotel, apartment / condominium, retail, parking Select tenant arrival / departure profiles Multi use projects Define the selected lift design criteria Arrival / departure peak periods (AM, Afternoon, PM) Individual car loads Group handling capacity Average time to destination Traffic type: Morning up peak, two-way peak, evening (lunch time) down peak Average waiting time and hall calls answered times and distributions Compute the projected zone / building population Office: SQ. M / Person (GFA, NRA, NUA) Hotel: Number of guests / room Apartment / condominium: Number of persons / bedroom Retail: Number of SQ. M. / Shopper Parking: Number of persons / automobile / motorcycle / bicycle 3
Select the equipment types to studied (based upon use, travel and number of stops) Traction elevators: Gearless traction ACV 3 F [Induction, PMSM, roping (1:1 or 2:1), SWT / DWT, regenerative, non-regenerative] Machine room-less (MRL) D.C. (Modernizations only) Geared traction elevators: All ACV 3 F Hydraulic elevators: Direct plunger Hole-less, dual jack Roped: 1:2 or 2:4 Mostly replaced by MRL applications Escalators: Unit Width: 800mm (600mm step), 1000mm (800mm step), 1200mm (1000mm step) Inclination (degrees): 27.5, 30.0, 35.0 Speed (mps): 0.45, 0.5, 0.6 Number of flat landing steps; 2ea standard, 3ea over 6.0M vertical rise 4
Select the elevator characteristics to be studied Number of decks: Single decks Double decks Twin (A poor mans double deck) Arrangement: Top up Top down Sky lobbies Capacity (Locals): Nominal Car Load (65kg, 68kg, or 75kg / person): 1350 kg 16-17 persons 1600 kg 18-19 persons 1800 kg 21-22 persons Speed: Geared: 1.0-2.5 mps (helical geared 2.5-4.0 mps) Gearless: 2.5-10.0 mps Machine room-less (MRL): 1.0-2.5 mps Hydraulic:.5-.75 mps Escalators: 0.45, 0.5, 0.6 mps 5
Acceleration / Deceleration values ACV 3 F Gearless (regenerative) MRL & gearless (non regenerative) *Geared U.S.A. 1.0 1.5 mps 2.75 mps 2.9 mps 2 European 1.0 1.5 mps 2 Asian.9 1.0 mps 2 Jerk rates U.S.A. 1.6 1.8 mps 3 1.0 mps 3 1.5 mps 3 European 1.0 1.6 mps 3 Asian.9 1.0 mps 3 * Most Applications are non regenerative 6
Data input for calculations Number of stops Typical floor - floor height Travel: Local, Express Individual car load Zone population Door open / close time Pre-door opening Passenger load / unload times Obstruction factor Acceleration / deceleration values Jerk rates Low / high call reversal floor 7
Run calculations Manually Spreadsheet analysis Computer analysis Destination Dispatch Simulations Check results with selected design criteria Change parameters Rerun analysis Verify results with simulation Conventional output is average waiting time Conventional output is number of hall calls answered over time (30, 60, & 90 seconds) D.D. Output is average waiting time and average time to destination Compare simulation results with A.W.T. and hall calls answered criteria 8
ELEVATORING DESIGN TERMS Average Interval (A.I.): Frequency of elevator departures from main lobby(s) or number of dispatches Car Handling Capacity (I.C.L.): Number of people on each lift Group Handling Capacity (H.C.): Number of people (% of population) moved in 5 minutes Zone Population: Number of square meters per person, net usable area 9
ELEVATORING DESIGN TERMS Round Trip Time (R.T.T.): Time for one, theoretical lift to complete a trip from the main lobby and return Average Time To Destination (A.T.D.) - Conventional (Two button) Dispatch: Transit time from main lobby (including waiting time) to mid point of local travel (R.T.T. / 4 + ½ A.I.) < 60 seconds is ideal Destination Dispatch: Main lobby waiting time from destination request inputs, plus transit time to destination. (average of all simulated service requests) 10
ELEVATORING DESIGN TERMS Average Waiting Time (A.W.T.) - Conventional: How long did a person wait for a lift to answer their hall call after registration at main lobby = ½ A.I. Other floors = 65-70% of A.I. Destination Dispatch: Simulated results for all service requests until system becomes saturated 11
HIGH RISE OFFICE BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA A.M. Up Peak, 5 Minutes (300 Seconds) Average Interval: < 25-30 seconds R.T.T. / # of lifts = A.I. Number of Dispatches Conventional: 10-12 Destination dispatch: 12-15 Group Handling Capacity Diversified Tenancy: Mixed Tenancy: Single Tenancy: Zone Population: Traffic Type: > 12% of zone persons moved > 13% of zone persons moved > 14-15% of zone persons moved 10 & 11 M 2 / Person, net usable area x 80% Diversity (Occupancy) factor One way up 12
HIGH RISE OFFICE BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA Two Way (Lunch Time) Traffic, 5 Minutes Average Interval: < 30-35 seconds R.T.T. / # of lifts = A.I. Group Handling Capacity : > 6-8% of zone persons moved (up & down) Zone Population: 10 & 11 M 2 / Person, net usable area x 80% Diversity (Occupancy) factor Traffic Type: Two way traffic (lunch time) 13
HIGH RISE OFFICE BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA P.M. Down Peak, 5 Minutes Average Interval: < 20-25 seconds R.T.T. / # of lifts = A.I. Number Of Dispatches: 12-15 Group Handling Capacity : Single tenancy, >16-20% of zone persons moved Zone Population: 10 & 11 M 2 / Person, net usable area Traffic Type: One way down 14
ELEVATOR DESIGN RULES FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS 1. No more than 8 local lifts / group 2. No local lifts larger than 1800 kg 3. No more than 15-16 upper floor (local) stops per zone (18-20 floors for double deck elevators) 4. Speeds increase to partially overcome express travel distances 15
HIGH RISE HOTEL BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA Two Way Peak, 5 Minutes (300 seconds) Average Interval: < 40-45 seconds R.T.T. / # of lifts = A.I. Group Handling Capacity: > 12% of zone persons moved Zone Population: 1.5 1.7 Persons / Room Traffic Type: Evening, Two Way Peak 16
HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA Two Way Peak, 5 Minutes (300 seconds) Average Interval: < 45-50 seconds R.T.T. / # of lifts = A.I. Group Handling Capacity: > 8-10% of zone persons moved Zone Population: 2.0 3.5 Persons / Unit Traffic Type: Afternoon / Evening, Two Way Peak 17
What are we moving? Office building: INDIVIDUAL LIFT CAR LOAD SELECTIONS How Much do they weigh naked? Adult male: Adult female: Fully clothed adults (50/50 male / female mix) 179# (81 kg) 158# (72 kg) Average person weight with clothes Summer: 174# (79 kg) Winter: 179# (81 kg) Passenger lifts are rated in pounds (kilograms) with code mandated maximum permitted net inside car platform areas: Rated capacity 3000# / 1350 kg 33.7 ft 2 / 3.1 m 2 3500# / 1600 kg 38.0 ft 2 / 3.5 m 2 4000# / 1800 kg 42.2 ft 2 / 3.9 m 2 Maximum permitted inside areas 18
INDIVIDUAL LIFT CAR LOAD SELECTIONS Passenger weight is not a reliable predictor of I.C.L. Platform Ratings U.S.: Designed for 125% of capacity; no in cab passenger rating Europe & Asia: Designed for 100% of capacity; posted in cab passenger rating (won t move if overloaded) 19
INDIVIDUAL LIFT CAR LOAD SELECTIONS Passenger volume (body ellipse) with no touch zone is best predictor of I.C.L Cab density range is from 2.5 1.6 ft 2 / person (.23-.15 m 2 ) 20
Hotel Portion - BURJ KHALIFA TOWER PROJECT Elevatoring Options Local Single Decks: 4ea, Serving up from ground Serviced Apartment Portion - Local Single Decks: Residential Portion - Sky Lobby Shuttles: Top / Up Locals: 3ea, Serving up from ground 2- Zones of 3ea, Single Deck, Serving GR & 43(SL) and GR & 76(SL) 2- Zones of 3ea, Single Deck Locals, Serving up from 43(SL) and 75(SL) Boutique Office / Observatory Portion Local Passenger: Sky Lobby Shuttles: 2- Zones of 3ea Single Deck Locals, Serving Up & Down from 123(SL) 1- Zone of 2ea, Double Decks, Serving C & GR and 123(SL) & 124(OBS) 21
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