Regulation and standards for electromobility Annika Ahlberg Tidblad
UNECE working structure for Global Technical Regulation EV focus UN ECE WP.29 passive safety (GRSP) emissions (GRPE) noise (GRB) ECE-R 94, 95, 100 electr. safety and crash ECE-R 101 energy consumption ECE-R 51 exterior noise Inf. Group EVS Inf. Group EVE Inf. Group WLTP Inf. Group QRTV chair chair chair chair co-chair co-chair co-chair secretary secretary secretary secretary GTR EVS Not defined GTR WLTP GTR QRTV GTR global technical regulation GRB Groupe rapporteur de la bruit QRTV quiet road transport vehicle WLTP world wide light duty test procedure GRSP Groupe rapporteur de la sécurité passive GRPE Groupe rapporteur de la pollution et de l éngergie 2
Safety risk scenarios for regulation Factors that can potentially trigger hazardous conditions, especially exothermic degeneration of materials and lead to thermal runaway Trigger How can it happen? Effective tests to verify safety Environmental (application) factors Overcharge Overcurrents Overtemperature Overtemperature caused by external heat source Internal short circuit by deformation Spontaneous internal short circuit Climate and weather, Vibrations, (Exposure to chemicals) Defective connectors. Faulty charging circuit Out of spec usage of battery caused by BMS failure Cooling malfunction, overcharge or overcurrent operation Fire or other heat source in proximity of battery Physical abuse of battery pack Manufacturing defect or dendrite growth dúeto metal plating Water tolerance tests, Temperature cycling (extremes) tests, Vibration test Overcharge test, BMS tests Overdischarge test, External short circuit test (BMS tests) Overtemperature test, BMS tests External fire test, Oven test, Overtemperature test, (BMS tests) Mechanical impact test, Mechanical integrity test NO effective, reliable test exists!
UN ECE Ev Safety regulation R100.02 UN 1958 vehicle agreement 41 countries, mainly Europé and Japan Includes REESS (battery) and electrical safety requirements during normal conditions Vibration Thermal shock and cycling Mechanical impact Mechanical integrity External fire exposure (short term) External short circuit protection Overcharge protection Underdischarge protection Overtemperature protection
UN ECE Ev Safety regulation next step GTR EVS Phase 1 2018 Expected adoption of phase 1 in UN WP.29 Expanded scope operation and post crash New tests and pass/fail criteria compared to R100.02 Water tolerance tests Electrolyte leakage and venting pass/fail criteria Thermal propagation handling of risks Implementation into R100 (rev 3) expected 2019 GTR EVS Phase 2 Phase 2 starts 2018 with research phase Proposed areas for further work Thermal propagation test Identification and quantification of gas emissions at battery failure Water testing full and partial immersion Charger interfaces Roll-over Vibration modes
drivers for EV Environmental regulation Verification that environmental targets are met Reduction of green house gases global climate change Reduction of air pollutants urban environments Material resource management Inform incentive programs Fair comparison between different vehicle fuels Market/consumer acceptance of technology Speed up market penetration for Evs Proposal to define battery durability requirements Ensure battery life throughout vehicle life Ensure declared emission limits of green house gases (CO 2 ) and category pollutants are met during the life time of the vehicle
Criteria matrix for EV Type of vehicle Air pollutants CO 2 /fuel consumption Range HEV PHEV PEV Declared values must apply for min calendar life OR total milage Declared values must apply for min calendar life OR total milage N/A Declared values must apply for min calendar life OR total milage Declared values must apply for min calendar life OR total milage Needed only for upstream emissions N/A Equivalent all-electric range (i.e. measured amount of mileage that is powered by electricity in the battery All-electric range/charge depleting range (i.e. range without ICE in operation) Declared values must apply for min calendar life OR total milage
Regulatory development Existing regulations NEW requirements Evaluation methods and tests often sought in standards Research activities by regulators and industry CHALLENGES Determine appropriateness of standard (development) test as qualifier for regulatory compliance Define relevant and appropriate hard acceptance criteria for chosen test method 8
Regulations and Standards for emerging technologies: EV Efficient use of energy Smart and safe transport GOALS Alternative fuel and electrification ADVANTAGES Common rules even playfield Technology confidence Quality baseline Potential to speed up development Market access DISADVANTAGES Inopportune requirements and guidelines can slow down or hamper technology development Immature technology Limited understanding of technology Risk that political/economic drivers can overshadow technical considerations 9