International Conference on Technology Policy and Innovation 2009 July 14th Smart Grids and Mobility Campus da FEUP Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378 4200-465 Porto Portugal T +351 222 094 000 F +351 222 094 050 jpl@fe.up.pt J. A. Peças Lopes 2009
Introduction New chalanges for the electric power industry A new revolution is on the way PHEV and the V2G concept: These electric vehicles will require the use of electric batteries with capacity to store energy, PHEV will either be: Controllable charges that absorb energy and Storage devices that may provide electricity to grid. 2009 2
Smart Players Smart Generation Smart Grid Smart Consumption Smart Storage The success of the shift requires: Smart Regulation 2009 3
A new revolution is on the way: PHEV deployment PHEV penetration: Unidirectional power flow to charge batteries 4.6kW LV single-phase highly distributed OR 20kWh 12-24kW three-phase AND Battery Charging / Replacement Stations 600kW 1 MW three-phase 10kV, 35A 2009 4
Integration of PHEV in the grid Problems Peak load will increase requiring more conventional power plants Network congestion problems and large voltage drops (also unbalacing in LV grids) for dumb charging approaches Smart charging is required using dynamic tariff schemes and additional control procedures where the electronic interface will respond to voltage and frequency changes at the battery grid connection point. 2009 5
% of the consumption Definition of an evaluation procedure to define PHEV integration limits Analysis of LV and MV grids Grid Load Diagram (no PEVs) An example Residential LV network (400 V) Feeding point voltage 1 p.u. Feeder capacity 630 kw 250 households 9.2 MWh/day 550 kw peak load 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Total Household Commercial 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 2009 6
% of EVs connected to the grid Dealing with the Electric Vehicles 375 vehicles Annual mileage 12800 km Daily mileage 35 km EVs charging time 4h 90 80 70 60 PEVs Plugged-In 3 types of EVs: 50 40 Large PEV 6 kw 30 20 Medium PEV 3 kw 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Plug-in Hybrid EV 1.5 kw Hour 2009 7
EVs consumption (kw) Dumb charging results Allowable PEVs integration without grid reinforcements 120 PEVs Consumption 100 11% 80 60 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 2009 8
EVs Consumption (kw) Smart charging results Optimizing the charging procedure, taking into account grid restrictions to be managed by system operators Allowable PEVs integration without grid reinforcements 400 350 PEVs Consumption 300 61% 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 2009 9
P (MW) kw Demand change due to 61% of PEVs LV Grid Load Diagram Without EVs 1000 Dumb Charging Smart charging 800 Feeder capacity 600 18000 16000 14000 12000 National Generation Profile DER - Hydro Hydro - Run of River Coal NG Fuel DER - Thermal Hydro (with reservoir) DER - Wind Demand without EVs Demand with EVs - Dumb charging Demand with EVs - Smart charging 400 10000 200 0 Full utilisation of the renewable Hour sources! 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 8000 6000 4000 Smart Charging 1 2000 Wind Energy Wasted Dumb Charging No EVs 26 31 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 No reinforcements Hour in the generation system are required and the existing Grid infrastructure will be caple of handling with the problem 2009 10
Daily CO2 emissions (kton) Results: Environmental Impacts Daily CO 2 Emissions 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 31 36 29 26 11 Without EVs 11% EVs* 61% EVs* Power system emissions (including: extraction and processing; raw material transport; and electricity generation) Light vehicles emissions (well-to-wheel) *Smart charging 2009 11
% Consumption % Consumption Analysis of a MV grid 1. A typical Portuguese MV grid has been characterized in terms of load: 100 80 60 40 20 TOTAL Household Commercial Industrial 0 1 5 9 13 17 21 2. Based in mobility statistical data for Portugal, EVs electricity demand 18 throughout the day was calculated for all charging approaches: 16 14 Hours 12 10 8 6 Dumb charging Dual tariff policy Smart charging 4 2 0 1 5 9 13 17 21 Hours 2009 PowerTech 2009 12
Results regarding the maximum allowable EVs integration Dumb charging approach - 10% allowable EVs integration Dual tariff policy (present rules) 14% allowable EVs integration (considering that 25% of the EVs only charge during the cheaper period valley hours) Smart charging strategy 52% allowable EVs integration (considering that 50% of EVs owners adhered to the smart charging system) resolution of an optimization problem at the level of a local aggregator. 2009 PowerTech 2009 13
Results: branches congestion levels overview (peak hour) No EVs Dumb charging 52% EVs Dual tariff 52% EVs Smart charging 52% EVs 2009 PowerTech 2009 14
EV Smart Charging EV Smart charging means the PEV battery charging in the right place in the right moment MicroGrid Concept EVs Smart Chargin g Communicatio n Infrastructure 2009 15
Microgrids and EV Microgrids can increase resilience and increase the acceptance of RES due a large presence of distributed storage devices. 2009 16
Integrated control infrastructure TSO EV EV Control Level 1 DMS LV PV Panel MV CAMC Control Level 2 MGCC Microturbine Control Level 3 Wind Generator CVC MGCC MicroGrid Central Controller (MGCC) EV Microgeneration Controller (MC) Vehicle Controller (VC) VC Load Controller (LC) Load Storage Device EV Hierarchical Control Scheme Fuel Cell 2009 17
SmartMetering infrastructure helps to technically manage the microgrid ICTs 2009 18
Participation in frequency regulation Microgrid islanding operation development of the V2G concept With proper grid electronic interfaces control Control of EV batteries 2009 19
Conclusions The future integration of PEV will bring new challenges and opportunities to the electric power system industry; Future large scale deployment of PEV on the grid will only be possible with a communication infrastructure on the field the smart metering New technological opportunity niches are appearing SmartMetering projects should capitalise on these new opportunities Pilot test sites are needed The electric power industry is facing a tremendous opportunity that should be profited to bring additional technical benefits and economic revenues Commitment in Applied Research will be the key issue for the success Development of V2G concepts need further in depth research Advanced training is also required 2009 20