Shedding light on the nighttime driving risk

Shedding on the nighttime driving risk An analysis of fatal crashes under dark conditions in the U.S., 1999-2008 Russell Henk, P.E., Senior Research Engineer Val Pezoldt, Research Scientist Bernie Fette, Senior Research Specialist Teens in the Driver Seat Center May, 2010

Summary of Analysis Researchers from the Texas Transportation Institute recently examined nighttime fatal crash trends over the past decade. The analysis showed that the proportion of drivers involved in nighttime fatal crashes nationwide has increased steadily from 1999 to 2008, even as the overall fatality rate (measured as deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled) and the total number of fatalities have generally declined nationwide over the same period. The ten-year increase in nighttime fatal crashes for 16- to 19-year-old drivers is greater than for drivers age 20 and older. The higher proportion of these crashes for older drivers can be attributed primarily to increased alcohol use. However, alcohol as a crash factor did not increase for younger drivers and in fact decreased marginally suggesting that other factors are responsible for the higher nighttime fatal crash proportion for this age group. Information from various sources suggests that the increase for younger drivers could largely be due to an interaction of driver distraction caused by talking and texting on cell phones and other characteristics of nighttime driving. Figure 1 The proportion of drivers involved in fatal crashes at night has increased nationwide over the past decade, even as the overall number of fatalities and fatal crashes has declined. 1

Driving at night is the most common documented crash-causing danger encountered by inexperienced drivers, but surveys indicate that very few of those drivers are aware of the added risk presented by nighttime conditions. Chances of a crash are further increased when other risk factors are present, and cell phone use by teens represents a risk factor that has become increasingly pervasive over the past ten years. Figure 2 Statistics suggest that alcohol is contributing to the increase in nighttime fatal crashes for drivers age 20 and older, but the same is not true for teenage drivers. Background Driving at night is a common risk factor for all drivers, but it is particularly dangerous for young drivers. Distractions, speeding, low seat belt use and alcohol are also among the most frequently-faced dangers, but it is the nighttime risk that ranks at the top of the list for the youngest motorists on the road, primarily due to a combination of the visibility challenges caused by dark conditions, slower response time brought about by fatigue, and a lack of experience driving under such conditions. 2

Visibility and Fatigue The average person s field of vision is smaller without the aid of, and glare from oncoming heads can further limit the ability to see clearly and avoid hazards. And according to the National Sleep Foundation, the average teenager requires at least nine hours of sleep per night, but typically gets less than seven hours. The resulting fatigue, especially late at night, can contribute to impairment that is similar to being intoxicated. These visibility and fatigue issues are exacerbated by the limited amount of experience possessed by teenage drivers. Without sufficient training and practice, young drivers are at greater risk, risk that is further compounded by the challenges associated with driving at night. License Restrictions It is largely for these reasons that most states include a nighttime driving restriction in Graduated Driver License (GDL) laws. The laws are designed in part to limit novice drivers exposure to the greatest dangers they face. In most states with a GDL law, the nighttime restriction and a limit on the number of passengers allowed are the most widely implemented features of that law. GDL laws vary widely from state to state, and the same is true of the nighttime restriction that constitutes a key component of those laws. In 2009, both the Highway Data Loss Institute (HDLI) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) documented in separate reports the positive results that can be expected from GDL laws that include a nighttime driving restriction. In Graduated Driver Licensing Laws and Insurance Collision Claim Frequencies of Teenage Drivers, the HDLI determined that the frequency of collision claims declined by 7.3 percent for 16- and 17-year-old drivers who faced a prohibition on driving after midnight. The report further stated that a restriction beginning at 9 p.m. would produce a reduction of 11.4 percent. In Graduated Licensing Laws and Fatal Crashes of Teenage Drivers: A National Study, the IIHS determined that a nighttime driving restriction beginning at 1 a.m. produced a 9 percent reduction in the fatal crash rate for 15- to 17-year old drivers in 100,000 teenagers associated with specific GDL components. Restrictions beginning at 8 p.m. could be expected to produce a 20 percent reduction in the fatal crash rate for those drivers, although no states currently have a restriction beginning at that hour. Lack of Awareness Despite its place at the top of the list for young drivers, the danger of nighttime driving is not well recognized by young drivers. In surveys of nearly 20,000 Texas teenagers conducted by the Teens in the Driver Seat Center of the Texas Transportation Institute, only 3 percent cited the nighttime risk. In the 3

same assessment, 21 percent of teens reported that they drive after 10 p.m. sometimes, and 28 percent said that they do so a lot. Similar results have been noted in more limited survey samples in Georgia, California and Connecticut. Findings Data for this analysis was drawn from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), which is maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The years from 1999 to 2008 comprised the analysis period, reflecting the ten most recent years for which data are available. For purposes of this analysis, the conditions coded as dark and dark but ed were combined to reflect the percentage of crashes occurring under those conditions. The analysis examined nighttime fatal crashes overall, as well as nighttime crashes in which alcohol was a contributing factor Findings indicated: The proportion of nighttime fatal crashes rose by 7.5 percent over the decade examined for drivers age 20 and older, and by 10.2 percent for teen drivers. This increase was concurrent with a general decline in traffic fatalities nationwide without regard to age or time of day, which fell from 41,717 to 37,261 (a decrease of 10.6 percent) as well as a similar decline in fatal crashes from 37,140 to 34,017 (a decrease of 8.4 percent). The proportion of drivers in nighttime fatal crashes involving alcohol grew by 6 percent for drivers age 20 and older, but fell by almost 1 percent among teen drivers. While fatal motorcycle crashes increased sharply overall during the study period (111 percent), the percentage of those crashes happening at night declined by 8 percent. Cell Phone Use and Texting FARS data on cell phone use in fatal crashes are not yet substantial or complete enough to have been considered in this analysis. Experience to date has shown that such data are difficult to collect consistently, and that events are generally regarded as being substantially underreported. However, several facts gathered from other sources point to a steady and rapid growth of cell phone ownership and use, with a significant portion of that use taking place in motor vehicles: 4

According to CITA-The Wireless Association, the number of cell phone subscribers across the U.S. grew from 86 million in 1999 to 262 million in 2008 an increase of 204 percent. During the same time, cell phone subscribers as a segment of the U.S. population grew from 38 percent to 87 percent. Cell phone ownership among teens is growing roughly three times faster than it is for adults. An August 2009 study by the Pew Research Center, Teens and Mobile Phones Over the Past Five Years: Pew Internet Looks Back, found that cell phone ownership among adults grew from 65 percent in 2004 to 77 percent in 2008 (18.4 percent increase), while it grew from 45 percent to 71 percent among teens (57.7 percent increase). A review by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration demonstrates that handheld cell phone use by 16- to 24-year old drivers has been substantially higher than it has been for drivers age 25 and older in each year from 2002 to 2008. Figure 3 Cell phone use while driving is considerably more common for younger drivers than for older drivers. 5

A November 2009 study by the Pew Research Center, Teens and Distracted Driving, notes that 82 percent of all U.S. teens own a cell phone; of those who use the phone for texting, 34 percent say they have texted while driving, and 52 percent say they have talked on the cell phone while driving. The study also noted that 48 percent of all teens ages 12-17 say they have been in a car when the driver was texting, and 40 percent say they have been in a car when the driver used a cell phone in a way that put themselves or others in danger. Recent research indicates that texting now takes place more frequently mongst teens that ever before and is the communication method of choice for this age group, with 54 percent of teens texting on a daily basis compared to 38 percent placing a call on a cell phone (daily). The average teen sends and receives 1,500 text messages a month (3,000 per month for female teens). Texting is an ingrained part of the teen communication culture. A 2009 assessment of teen driving behavior in Texas by the Teens in the Driver Seat Center of the Texas Transportation Institute produced the same finding as the second Pew study noted above that 52 percent of teens said they have talked on a cell phone while driving. According to NHTSA, the highest incidence of distracted driving occurs in the under-20 age group. Other considerations In addition to the distraction element, previous studies indicate that both speeding and seat belt use should be considered among the factors contributing to all fatal crashes, but especially for those happening after dark. Research conducted for NHTSA has shown that belt use varies by as much as 30 percent from daytime to nighttime. In addition, speed is present as a factor in nighttime fatal crashes almost twice as often as it is in crashes during the day. While motorcycle crashes increased substantially during the period examined in this analysis, those crashes do not appear to have contributed to the nighttime trend. During those years, the number of fatal motorcycle crashes did increase sharply, from 2,340 to 4,954. However, the proportion of those crashes happening at night declined from 40 percent to 36.5 percent over the same period. Conclusions The findings of this analysis suggest that alcohol is contributing to an increase in nighttime fatal crashes involving drivers age 20 and older. However, the same is not true for teenage drivers, suggesting 6

that factors other than alcohol are responsible for the trend of increased nighttime crashes for teens. It is likely that distractions (a common driving risk factor for teenagers) in the form of talking or texting on cell phones is prominent among those factors. Other dominant risk factors for teenage drivers (lack of experience, additional teenage passengers, speeding, not wearing seat belts, and alcohol) have been present and well recognized for many years, long before cellular communication became prevalent. However, it is cell phone use propelled by rapid technological advancement and increased affordability that is likely the most notable new driving risk factor for contemporary teens. FARS data is not yet sufficiently comprehensive with regard to the use of in-vehicle technology to support the suggested link between cell phone use and increased nighttime fatal crashes. There is, however, substantial evidence demonstrating that cell phone use is growing rapidly (far more quickly for teenagers than it is for individuals age 20 and older) and that much of that use takes place behind the wheel. Furthermore, there are numerous studies documenting the negative influence that cell phone use has on driving. Clearly, the use of a cell phone complicates the driving task substantially for all drivers. The effects of this risk factor are compounded by the compromised vision and fatigue that characterize the nighttime driving environment, and for teenagers, the problem is further exacerbated by a lack of driving experience. The nighttime risk is the most common one faced by novice drivers, yet only 3 percent of teenagers are aware of the dangers presented by driving at night. Consequently, efforts to reverse the nighttime fatal crash trend face considerable obstacles until greater awareness and understanding of the nighttime driving danger can be achieved, not only among teenage drivers, but also among parents and others who influence those drivers. 7

Percentage of Fatal Crashes Occurring at Night drivers 16 19 Percent of Fatal Crashes at Night Percent of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver Percent of all Fatal Crashes at Night Percent of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver Change in Proportion at Night Change in Proportion of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver 1999 2008 1999 2008 1999 2008 US 45.1 22.4% 49.7 22.2% 10.2% 0.7% Alabama 48.2% 18.3% 47.8% 16.4% 0.8% 10.5% Alaska 53.3% 37.5% 50.0% 0.0% 6.3% 100.0% Arizona 41.3% 33.9% 51.9% 31.5% 25.6% 7.1% Arkansas 41.8% 42.1% 42.1% 21.9% 0.8% 48.0% California 51.4% 19.3% 51.6% 26.6% 0.3% 37.5% Colorado 44.5% 30.2% 43.1% 28.0% 3.2% 7.2% Connecticut 50.0% 27.8% 56.5% 23.1% 13.0% 16.9% Delaware 64.3% 0.0% 41.7% 40.0% 35.2% na District of Columbia 50.0% 0.0% na na na na Florida 52.3% 4.6% 63.2% 17.9% 20.8% 288.2% Georgia 37.3% 10.3% 44.2% 8.2% 18.5% 20.5% Hawaii 53.8% 14.3% 46.7% 0.0% 13.3% 100.0% Idaho 43.6% 16.7% 39.4% 26.1% 9.7% 56.5% Illinois 49.6% 19.8% 56.0% 28.6% 13.0% 44.2% Indiana 42.6% 29.3% 43.4% 10.2% 1.8% 65.2% Iowa 41.2% 42.9% 48.9% 18.2% 18.7% 57.6% Kansas 49.5% 40.0% 51.1% 52.2% 3.4% 30.4% Kentucky 37.4% 34.7% 43.5% 8.1% 16.4% 76.6% Louisiana 52.8% 16.4% 51.1% 1% 20.8% 3.2% 26.9% Maine 34.4% 27.3% 42.9% 0.0% 24.7% 100.0% Maryland 50.4% 12.1% 52.0% 17.9% 3.1% 48.7% Massachusetts 58.2% 23.1% 55.6% 16.0% 4.6% 30.7% Michigan 36.9% 23.2% 50.8% 25.8% 37.4% 11.2% Minnesota 33.9% 14.3% 31.9% 13.3% 5.8% 6.7% Mississippi 45.3% 24.2% 48.1% 8.1% 6.2% 66.5% Missouri 51.8% 27.5% 47.5% 24.1% 8.2% 12.1% Montana 45.0% 55.6% 62.5% 46.7% 38.9% 16.0% Nebraska 41.8% 13.0% 43.2% 50.0% 3.4% 283.3% Nevada 31.7% 15.4% 59.5% 31.8% 87.5% 106.8% New Hampshire 47.1% 25.0% 38.9% 28.6% 17.4% 14.3% New Jersey 50.0% 22.2% 58.1% 14.0% 16.2% 37.2% New Mexico 38.0% 48.1% 47.8% 36.4% 25.8% 24.5% New York 42.1% 19.3% 47.1% 25.0% 11.8% 29.4% North Carolina 34.1% 16.0% 57.4% 13.9% 68.3% 13.4% North Dakota 33.3% 66.7% 50.0% 42.9% 50.0% 35.7% Ohio 46.2% 19.7% 37.7% 24.6% 18.6% 25.1% Oklahoma 41.2% 27.8% 51.0% 11.8% 23.7% 57.6% Oregon 48.0% 33.3% 33.3% 0.0% 30.6% 100.0% Pennsylvania 47.3% 27.0% 38.6% 26.6% 18.5% 1.5% Rhode Island 16.7% 0.0% 28.6% 50.0% 71.4% na 8

Percentage of Fatal Crashes Occurring at Night drivers 20 and older Percent of Fatal Crashes at Night Percent of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver Percent of all Fatal Crashes at Night Percent of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver Change in Proportion at Night Change in Proportion of Night Crashes with Drinking Driver 1999 2008 1999 to 2008 1999 to 2008 US 38.6% 26.3% 41.5% 27.9% 7.6% 6.0% Alabama 40.2% 26.2% 40.7% 25.3% 1.4% 3.5% Alaska 33.7% 36.7% 31.1% 26.1% 7.8% 28.9% Arizona 38.5% 27.7% 35.4% 24.9% 8.0% 10.1% Arkansas 39.5% 37.3% 35.4% 39.9% 10.3% 7.0% California 42.2% 26.3% 45.0% 25.8% 6.7% 1.9% Colorado 30.4% 46.5% 37.9% 39.8% 24.8% 14.5% Connecticut 40.2% 26.6% 36.8% 25.0% 8.4% 5.9% Delaware 44.9% 31.1% 55.8% 46.8% 24.4% 50.1% District of Columbia 71.4% 5.7% 61.9% 15.4% 13.3% 169.2% Florida 42.4% 7.5% 48.2% 27.3% 13.7% 262.2% Georgia 35.1% 12.6% 39.4% 15.0% 12.2% 18.8% Hawaii 46.0% 31.6% 51.6% 28.6% 12.3% 9.5% Idaho 28.2% 38.5% 38.6% 41.2% 37.2% 7.1% Illinois 42.4% 21.8% 41.1% 31.1% 3.0% 42.5% Indiana 33.4% 35.2% 36.3% 16.7% 8.7% 52.7% Iowa 34.6% 35.5% 35.5% 22.8% 2.3% 35.8% Kansas 37.8% 43.0% 44.8% 44.2% 18.5% 2.9% Kentucky 30.4% 36.0% 36.5% 31.8% 20.3% 11.6% Louisiana 45.8% 21.5% 50.2% 32.0% 97% 9.7% 49.1% Maine 30.8% 44.9% 30.7% 29.3% 0.4% 34.8% Maryland 43.1% 29.6% 45.2% 22.6% 4.9% 23.6% Massachusetts 46.5% 18.3% 39.7% 7.1% 14.7% 61.1% Michigan 38.9% 34.3% 35.4% 30.2% 8.9% 12.0% Minnesota 30.1% 30.9% 34.1% 29.6% 13.3% 4.1% Mississippi 39.4% 33.4% 38.1% 13.8% 3.3% 58.7% Missouri 36.2% 24.9% 40.7% 36.0% 12.2% 44.6% Montana 40.6% 47.6% 38.9% 48.0% 4.1% 0.8% Nebraska 35.8% 32.2% 31.8% 39.0% 11.1% 20.9% Nevada 37.8% 21.1% 46.1% 33.7% 22.0% 60.1% New Hampshire 33.9% 50.9% 32.8% 32.8% 3.4% 35.6% New Jersey 36.1% 19.6% 46.1% 23.5% 27.4% 20.0% New Mexico 42.0% 26.8% 39.3% 32.7% 6.3% 21.9% New York 35.6% 18.3% 38.5% 18.2% 8.0% 0.5% North Carolina 35.4% 22.2% 42.0% 26.9% 18.7% 21.4% North Dakota 39.3% 56.3% 44.1% 50.0% 12.0% 11.1% Ohio 34.8% 24.7% 39.9% 28.4% 14.7% 15.2% Oklahoma 36.3% 26.4% 35.6% 24.7% 1.9% 6.3% Oregon 35.8% 19.8% 39.1% 18.3% 9.2% 7.4% Pennsylvania 40.1% 30.2% 40.5% 38.1% 1.0% 26.1% Rhode Island 42.3% 17.0% 56.9% 34.1% 34.5% 100.6% 10

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2008 US LightCond-Freq & % 1 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 2,148 49.7 2,007 46.4 167 3.9 4,322 100.0 1,398 32.3 750 17.4 2,007 46.4 82 1.9 68 1.6 17 0.4 4,322 US less TX 1,928 49.3 1,827 46.7 154 3.9 3,909 100.0 1,275 32.6 653 16.7 1,827 46.7 75 1.9 63 1.6 16 0.4 3,909 Texas 220 53.3 180 43.6 13 3.1 413 100.0 123 29.8 97 23.5 180 43.6 7 1.7 5 1.2 1 0.2 413 Alabama 55 47.8 54 47.0 6 5.2 115 100.0 44 38.3 11 9.6 54 47.0 1 0.9 5 4.3 0 0.0 115 Alaska 6 50.0 6 50.0 0 0.0 12 100.0 4 33.3 2 16.7 6 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 Arizona 54 51.9 42 40.4 8 7.7 104 100.0 32 30.8 22 21.2 42 40.4 2 1.9 2 1.9 4 3.8 104 Arkansas 32 42.1 42 55.3 2 2.6 76 100.0 29 38.2 3 3.9 42 55.3 1 1.3 1 1.3 0 0.0 76 California 192 51.6 167 44.9 13 3.5 372 100.0 93 25.0 99 26.6 167 44.9 9 2.4 4 1.1 0 0.0 372 Colorado 25 43.1 31 53.4 2 3.4 58 100.0 12 20.7 13 22.4 31 53.4 1 1.7 1 1.7 0 0.0 58 Connecticut 13 56.5 10 43.5 0 0.0 23 100.0 7 30.4 6 26.1 10 43.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 23 Delaware 5 41.7 6 50.0 1 8.3 12 100.0 5 41.7 0 0.0 6 50.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 12 District of Columbia 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 0.0 0 Florida 218 63.2 116 33.6 11 3.2 345 100.0 102 29.6 116 33.6 116 33.6 4 1.2 7 2.0 0 0.0 345 Georgia 73 44.2 88 53.3 4 2.4 165 100.0 62 37.6 11 6.7 88 53.3 2 1.2 2 1.2 0 0.0 165 Hawaii 7 46.7 8 53.3 0 0.0 15 100.0 3 20.0 4 26.7 8 53.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 Idaho 13 39.4 16 48.5 4 12.1 33 100.0 10 30.3 3 9.1 16 48.5 3 9.1 0 0.0 1 3.0 33 Illinois 56 56.0 43 43.0 1 1.0 100 100.0 37 37.0 19 19.0 43 43.0 0 0.0 1 1.0 0 0.0 100 Indiana 49 43.4 58 51.3 6 5.3 113 100.0 48 42.5 1 0.9 58 51.3 5 4.4 1 0.9 0 0.0 113 Iowa 22 48.9 23 51.1 0 0.0 45 100.0 15 33.3 7 15.6 23 51.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 45 Kansas 23 51.1 22 48.9 0 0.0 45 100.0 15 33.3 8 17.8 22 48.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 45 Kentucky 37 43.5 44 51.8 4 4.7 85 100.0 30 35.3 7 8.2 44 51.8 3 3.5 1 1.2 0 0.0 85 Louisiana 48 51.1 45 47.9 1 1.1 94 100.0 34 36.2 14 14.9 45 47.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 94 Maine 6 42.9 7 50.0 1 7.1 14 100.0 6 42.9 0 0.0 7 50.0 1 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 Maryland 39 52.0 32 42.7 4 5.3 75 100.0 13 17.3 26 34.7 32 42.7 2 2.7 2 2.7 0 0.0 75 Massachusetts 25 55.6 11 24.4 9 20.0 45 100.0 5 11.1 20 44.4 11 24.4 3 6.7 2 4.4 4 8.9 45 Michigan 66 50.8 59 45.4 5 3.8 130 100.0 42 32.3 24 18.5 59 45.4 5 3.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 130 Minnesota 15 31.9 30 63.8 2 4.3 47 100.0 7 14.9 8 17.0 30 63.8 0 0.0 2 4.3 0 0.0 47 Mississippi 37 48.1 39 50.6 1 1.3 77 100.0 30 39.0 7 9.1 39 50.6 0 0.0 1 1.3 0 0.0 77 Missouri 58 47.5 61 50.0 3 2.5 122 100.0 44 36.1 14 11.5 61 50.0 0 0.0 1 0.8 2 1.6 122 12

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2008 US LightCond-Freq & % 2 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 15 62.5 9 37.5 0 0.0 24 100.0 14 58.3 1 4.2 9 37.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 24 Nebraska 16 43.2 19 51.4 2 5.4 37 100.0 12 32.4 4 10.8 19 51.4 1 2.7 1 2.7 0 0.0 37 Nevada 22 59.5 11 29.7 4 10.8 37 100.0 9 24.3 13 35.1 11 29.7 3 8.1 1 2.7 0 0.0 37 New Hampshire 7 38.9 11 61.1 0 0.0 18 100.0 6 33.3 1 5.6 11 61.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 New Jersey 43 58.1 27 36.5 4 5.4 74 100.0 11 14.9 32 43.2 27 36.5 0 0.0 4 5.4 0 0.0 74 New Mexico 22 47.8 23 50.0 1 2.2 46 100.0 19 41.3 3 6.5 23 50.0 0 0.0 1 2.2 0 0.0 46 New York 56 47.1 60 50.4 3 2.5 119 100.0 25 21.0 31 26.1 60 50.4 2 1.7 1 0.8 0 0.0 119 North Carolina 101 57.4 71 40.3 4 2.3 176 100.0 83 47.2 18 10.2 71 40.3 1 0.6 3 1.7 0 0.0 176 North Dakota 7 50.0 7 50.0 0 0.0 14 100.0 7 50.0 0 0.0 7 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 Ohio 61 37.7 91 56.2 10 6.2 162 100.0 44 27.2 17 10.5 91 56.2 8 4.9 2 1.2 0 0.0 162 Oklahoma 51 51.0 46 46.0 3 3.0 100 100.0 40 40.0 11 11.0 46 46.0 2 2.0 1 1.0 0 0.0 100 Oregon 7 33.3 10 47.6 4 19.0 21 100.0 6 28.6 1 4.8 10 47.6 1 4.8 1 4.8 2 9.5 21 Pennsylvania 64 38.6 96 57.8 6 3.6 166 100.0 55 33.1 9 5.4 96 57.8 2 1.2 3 1.8 1 0.6 166 Rhode Island 2 28.6 5 71.4 0 0.0 7 100.0 0 0.0 2 28.6 5 71.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 South Carolina 58 57.4 38 37.6 5 5.0 101 100.0 50 49.5 8 7.9 38 37.6 2 2.0 3 3.0 0 0.0 101 South Dakota 6 33.3 3 11 61.1 1 1 56 5.6 18 100.0 0 5 27.8 1 56 5.6 11 61.1 1 1 56 5.6 0 00 0.0 0 00 0.0 18 Tennessee 68 52.3 58 44.6 4 3.1 130 100.0 54 41.5 14 10.8 58 44.6 3 2.3 1 0.8 0 0.0 130 Utah 12 40.0 16 53.3 2 6.7 30 100.0 7 23.3 5 16.7 16 53.3 0 0.0 2 6.7 0 0.0 30 Vermont 1 7.7 11 84.6 1 7.7 13 100.0 1 7.7 0 0.0 11 84.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.7 13 Virginia 57 50.0 52 45.6 5 4.4 114 100.0 43 37.7 14 12.3 52 45.6 2 1.8 3 2.6 0 0.0 114 Washington 24 45.3 28 52.8 1 1.9 53 100.0 14 26.4 10 18.9 28 52.8 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 53 West Virginia 12 37.5 18 56.3 2 6.3 32 100.0 11 34.4 1 3.1 18 56.3 2 6.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 32 Wisconsin 38 46.3 41 50.0 3 3.7 82 100.0 26 31.7 12 14.6 41 50.0 1 1.2 2 2.4 0 0.0 82 Wyoming 4 30.8 8 61.5 1 7.7 13 100.0 4 30.8 0 0.0 8 61.5 1 7.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 13

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2008 US LightCond-Freq & % 3 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 18,601 41.5 24,228 54.1 1,974 4.4 44,803 100.0 11,599 25.9 7,002 15.6 24,228 54.1 857 1.9 976 2.2 141 0.3 44,803 US less TX 16,695 41.0 22,258 54.6 1,808 4.4 40,761 100.0 10,536 25.8 6,159 15.1 22,258 54.6 767 1.9 906 2.2 135 0.3 40,761 Texas 1,906 47.2 1,970 48.7 166 4.1 4,042 100.0 1,063 26.3 843 20.9 1,970 48.7 90 2.2 70 1.7 6 0.1 4,042 Alabama 470 40.7 622 53.9 62 5.4 1,154 100.0 362 31.4 108 9.4 622 53.9 29 2.5 32 2.8 1 0.1 1,154 Alaska 23 31.1 46 62.2 5 6.8 74 100.0 17 23.0 6 8.1 46 62.2 3 4.1 1 1.4 1 1.4 74 Arizona 381 35.4 591 54.9 104 9.7 1,076 100.0 172 16.0 209 19.4 591 54.9 32 3.0 40 3.7 32 3.0 1,076 Arkansas 243 35.4 411 59.9 32 4.7 686 100.0 223 32.5 20 2.9 411 59.9 16 2.3 10 1.5 6 0.9 686 California 1,884 45.0 2,138 51.0 169 4.0 4,191 100.0 952 22.7 932 22.2 2,138 51.0 82 2.0 84 2.0 3 0.1 4,191 Colorado 244 37.9 355 55.2 44 6.8 643 100.0 149 23.2 95 14.8 355 55.2 24 3.7 20 3.1 0 0.0 643 Connecticut 120 36.8 193 59.2 13 4.0 326 100.0 42 12.9 78 23.9 193 59.2 5 1.5 8 2.5 0 0.0 326 Delaware 77 55.8 58 42.0 3 2.2 138 100.0 64 46.4 13 9.4 58 42.0 1 0.7 2 1.4 0 0.0 138 District of Columbia 26 61.9 15 35.7 1 2.4 42 100.0 1 2.4 25 59.5 15 35.7 0 0.0 1 2.4 0 0.0 42 Florida 1,803 48.2 1,752 46.9 182 4.9 3,737 100.0 825 22.1 978 26.2 1,752 46.9 74 2.0 101 2.7 7 0.2 3,737 Georgia 727 39.4 1,085 58.7 35 1.9 1,847 100.0 526 28.5 201 10.9 1,085 58.7 21 1.1 14 0.8 0 0.0 1,847 Hawaii 63 51.6 55 45.1 4 3.3 122 100.0 32 26.2 31 25.4 55 45.1 3 2.5 1 0.8 0 0.0 122 Idaho 102 38.6 151 57.2 11 4.2 264 100.0 76 28.8 26 9.8 151 57.2 8 3.0 2 0.8 1 0.4 264 Illinois 533 41.1 723 55.8 40 3.1 1,296 100.0 334 25.8 199 15.4 723 55.8 22 1.7 17 1.3 1 0.1 1,296 Indiana 360 36.3 600 60.5 32 3.2 992 100.0 331 33.4 29 2.9 600 60.5 14 1.4 18 1.8 0 0.0 992 Iowa 184 35.5 313 60.3 22 4.2 519 100.0 141 27.2 43 8.3 313 60.3 11 2.1 10 1.9 1 0.2 519 Kansas 199 44.8 221 49.8 24 5.4 444 100.0 126 28.4 73 16.4 221 49.8 13 2.9 9 2.0 2 0.5 444 Kentucky 365 36.5 583 58.4 51 5.1 999 100.0 302 30.2 63 6.3 583 58.4 17 1.7 34 3.4 0 0.0 999 Louisiana 528 50.2 470 44.7 53 5.0 1,051 100.0 350 33.3 178 16.9 470 44.7 25 2.4 25 2.4 3 0.3 1,051 Maine 58 30.7 120 63.5 11 5.8 189 100.0 48 25.4 10 5.3 120 63.5 5 2.6 6 3.2 0 0.0 189 Maryland 327 45.2 376 51.9 21 2.9 724 100.0 136 18.8 191 26.4 376 51.9 4 0.6 17 2.3 0 0.0 724 Massachusetts 154 39.7 203 52.3 31 8.0 388 100.0 66 17.0 88 22.7 203 52.3 13 3.4 5 1.3 13 3.4 388 Michigan 441 35.4 752 60.4 53 4.3 1,246 100.0 292 23.4 149 12.0 752 60.4 29 2.3 19 1.5 5 0.4 1,246 Minnesota 199 34.1 350 59.9 35 6.0 584 100.0 134 22.9 65 11.1 350 59.9 16 2.7 15 2.6 4 0.7 584 Mississippi 341 38.1 532 59.4 22 2.5 895 100.0 270 30.2 71 7.9 532 59.4 16 1.8 6 0.7 0 0.0 895 Missouri 450 40.7 642 58.0 15 1.4 1,107 100.0 317 28.6 133 12.0 642 58.0 2 0.2 1 0.1 12 1.1 1,107 14

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2008 US LightCond-Freq & % 4 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2008 FARS as of 8-24-09 Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 100 38.9 148 57.6 9 3.5 257 100.0 93 36.2 7 2.7 148 57.6 3 1.2 5 1.9 1 0.4 257 Nebraska 77 31.8 150 62.0 15 6.2 242 100.0 58 24.0 19 7.9 150 62.0 7 2.9 8 3.3 0 0.0 242 Nevada 184 46.1 197 49.4 18 4.5 399 100.0 68 17.0 116 29.1 197 49.4 11 2.8 6 1.5 1 0.3 399 New Hampshire 58 32.8 109 61.6 10 5.6 177 100.0 39 22.0 19 10.7 109 61.6 0 0.0 10 5.6 0 0.0 177 New Jersey 328 46.1 347 48.7 37 5.2 712 100.0 122 17.1 206 28.9 347 48.7 13 1.8 23 3.2 1 0.1 712 New Mexico 153 39.3 226 58.1 10 2.6 389 100.0 126 32.4 27 6.9 226 58.1 1 0.3 8 2.1 1 0.3 389 New York 593 38.5 890 57.8 57 3.7 1,540 100.0 226 14.7 367 23.8 890 57.8 26 1.7 29 1.9 2 0.1 1,540 North Carolina 706 42.0 921 54.8 54 3.2 1,681 100.0 561 33.4 145 8.6 921 54.8 18 1.1 36 2.1 0 0.0 1,681 North Dakota 52 44.1 61 51.7 5 4.2 118 100.0 42 35.6 10 8.5 61 51.7 2 1.7 3 2.5 0 0.0 118 Ohio 584 39.9 826 56.4 54 3.7 1,464 100.0 361 24.7 223 15.2 826 56.4 31 2.1 23 1.6 0 0.0 1,464 Oklahoma 316 35.6 531 59.8 41 4.6 888 100.0 239 26.9 77 8.7 531 59.8 12 1.4 25 2.8 4 0.5 888 Oregon 191 39.1 262 53.6 36 7.4 489 100.0 134 27.4 57 11.7 262 53.6 10 2.0 20 4.1 6 1.2 489 Pennsylvania 741 40.5 998 54.5 92 5.0 1,831 100.0 516 28.2 225 12.3 998 54.5 20 1.1 67 3.7 5 0.3 1,831 Rhode Island 41 56.9 29 40.3 2 2.8 72 100.0 10 13.9 31 43.1 29 40.3 0 0.0 2 2.8 0 0.0 72 South Carolina 494 47.9 482 46.7 56 5.4 1,032 100.0 383 37.1 111 10.8 482 46.7 26 2.5 30 2.9 0 0.0 1,032 South Dakota 34 27.4 88 71.0 2 16 1.6 124 100.0 0 29 23.4 5 4.0 40 88 71.0 0 0.0 00 1 0.8 08 1 0.8 08 124 Tennessee 468 37.9 720 58.3 48 3.9 1,236 100.0 287 23.2 181 14.6 720 58.3 16 1.3 23 1.9 9 0.7 1,236 Utah 103 33.1 190 61.1 18 5.8 311 100.0 78 25.1 25 8.0 190 61.1 11 3.5 5 1.6 2 0.6 311 Vermont 14 15.7 72 80.9 3 3.4 89 100.0 12 13.5 2 2.2 72 80.9 3 3.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 89 Virginia 407 42.7 505 53.0 41 4.3 953 100.0 306 32.1 101 10.6 505 53.0 17 1.8 20 2.1 4 0.4 953 Washington 245 37.8 360 55.6 43 6.6 648 100.0 146 22.5 99 15.3 360 55.6 14 2.2 27 4.2 2 0.3 648 West Virginia 164 37.4 251 57.2 24 5.5 439 100.0 141 32.1 23 5.2 251 57.2 12 2.7 12 2.7 0 0.0 439 Wisconsin 274 35.9 440 57.7 49 6.4 763 100.0 208 27.3 66 8.7 440 57.7 22 2.9 23 3.0 4 0.5 763 Wyoming 66 38.2 98 56.6 9 5.2 173 100.0 63 36.4 3 1.7 98 56.6 7 4.0 2 1.2 0 0.0 173 15

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2007 US LightCond-Freq & % 5 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 2,581 48.9 2,460 46.6 233 4.4 5,274 100.0 1,678 31.8 903 17.1 2,460 46.6 86 1.6 134 2.5 13 0.2 5,274 US less TX 2,341 48.4 2,280 47.1 218 4.5 4,839 100.0 1,528 31.6 813 16.8 2,280 47.1 81 1.7 125 2.6 12 0.2 4,839 Texas 240 55.2 180 41.4 15 3.4 435 100.0 150 34.5 90 20.7 180 41.4 5 1.1 9 2.1 1 0.2 435 Alabama 59 45.0 67 51.1 5 3.8 131 100.0 49 37.4 10 7.6 67 51.1 1 0.8 4 3.1 0 0.0 131 Alaska 6 33.3 10 55.6 2 11.1 18 100.0 4 22.2 2 11.1 10 55.6 0 0.0 2 11.1 0 0.0 18 Arizona 68 51.5 53 40.2 11 8.3 132 100.0 31 23.5 37 28.0 53 40.2 1 0.8 9 6.8 1 0.8 132 Arkansas 38 42.2 47 52.2 5 5.6 90 100.0 33 36.7 5 5.6 47 52.2 0 0.0 2 2.2 3 3.3 90 California 223 53.1 185 44.0 12 2.9 420 100.0 108 25.7 115 27.4 185 44.0 3 0.7 9 2.1 0 0.0 420 Colorado 24 35.3 39 57.4 5 7.4 68 100.0 12 17.6 12 17.6 39 57.4 4 5.9 1 1.5 0 0.0 68 Connecticut 18 40.0 24 53.3 3 6.7 45 100.0 7 15.6 11 24.4 24 53.3 2 4.4 0 0.0 1 2.2 45 Delaware 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0 14 100.0 6 42.9 0 0.0 8 57.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 District of Columbia 2 40.0 3 60.0 0 0.0 5 100.0 0 0.0 2 40.0 3 60.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 Florida 245 56.8 163 37.8 23 5.3 431 100.0 120 27.8 125 29.0 163 37.8 9 2.1 14 3.2 0 0.0 431 Georgia 80 38.8 116 56.3 10 4.9 206 100.0 68 33.0 12 5.8 116 56.3 4 1.9 6 2.9 0 0.0 206 Hawaii 11 73.3 4 26.7 0 0.0 15 100.0 7 46.7 4 26.7 4 26.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 Idaho 15 45.5 15 45.5 3 9.1 33 100.0 12 36.4 3 9.1 15 45.5 2 6.1 1 3.0 0 0.0 33 Illinois 107 55.4 80 41.5 6 3.1 193 100.0 63 32.6 44 22.8 80 41.5 0 0.0 6 3.1 0 0.0 193 Indiana 56 44.1 66 52.0 5 3.9 127 100.0 52 40.9 4 3.1 66 52.0 2 1.6 3 2.4 0 0.0 127 Iowa 30 50.8 26 44.1 3 5.1 59 100.0 24 40.7 6 10.2 26 44.1 2 3.4 1 1.7 0 0.0 59 Kansas 25 38.5 38 58.5 2 3.1 65 100.0 16 24.6 9 13.8 38 58.5 1 1.5 1 1.5 0 0.0 65 Kentucky 45 40.2 64 57.1 3 2.7 112 100.0 40 35.7 5 4.5 64 57.1 1 0.9 2 1.8 0 0.0 112 Louisiana 70 57.4 48 39.3 4 3.3 122 100.0 45 36.9 25 20.5 48 39.3 3 2.5 1 0.8 0 0.0 122 Maine 13 59.1 9 40.9 0 0.0 22 100.0 12 54.5 1 4.5 9 40.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 22 Maryland 34 46.6 37 50.7 2 2.7 73 100.0 21 28.8 13 17.8 37 50.7 1 1.4 1 1.4 0 0.0 73 Massachusetts 32 49.2 29 44.6 4 6.2 65 100.0 9 13.8 23 35.4 29 44.6 1 1.5 0 0.0 3 4.6 65 Michigan 72 46.2 71 45.5 13 8.3 156 100.0 33 21.2 39 25.0 71 45.5 4 2.6 9 5.8 0 0.0 156 Minnesota 29 46.0 30 47.6 4 6.3 63 100.0 22 34.9 7 11.1 30 47.6 2 3.2 2 3.2 0 0.0 63 Mississippi 52 45.6 60 52.6 2 1.8 114 100.0 48 42.1 4 3.5 60 52.6 1 0.9 1 0.9 0 0.0 114 Missouri 56 42.7 75 57.3 0 0.0 131 100.0 46 35.1 10 7.6 75 57.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 131 16

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2007 US LightCond-Freq & % 6 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 11 52.4 9 42.9 1 4.8 21 100.0 11 52.4 0 0.0 9 42.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 4.8 21 Nebraska 21 37.5 32 57.1 3 5.4 56 100.0 16 28.6 5 8.9 32 57.1 2 3.6 1 1.8 0 0.0 56 Nevada 29 67.4 14 32.6 0 0.0 43 100.0 13 30.2 16 37.2 14 32.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 43 New Hampshire 8 44.4 9 50.0 1 5.6 18 100.0 5 27.8 3 16.7 9 50.0 0 0.0 1 5.6 0 0.0 18 New Jersey 45 56.3 32 40.0 3 3.8 80 100.0 16 20.0 29 36.3 32 40.0 0 0.0 3 3.8 0 0.0 80 New Mexico 21 47.7 20 45.5 3 6.8 44 100.0 15 34.1 6 13.6 20 45.5 1 2.3 2 4.5 0 0.0 44 New York 81 48.2 79 47.0 8 4.8 168 100.0 34 20.2 47 28.0 79 47.0 2 1.2 6 3.6 0 0.0 168 North Carolina 95 46.3 99 48.3 11 5.4 205 100.0 74 36.1 21 10.2 99 48.3 5 2.4 6 2.9 0 0.0 205 North Dakota 9 47.4 9 47.4 1 5.3 19 100.0 7 36.8 2 10.5 9 47.4 1 5.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 Ohio 80 46.8 85 49.7 6 3.5 171 100.0 55 32.2 25 14.6 85 49.7 2 1.2 4 2.3 0 0.0 171 Oklahoma 43 44.3 47 48.5 7 7.2 97 100.0 31 32.0 12 12.4 47 48.5 4 4.1 3 3.1 0 0.0 97 Oregon 24 47.1 23 45.1 4 7.8 51 100.0 19 37.3 5 9.8 23 45.1 2 3.9 1 2.0 1 2.0 51 Pennsylvania 94 46.5 100 49.5 8 4.0 202 100.0 65 32.2 29 14.4 100 49.5 4 2.0 4 2.0 0 0.0 202 Rhode Island 7 46.7 8 53.3 0 0.0 15 100.0 2 13.3 5 33.3 8 53.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 South Carolina 54 45.4 62 52.1 3 2.5 119 100.0 45 37.8 9 7.6 62 52.1 1 0.8 2 1.7 0 0.0 119 South Dakota 6 31.6 11 57.9 2 10.5 19 100.0 0 5 26.3 1 53 5.3 11 57.9 1 53 5.3 1 53 5.3 0 00 0.0 19 Tennessee 87 49.2 84 47.5 6 3.4 177 100.0 66 37.3 21 11.9 84 47.5 3 1.7 3 1.7 0 0.0 177 Utah 25 55.6 18 40.0 2 4.4 45 100.0 16 35.6 9 20.0 18 40.0 0 0.0 2 4.4 0 0.0 45 Vermont 5 41.7 6 50.0 1 8.3 12 100.0 5 41.7 0 0.0 6 50.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 12 Virginia 56 47.5 54 45.8 8 6.8 118 100.0 48 40.7 8 6.8 54 45.8 4 3.4 4 3.4 0 0.0 118 Washington 45 54.9 33 40.2 4 4.9 82 100.0 26 31.7 19 23.2 33 40.2 1 1.2 3 3.7 0 0.0 82 West Virginia 18 41.9 21 48.8 4 9.3 43 100.0 17 39.5 1 2.3 21 48.8 2 4.7 1 2.3 1 2.3 43 Wisconsin 51 48.1 52 49.1 3 2.8 106 100.0 41 38.7 10 9.4 52 49.1 1 0.9 1 0.9 1 0.9 106 Wyoming 10 55.6 6 33.3 2 11.1 18 100.0 8 44.4 2 11.1 6 33.3 1 5.6 1 5.6 0 0.0 18 17

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2007 US LightCond-Freq & % 7 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 20,510 41.4 26,979 54.4 2,109 4.3 49,598 100.0 12,803 25.8 7,707 15.5 26,979 54.4 884 1.8 1,054 2.1 171 0.3 49,598 US less TX 18,574 40.9 24,901 54.8 1,965 4.3 45,440 100.0 11,640 25.6 6,934 15.3 24,901 54.8 817 1.8 988 2.2 160 0.4 45,440 Texas 1,936 46.6 2,078 50.0 144 3.5 4,158 100.0 1,163 28.0 773 18.6 2,078 50.0 67 1.6 66 1.6 11 0.3 4,158 Alabama 507 38.6 745 56.7 63 4.8 1,315 100.0 411 31.3 96 7.3 745 56.7 35 2.7 27 2.1 1 0.1 1,315 Alaska 39 40.2 50 51.5 8 8.2 97 100.0 17 17.5 22 22.7 50 51.5 0 0.0 6 6.2 2 2.1 97 Arizona 524 42.1 628 50.4 93 7.5 1,245 100.0 248 19.9 276 22.2 628 50.4 30 2.4 39 3.1 24 1.9 1,245 Arkansas 277 36.7 450 59.6 28 3.7 755 100.0 248 32.8 29 3.8 450 59.6 6 0.8 10 1.3 12 1.6 755 California 2,156 43.8 2,529 51.4 236 4.8 4,921 100.0 1,027 20.9 1,129 22.9 2,529 51.4 95 1.9 126 2.6 15 0.3 4,921 Colorado 241 33.9 432 60.8 37 5.2 710 100.0 123 17.3 118 16.6 432 60.8 20 2.8 17 2.4 0 0.0 710 Connecticut 169 47.7 173 48.9 12 3.4 354 100.0 66 18.6 103 29.1 173 48.9 1 0.3 10 2.8 1 0.3 354 Delaware 80 56.3 59 41.5 3 2.1 142 100.0 67 47.2 13 9.2 59 41.5 2 1.4 1 0.7 0 0.0 142 District of Columbia 32 80.0 8 20.0 0 0.0 40 100.0 0 0.0 32 80.0 8 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 40 Florida 1,904 47.9 1,905 47.9 165 4.2 3,974 100.0 919 23.1 985 24.8 1,905 47.9 74 1.9 83 2.1 8 0.2 3,974 Georgia 792 38.5 1,194 58.1 69 3.4 2,055 100.0 595 29.0 197 9.6 1,194 58.1 37 1.8 32 1.6 0 0.0 2,055 Hawaii 72 48.0 75 50.0 3 2.0 150 100.0 27 18.0 45 30.0 75 50.0 1 0.7 1 0.7 1 0.7 150 Idaho 85 34.3 151 60.9 12 4.8 248 100.0 68 27.4 17 6.9 151 60.9 5 2.0 5 2.0 2 0.8 248 Illinois 662 44.9 773 52.5 38 2.6 1,473 100.0 400 27.2 262 17.8 773 52.5 17 1.2 19 1.3 2 0.1 1,473 Indiana 352 32.0 672 61.1 76 6.9 1,100 100.0 329 29.9 23 2.1 672 61.1 46 4.2 29 2.6 1 0.1 1,100 Iowa 177 35.0 316 62.5 13 2.6 506 100.0 135 26.7 42 8.3 316 62.5 6 1.2 6 1.2 1 0.2 506 Kansas 184 33.4 347 63.0 20 3.6 551 100.0 128 23.2 56 10.2 347 63.0 13 2.4 6 1.1 1 0.2 551 Kentucky 362 34.0 655 61.4 49 4.6 1,066 100.0 281 26.4 81 7.6 655 61.4 17 1.6 32 3.0 0 0.0 1,066 Louisiana 588 51.0 523 45.3 43 3.7 1,154 100.0 375 32.5 213 18.5 523 45.3 23 2.0 18 1.6 2 0.2 1,154 Maine 70 33.3 123 58.6 17 8.1 210 100.0 49 23.3 21 10.0 123 58.6 7 3.3 10 4.8 0 0.0 210 Maryland 321 42.6 396 52.5 37 4.9 754 100.0 140 18.6 181 24.0 396 52.5 12 1.6 24 3.2 1 0.1 754 Massachusetts 211 42.4 238 47.8 49 9.8 498 100.0 80 16.1 131 26.3 238 47.8 8 1.6 10 2.0 31 6.2 498 Michigan 527 39.2 752 56.0 65 4.8 1,344 100.0 303 22.5 224 16.7 752 56.0 23 1.7 38 2.8 4 0.3 1,344 Minnesota 205 28.3 481 66.4 38 5.2 724 100.0 139 19.2 66 9.1 481 66.4 22 3.0 12 1.7 4 0.6 724 Mississippi 395 40.3 566 57.7 20 2.0 981 100.0 320 32.6 75 7.6 566 57.7 11 1.1 9 0.9 0 0.0 981 Missouri 484 41.5 674 57.9 7 0.6 1,165 100.0 345 29.6 139 11.9 674 57.9 0 0.0 3 0.3 4 0.3 1,165 18

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2007 US LightCond-Freq & % 8 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2007 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 118 39.7 166 55.9 13 4.4 297 100.0 109 36.7 9 3.0 166 55.9 1 0.3 10 3.4 2 0.7 297 Nebraska 94 31.5 193 64.8 11 3.7 298 100.0 69 23.2 25 8.4 193 64.8 6 2.0 4 1.3 1 0.3 298 Nevada 190 41.7 241 52.9 25 5.5 456 100.0 69 15.1 121 26.5 241 52.9 14 3.1 11 2.4 0 0.0 456 New Hampshire 48 29.6 109 67.3 5 3.1 162 100.0 33 20.4 15 9.3 109 67.3 2 1.2 3 1.9 0 0.0 162 New Jersey 375 41.7 463 51.5 61 6.8 899 100.0 125 13.9 250 27.8 463 51.5 27 3.0 34 3.8 0 0.0 899 New Mexico 176 40.3 236 54.0 25 5.7 437 100.0 146 33.4 30 6.9 236 54.0 9 2.1 15 3.4 1 0.2 437 New York 614 37.5 959 58.5 66 4.0 1,639 100.0 246 15.0 368 22.5 959 58.5 34 2.1 31 1.9 1 0.1 1,639 North Carolina 775 39.1 1,114 56.2 92 4.6 1,981 100.0 612 30.9 163 8.2 1,114 56.2 39 2.0 48 2.4 5 0.3 1,981 North Dakota 47 47.5 48 48.5 4 4.0 99 100.0 38 38.4 9 9.1 48 48.5 2 2.0 2 2.0 0 0.0 99 Ohio 600 38.8 885 57.2 62 4.0 1,547 100.0 364 23.5 236 15.3 885 57.2 19 1.2 42 2.7 1 0.1 1,547 Oklahoma 332 37.4 521 58.7 34 3.8 887 100.0 223 25.1 109 12.3 521 58.7 21 2.4 11 1.2 2 0.2 887 Oregon 196 37.2 295 56.0 36 6.8 527 100.0 145 27.5 51 9.7 295 56.0 18 3.4 4 0.8 14 2.7 527 Pennsylvania 773 40.2 1,080 56.1 71 3.7 1,924 100.0 510 26.5 263 13.7 1,080 56.1 22 1.1 47 2.4 2 0.1 1,924 Rhode Island 27 44.3 31 50.8 3 4.9 61 100.0 8 13.1 19 31.1 31 50.8 0 0.0 2 3.3 1 1.6 61 South Carolina 618 48.9 610 48.2 37 2.9 1,265 100.0 520 41.1 98 7.7 610 48.2 18 1.4 19 1.5 0 0.0 1,265 South Dakota 52 34.7 92 61.3 6 40 4.0 150 100.0 0 44 29.3 8 5.3 53 92 61.3 2 1.3 13 4 2.7 27 0 0.0 00 150 Tennessee 591 41.2 792 55.3 50 3.5 1,433 100.0 413 28.8 178 12.4 792 55.3 20 1.4 27 1.9 3 0.2 1,433 Utah 116 36.0 194 60.2 12 3.7 322 100.0 86 26.7 30 9.3 194 60.2 2 0.6 9 2.8 1 0.3 322 Vermont 26 35.6 40 54.8 7 9.6 73 100.0 23 31.5 3 4.1 40 54.8 0 0.0 7 9.6 0 0.0 73 Virginia 486 40.0 687 56.5 42 3.5 1,215 100.0 355 29.2 131 10.8 687 56.5 16 1.3 25 2.1 1 0.1 1,215 Washington 266 38.2 395 56.7 36 5.2 697 100.0 152 21.8 114 16.4 395 56.7 9 1.3 23 3.3 4 0.6 697 West Virginia 211 42.3 272 54.5 16 3.2 499 100.0 190 38.1 21 4.2 272 54.5 8 1.6 8 1.6 0 0.0 499 Wisconsin 375 42.5 466 52.8 42 4.8 883 100.0 273 30.9 102 11.6 466 52.8 14 1.6 25 2.8 3 0.3 883 Wyoming 52 33.1 97 61.8 8 5.1 157 100.0 47 29.9 5 3.2 97 61.8 3 1.9 4 2.5 1 0.6 157 19

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2006 US LightCond-Freq & % 9 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 2,757 49.5 2,563 46.0 253 4.5 5,573 100.0 1,806 32.4 951 17.1 2,563 46.0 104 1.9 129 2.3 20 0.4 5,573 US less TX 2,508 49.0 2,372 46.4 234 4.6 5,114 100.0 1,645 32.2 863 16.9 2,372 46.4 96 1.9 118 2.3 20 0.4 5,114 Texas 249 54.2 191 41.6 19 4.1 459 100.0 161 35.1 88 19.2 191 41.6 8 1.7 11 2.4 0 0.0 459 Alabama 66 41.5 86 54.1 7 4.4 159 100.0 54 34.0 12 7.5 86 54.1 2 1.3 5 3.1 0 0.0 159 Alaska 5 45.5 6 54.5 0 0.0 11 100.0 3 27.3 2 18.2 6 54.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 Arizona 80 46.0 79 45.4 15 8.6 174 100.0 29 16.7 51 29.3 79 45.4 4 2.3 3 1.7 8 4.6 174 Arkansas 39 41.9 51 54.8 3 3.2 93 100.0 39 41.9 0 0.0 51 54.8 2 2.2 1 1.1 0 0.0 93 California 276 53.0 218 41.8 27 5.2 521 100.0 135 25.9 141 27.1 218 41.8 13 2.5 14 2.7 0 0.0 521 Colorado 36 53.7 29 43.3 2 3.0 67 100.0 25 37.3 11 16.4 29 43.3 2 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 67 Connecticut 27 57.4 18 38.3 2 4.3 47 100.0 11 23.4 16 34.0 18 38.3 0 0.0 2 4.3 0 0.0 47 Delaware 8 47.1 9 52.9 0 0.0 17 100.0 8 47.1 0 0.0 9 52.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 17 District of Columbia 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 na 0 0.0 0 Florida 257 57.6 168 37.7 21 4.7 446 100.0 120 26.9 137 30.7 168 37.7 13 2.9 7 1.6 1 0.2 446 Georgia 98 44.3 113 51.1 10 4.5 221 100.0 78 35.3 20 9.0 113 51.1 4 1.8 6 2.7 0 0.0 221 Hawaii 10 76.9 2 15.4 1 7.7 13 100.0 4 30.8 6 46.2 2 15.4 1 7.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 Idaho 15 44.1 18 52.9 1 2.9 34 100.0 12 35.3 3 8.8 18 52.9 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 34 Illinois 95 51.6 82 44.6 7 3.8 184 100.0 53 28.8 42 22.8 82 44.6 2 1.1 5 2.7 0 0.0 184 Indiana 62 44.3 73 52.1 5 3.6 140 100.0 61 43.6 1 0.7 73 52.1 3 2.1 2 1.4 0 0.0 140 Iowa 26 45.6 29 50.9 2 3.5 57 100.0 20 35.1 6 10.5 29 50.9 0 0.0 1 1.8 1 1.8 57 Kansas 27 46.6 28 48.3 3 5.2 58 100.0 17 29.3 10 17.2 28 48.3 0 0.0 3 5.2 0 0.0 58 Kentucky 51 39.5 71 55.0 7 5.4 129 100.0 45 34.9 6 4.7 71 55.0 4 3.1 3 2.3 0 0.0 129 Louisiana 65 53.3 53 43.4 4 3.3 122 100.0 42 34.4 23 18.9 53 43.4 3 2.5 1 0.8 0 0.0 122 Maine 9 30.0 20 66.7 1 3.3 30 100.0 6 20.0 3 10.0 20 66.7 1 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 30 Maryland 50 58.8 33 38.8 2 2.4 85 100.0 29 34.1 21 24.7 33 38.8 1 1.2 1 1.2 0 0.0 85 Massachusetts 29 52.7 26 47.3 0 0.0 55 100.0 13 23.6 16 29.1 26 47.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 55 Michigan 66 52.0 56 44.1 5 3.9 127 100.0 37 29.1 29 22.8 56 44.1 2 1.6 3 2.4 0 0.0 127 Minnesota 42 50.0 39 46.4 3 3.6 84 100.0 26 31.0 16 19.0 39 46.4 2 2.4 1 1.2 0 0.0 84 Mississippi 44 41.9 59 56.2 2 1.9 105 100.0 36 34.3 8 7.6 59 56.2 0 0.0 2 1.9 0 0.0 105 Missouri 87 52.7 78 47.3 0 0.0 165 100.0 72 43.6 15 9.1 78 47.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 165 20

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2006 US LightCond-Freq & % 10 of 40 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS 16-19 Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 10 43.5 12 52.2 1 4.3 23 100.0 9 39.1 1 4.3 12 52.2 0 0.0 1 4.3 0 0.0 23 Nebraska 22 45.8 21 43.8 5 10.4 48 100.0 12 25.0 10 20.8 21 43.8 0 0.0 4 8.3 1 2.1 48 Nevada 27 47.4 29 50.9 1 1.8 57 100.0 10 17.5 17 29.8 29 50.9 1 1.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 57 New Hampshire 12 75.0 4 25.0 0 0.0 16 100.0 7 43.8 5 31.3 4 25.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 New Jersey 58 58.6 31 31.3 10 10.1 99 100.0 24 24.2 34 34.3 31 31.3 3 3.0 5 5.1 2 2.0 99 New Mexico 30 61.2 17 34.7 2 4.1 49 100.0 26 53.1 4 8.2 17 34.7 1 2.0 1 2.0 0 0.0 49 New York 71 42.3 88 52.4 9 5.4 168 100.0 30 17.9 41 24.4 88 52.4 3 1.8 5 3.0 1 0.6 168 North Carolina 96 49.0 93 47.4 7 3.6 196 100.0 81 41.3 15 7.7 93 47.4 2 1.0 5 2.6 0 0.0 196 North Dakota 8 40.0 11 55.0 1 5.0 20 100.0 8 40.0 0 0.0 11 55.0 1 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 Ohio 71 40.3 95 54.0 10 5.7 176 100.0 48 27.3 23 13.1 95 54.0 3 1.7 7 4.0 0 0.0 176 Oklahoma 41 40.6 52 51.5 8 7.9 101 100.0 36 35.6 5 5.0 52 51.5 4 4.0 4 4.0 0 0.0 101 Oregon 25 48.1 25 48.1 2 3.8 52 100.0 21 40.4 4 7.7 25 48.1 0 0.0 2 3.8 0 0.0 52 Pennsylvania 97 50.8 84 44.0 10 5.2 191 100.0 72 37.7 25 13.1 84 44.0 4 2.1 4 2.1 2 1.0 191 Rhode Island 6 60.0 4 40.0 0 0.0 10 100.0 3 30.0 3 30.0 4 40.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 South Carolina 54 45.4 59 49.6 6 5.0 119 100.0 41 34.5 13 10.9 59 49.6 3 2.5 3 2.5 0 0.0 119 South Dakota 13 52.0 10 40.0 0 2 80 8.0 25 100.0 0 12 48.0 1 40 4.0 10 40.0 0 1 40 4.0 0 00 0.0 1 40 4.0 25 Tennessee 74 44.0 87 51.8 7 4.2 168 100.0 57 33.9 17 10.1 87 51.8 2 1.2 5 3.0 0 0.0 168 Utah 20 46.5 17 39.5 6 14.0 43 100.0 15 34.9 5 11.6 17 39.5 1 2.3 3 7.0 2 4.7 43 Vermont 4 36.4 6 54.5 1 9.1 11 100.0 4 36.4 0 0.0 6 54.5 0 0.0 1 9.1 0 0.0 11 Virginia 67 54.0 55 44.4 2 1.6 124 100.0 55 44.4 12 9.7 55 44.4 2 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 124 Washington 46 48.9 43 45.7 5 5.3 94 100.0 28 29.8 18 19.1 43 45.7 3 3.2 1 1.1 1 1.1 94 West Virginia 20 39.2 28 54.9 3 5.9 51 100.0 18 35.3 2 3.9 28 54.9 1 2.0 2 3.9 0 0.0 51 Wisconsin 59 53.6 45 40.9 6 5.5 110 100.0 47 42.7 12 10.9 45 40.9 2 1.8 4 3.6 0 0.0 110 Wyoming 7 36.8 12 63.2 0 0.0 19 100.0 6 31.6 1 5.3 12 63.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 21

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2006 US LightCond-Freq & % 11 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + US 20,857 40.9 27,808 54.5 2,339 4.6 51,004 100.0 13,164 25.8 7,693 15.1 27,808 54.5 1019 2.0 1,152 2.3 168 0.3 51,004 US less TX 19,047 40.6 25,624 54.7 2,189 4.7 46,860 100.0 12,094 25.8 6,953 14.8 25,624 54.7 949 2.0 1,078 2.3 162 0.3 46,860 Texas 1,810 43.7 2,184 52.7 150 3.6 4,144 100.0 1,070 25.8 740 17.9 2,184 52.7 70 1.7 74 1.8 6 0.1 4,144 Alabama 510 36.6 812 58.2 73 5.2 1,395 100.0 392 28.1 118 8.5 812 58.2 25 1.8 48 3.4 0 0.0 1,395 Alaska 31 32.3 51 53.1 14 14.6 96 100.0 26 27.1 5 5.2 51 53.1 3 3.1 9 9.4 2 2.1 96 Arizona 560 38.4 753 51.7 144 9.9 1,457 100.0 264 18.1 296 20.3 753 51.7 44 3.0 47 3.2 53 3.6 1,457 Arkansas 261 33.4 492 63.0 28 3.6 781 100.0 239 30.6 22 2.8 492 63.0 7 0.9 17 2.2 4 0.5 781 California 2,280 45.1 2,541 50.3 233 4.6 5,054 100.0 1,155 22.9 1,125 22.3 2,541 50.3 108 2.1 111 2.2 14 0.3 5,054 Colorado 243 37.9 355 55.3 44 6.9 642 100.0 150 23.4 93 14.5 355 55.3 12 1.9 32 5.0 0 0.0 642 Connecticut 179 45.1 198 49.9 20 5.0 397 100.0 59 14.9 120 30.2 198 49.9 5 1.3 12 3.0 3 0.8 397 Delaware 75 40.1 110 58.8 2 1.1 187 100.0 69 36.9 6 3.2 110 58.8 0 0.0 2 1.1 0 0.0 187 District of Columbia 21 51.2 19 46.3 1 2.4 41 100.0 4 9.8 17 41.5 19 46.3 1 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 41 Florida 1,929 45.6 2,138 50.5 165 3.9 4,232 100.0 974 23.0 955 22.6 2,138 50.5 80 1.9 79 1.9 6 0.1 4,232 Georgia 828 38.5 1,240 57.7 82 3.8 2,150 100.0 632 29.4 196 9.1 1,240 57.7 43 2.0 39 1.8 0 0.0 2,150 Hawaii 86 47.0 82 44.8 15 8.2 183 100.0 25 13.7 61 33.3 82 44.8 5 2.7 5 2.7 5 2.7 183 Idaho 90 30.6 190 64.6 14 4.8 294 100.0 80 27.2 10 3.4 190 64.6 4 1.4 7 2.4 3 1.0 294 Illinois 688 46.0 773 51.7 35 2.3 1,496 100.0 392 26.2 296 19.8 773 51.7 16 1.1 18 1.2 1 0.1 1,496 Indiana 440 40.0 620 56.4 40 3.6 1,100 100.0 431 39.2 9 0.8 620 56.4 18 1.6 22 2.0 0 0.0 1,100 Iowa 180 34.5 321 61.6 20 3.8 521 100.0 130 25.0 50 9.6 321 61.6 8 1.5 12 2.3 0 0.0 521 Kansas 189 33.9 345 61.8 24 4.3 558 100.0 117 21.0 72 12.9 345 61.8 12 2.2 12 2.2 0 0.0 558 Kentucky 343 30.6 704 62.9 73 6.5 1,120 100.0 261 23.3 82 7.3 704 62.9 42 3.8 31 2.8 0 0.0 1,120 Louisiana 560 47.5 576 48.9 43 3.6 1,179 100.0 352 29.9 208 17.6 576 48.9 26 2.2 17 1.4 0 0.0 1,179 Maine 68 31.6 139 64.7 8 3.7 215 100.0 50 23.3 18 8.4 139 64.7 2 0.9 6 2.8 0 0.0 215 Maryland 326 39.1 451 54.1 56 6.7 833 100.0 156 18.7 170 20.4 451 54.1 29 3.5 27 3.2 0 0.0 833 Massachusetts 219 43.7 258 51.5 24 4.8 501 100.0 113 22.6 106 21.2 258 51.5 6 1.2 14 2.8 4 0.8 501 Michigan 544 40.1 738 54.4 75 5.5 1,357 100.0 352 25.9 192 14.1 738 54.4 35 2.6 37 2.7 3 0.2 1,357 Minnesota 210 35.7 360 61.1 19 3.2 589 100.0 140 23.8 70 11.9 360 61.1 8 1.4 9 1.5 2 0.3 589 Mississippi 453 43.9 537 52.1 41 4.0 1,031 100.0 354 34.3 99 9.6 537 52.1 19 1.8 22 2.1 0 0.0 1,031 Missouri 541 42.4 727 57.0 7 0.5 1,275 100.0 389 30.5 152 11.9 727 57.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 6 0.5 1,275 22

99-08 Fatal Crash by Age & LightCond.xlsb 2006 US LightCond-Freq & % 12 of 40 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS 20-97+ Year-old Drivers in Fatal Crashes 2006 Final FARS Light Condition Frequency & Percent (All Light Conditions) Light Condition Frequency & Percent (Grouped Light Conditions) Blan k Dusk Dawn + Montana 106 40.0 150 56.6 9 3.4 265 100.0 98 37.0 8 3.0 150 56.6 6 2.3 2 0.8 1 0.4 265 Nebraska 103 37.5 153 55.6 19 6.9 275 100.0 66 24.0 37 13.5 153 55.6 8 2.9 10 3.6 1 0.4 275 Nevada 241 44.8 272 50.6 25 4.6 538 100.0 77 14.3 164 30.5 272 50.6 15 2.8 10 1.9 0 0.0 538 New Hampshire 35 21.5 124 76.1 4 2.5 163 100.0 22 13.5 13 8.0 124 76.1 3 1.8 1 0.6 0 0.0 163 New Jersey 414 43.5 490 51.5 47 4.9 951 100.0 148 15.6 266 28.0 490 51.5 19 2.0 28 2.9 0 0.0 951 New Mexico 205 40.8 284 56.6 13 2.6 502 100.0 173 34.5 32 6.4 284 56.6 6 1.2 7 1.4 0 0.0 502 New York 664 37.9 1,001 57.1 88 5.0 1,753 100.0 270 15.4 394 22.5 1,001 57.1 44 2.5 42 2.4 2 0.1 1,753 North Carolina 688 36.6 1,124 59.8 68 3.6 1,880 100.0 540 28.7 148 7.9 1,124 59.8 29 1.5 38 2.0 1 0.1 1,880 North Dakota 35 31.8 69 62.7 6 5.5 110 100.0 34 30.9 1 0.9 69 62.7 6 5.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 110 Ohio 612 39.8 854 55.6 70 4.6 1,536 100.0 379 24.7 233 15.2 854 55.6 23 1.5 47 3.1 0 0.0 1,536 Oklahoma 326 36.3 539 60.0 34 3.8 899 100.0 290 32.3 36 4.0 539 60.0 20 2.2 14 1.6 0 0.0 899 Oregon 194 35.9 306 56.6 41 7.6 541 100.0 139 25.7 55 10.2 306 56.6 15 2.8 19 3.5 7 1.3 541 Pennsylvania 756 40.7 1,017 54.8 83 4.5 1,856 100.0 511 27.5 245 13.2 1,017 54.8 25 1.3 41 2.2 17 0.9 1,856 Rhode Island 40 46.0 41 47.1 6 6.9 87 100.0 10 11.5 30 34.5 41 47.1 2 2.3 4 4.6 0 0.0 87 South Carolina 570 45.5 599 47.8 85 6.8 1,254 100.0 449 35.8 121 9.6 599 47.8 43 3.4 41 3.3 1 0.1 1,254 South Dakota 73 35.6 118 57.6 14 68 6.8 205 100.0 0 71 34.6 2 1.0 10 118 57.6 4 2.0 20 8 3.9 39 2 1.0 10 205 Tennessee 627 41.1 830 54.4 69 4.5 1,526 100.0 397 26.0 230 15.1 830 54.4 27 1.8 33 2.2 9 0.6 1,526 Utah 100 31.9 197 62.9 16 5.1 313 100.0 77 24.6 23 7.3 197 62.9 8 2.6 8 2.6 0 0.0 313 Vermont 18 19.1 71 75.5 5 5.3 94 100.0 18 19.1 0 0.0 71 75.5 3 3.2 2 2.1 0 0.0 94 Virginia 469 42.7 576 52.5 53 4.8 1,098 100.0 340 31.0 129 11.7 576 52.5 25 2.3 27 2.5 1 0.1 1,098 Washington 308 40.6 421 55.5 29 3.8 758 100.0 189 24.9 119 15.7 421 55.5 11 1.5 14 1.8 4 0.5 758 West Virginia 183 37.3 272 55.5 35 7.1 490 100.0 170 34.7 13 2.7 272 55.5 20 4.1 13 2.7 2 0.4 490 Wisconsin 370 43.6 432 50.9 47 5.5 849 100.0 272 32.0 98 11.5 432 50.9 15 1.8 24 2.8 8 0.9 849 Wyoming 56 24.0 154 66.1 23 9.9 233 100.0 48 20.6 8 3.4 154 66.1 14 6.0 9 3.9 0 0.0 233 23