IEA HEV Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Busses

IEA HEV Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Busses Strategies to Maximize Environmental Benefits of Electric Vehicles Using Life Cycle Assessment Gerfried Jungmeier International Conference on Electric Mobility and Public Transport Santiago, Chile, May 10 11, 2017 www.joanneum.at/life

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles Charging infrastructure Monitoring: Electricity, emissions Additional renewable electricity The consumer Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

Statement on Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles There is international consensus that the environmental effects of electric vehicles can only be analyzed on the basis of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) including the production, operation and the end of life treatment of the vehicles.and in comparison to conventional vehicles

Assessment of LCA-Aspects over Full Value Chain Primary Energy Electricity production Electricity grid Production of vehicle Production of battery Charging infrastructure Electric vehicle Transportation service End of life management Dismantling of vehicle

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy &Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric bus 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 Electricity coal Electricity natural gas Diesel, incl. biofuel blending 1,000 500 0 Electricity PV incl. storage Electricity wind Electricity hydro power 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Energy consumption of bus [kwh/100km] Source: LCA of busses, Joanneum Research

INPUT Area: agriculture, forestry, industry, transport construct. production Inventory Analysis OUTPUT Gaseous emissions e.g. CO, CO 2, NO x, PM Resources: renewable, non renewable Primery energy: renewable, non renewable operation use dismantling End of life Liquid emissions e.g. waste water Solid waste e.g. ash Others e.g. noise odour, radiation Products services

Sustainability in the Life Cycle based on Whole Value Chain Resources & raw materials Products & services Environment Economy Society Environmental, economic and social assessment of sustainability based on scientific indicators

Examples of Sustainability Indicators in LCSA Environment GHG emissions (t CO 2 -eq/a) Primary energy demand (GJ/a) (biomass, renewable, fossil, others) Area demand (ha/a) Economy Production costs ( /a) Revenues from products ( /a) Value added ( /a) Employment (persons/a) Trade balance ( /a) Society Workers Consumers Local community Society Value chain actors (excl. consumers)

Content Conclusions Global EV Fleet Example Austria Activities in IEA HEV Introduction 9

Introduction Overview Activities of Task 30 Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles (2016 2019) Activities on Special IEA-HEV Project Facts and Figures on Environmental benefits of EVs (2016) Results of Task 19 Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles - From raw material resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain (2011 2015)

Task 30 Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles Water Air Land use - resource consumption - waste management Overall environmental effects and their assessment

12 Development of Impact Assessment > 2020 2015 Source: JOANNEUM RESEARCH 2015

Results documented in Glossy Brochure IEA HEV Task xx 2016-2018 Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles F. Austria (eds) with contributions from: A. Belgium, M. Canada, J. Denmark, J. Finland, F. France, H. Germany, W. Ireland, O. Italy, T. Netherlands, K. Portugal, S. Switzerland, U. Sweden, R. Turkey, U. Kingdom, U. States December 20189 Content 1. Methodologies on assessment on environmental effects 2. Frequently asked questions 3. Overview on international studies/literature 4. Analyses of current knowledge and future challenges 5. Communication strategies to stakeholders 6. Analyses of necessary and available data 7. Overview & involvement of key actors & stakeholders 8. R&D demand 9. State of current knowledge and future challenges - methodologies and case studies Effects of electric vehicles on water Effects of electric vehicles on Land use resources waste Effects of electric vehicles on air Conclusions and outlook from LCA to LCSA Overall environmental effects and their assessment of EVs Documentation: proceedings, reports, papers, notes, presentations

Time Planing of next steps: 2016 2019 2016 2017 2018 WS I: Effects of EVs on water, Graz/AUSTRIA 01/2017 Kick-off meeting As decided in 2 nd internal meeting Graz, January 13, 2017 WS III: Effects of EVs on land use/resources/waste, Washington/USA 06/2018 WS II: Effects of EVs on air, Stuttgart/GERMANY, 01/2018 2019 Final Results of Task WS IV: Overall environmental assessment of EVs, Barcelona/Spain 05/2019

Activities 2016 Kick-off meeting detailled specification of aims and role of partners Expert Workshop Water Basis existing methodology&data&case studies Identification of main issues Identification of hot spots on water issues in process chain of EVs, PHEVs and conventional ICEs Findings and Recommendations on e.g. Methodology Blue & Green Water : water consumption, water as resource Grey Water : emissions to water and waste water Water Footprint of Evs Place&date: to be decided and invitations?

Water Issues of EVs&ICE Main Issues? 1. Where in the value chain of EVs and ICE are water issues most relevant? 2. What are these most relevant water issues? 3. What are main methodological aspects to judge on water issues? 4. What are main relevant water impact categories? E.g. blue, green? 5. What is the Water footprint? And its relevance compared to Carbon Footprint? 6. Which data on water do we need to asses these main issues? 7. What are the main research questions on water issues of EVs and ICE? 8. What are main institutions and publications on water issues of EVs and ICE? 9. What could be a common activity on water issues in IEA HEV Task 30?

Source: Elgowainy 2017 Cooling water consumption of thermoelectric generation by utility regions in the USA

Water Consumption of Main Power Production Technologies Source: Pfister et al. 2011

3. Comparison of water issues: EV and ICE life cycle based water consumption of EV might be higher than from ICE, due to electricity production from hydropower and thermal power plants. For ICE the most relevant influence on water consumption depends on the amount of biofuel blended (biodiesel in diesel or bioethanol in gasoline) water withdrawal and consumption for fuel supply show that ICE about 50% of the water withdrawal and about 80% of the water consumption is needed for the fuel supply EV about 90% of the water withdrawal and about 80% of the water consumption is needed for the electricity supply. Water Issues in Value Chain of EVs and ICE 1. ICE (incl. blending of biofuels) Fossil fuel extraction and refining(e.g. Tar sands, oil shale or traditional oil) Cultivation of feedstock for biodiesel and bioethanol (e.g. for B5, E10) Vehicle production 2. EV (only BEV and PHEV): Electricity generation (e.g. thermal open cycle, closed cycle, or hydro power) Battery production (specifically due to of pollutants for mineral extraction)

20 Results of Task 19 Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles (2011 2015) 5 documented Workshops: 1.LCA Methodology and Case Studies of Electric Vehicles, Braunschweig, Germany, December 7, 2012 2.LCA of Vehicle and Battery Production, Chicago, Illinois, United States, April 26, 2013. 3.Recovery of Critical Metals from Vehicles with an Electric Drivetrain, Davos, Switzerland, 9 10, 2013 4.LCA Aspects of Electricity Production, Distribution and Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles, Barcelona, Spain, October 15-16, 2014. 5.LCA of Electric Vehicles Current Status and Future Perspectives, Vienna, Austria, November 11, 2015

The 7 Key Issues in LCA of EVs Broad AGREEMENT kilometres on methodology 1) General issues: state of technology, heating&cooling of vehicle 2) Life cycle modeling: end of life, data quality, allocation, life time 3) Vehicle Cycle: 9,000 production use end additional vehicles? of life e.g. energy demand of vehicle Example: 66,000 BEV in Norway (Norsk elbil forening 2015) 85% substitute fossil driven ICE 15% substitute walking, bicycling, public transport and additional mobility 4) Fuel Cycle (electricity production): PV with storage 5) Inventory analysis: CO 2, MJ, kg <-> CSB5 waste water, heavy metals 6) Impact assessment: GHG, primary energy <-> biodiversity, toxicity 7) Reference system: vehicle size, driving range, 100% substitution? Source: G. Jungmeier, J. B. Dunn, A. Elgowainy, L. Gaines, S. Ehrenberger, E. D. Özdemir, H. J. Althaus, R. Widmer: Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles Key issues of Task 19 of the International Energy Agency (IEA) on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV), TRA 2014 Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris, France, April 14-17, 2014.

Additional Renewable Electricity Production and Electric Vehicles 1. Direct connection 2. Via storage 3. Stored in Grid 4. Real time charging How to connect?

Direct connection Charging of EVs with Additional Renewable Electricity Via storage Stored in grid Real time charging

Emissions for Different Loading Strategies with Additional Renewable Electricity 100 73 28 13 24

Electricity consumption EV at charging point for real driving cycle (e.g. heating/cooling): 15 30 kwh/100 km 25 GHG Emissions of Electric Vehicles - Renewable Electricity diesel & gasoline ICE Average significant GHG reduction (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O): 74-81% Intermediate battery storage assumed 1) PV 20% 2) Wind 10% Source: own calculations using data of ecoinvent

Electricity consumption EV at charging point for real driving cycle (e.g. heating/cooling): 15 30 kwh/100 km PM (< 10 µm)-emissions of Electric Vehicles Renewable Electricity diesel & gasoline ICE Average significant reduction PM-emissions (< 10 µm): 75-87% Intermediate battery storage assumed 1) PV 20% 2) Wind 10% Source: own calculations using data of ecoinvent

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Electricity natural gas Electricity hydro power Electricity UCTE mix Electricity PV incl. storage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kwh/100km] Diesel Biodiesel rape*) Ren-H 2 hydro power FT-Biodiesel wood Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iluc

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Electricity natural gas Electricity hydro power Electricity UCTE mix Increase +30% Electricity PV incl. storage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kwh/100km] Diesel Biodiesel rape*) Ren-H 2 hydro power FT-Biodiesel wood Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iluc

Content Conclusions Global EV Fleet Example Austria Activities in IEA HEV Introduction 29

Background Task 19 Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles (2011 2015) and Task 30 Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicle (2016 2019) worked on and published Estimated Environmental Effects of the Worldwide Electric Vehicle Fleet in 2014 using a harmonized methodology actual LCA data for electricity&vehicles actual vehicle performance data accepted necessary assumptions

Aim of special Project FACTS&FIGURES Provide annually FACTS&FIGURES on life cycle based environmental benefits of EVs worldwide and country specific in comparison to conventional vehicles Based on achievements of Task 19 LCA of EVs

Objectives Analyse and document current *) environmental benefits of EVs compared to substituted conventional ICE vehicles Apply harmonized LCA methodology of finished Task 19 LCA of EVs (2011 2015) Use broad set of available country specific (default) LCA data Scope&Approach LCA of (inter)national EV&PHEV-Fleets Emissions to air: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, SO 2, NO x, PM, NMVOC, CO Cumulated primary energy demand: fossil, renewable, others and nuclear Strong interaction with IEA HEV countries Dissemination & Reporting Objective, Scope&Approach *) and future (optional: scenario based for policy makers)

33 World EV-Fleet (2015): 1,234,999 BEV&PHEV of which 684,700 in IEA HEV countries

34 EV-Fleet in 2015: 1,234,999 vehicles (I)

35 EV-Fleet in 2015: 1,234,999 vehicles (II)

36 Country FACT SHEET

37 Explanation Sheet System boundaries Vehicle data Emissions and environmental effects Assumptions Main data sources Main references Aknowledgement Contact

Content Conclusions Global EV Fleet Example Austria Activities in IEA HEV Introduction 38

39 Country FACT SHEET

40 BASIC DATA: Share of National Electricity Production Austria Source: IEA statistics http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=italy&product=electricityandheat&year=201x

41 BASIC DATA: National Electricity Market Austria Source: IEA statistics http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=italy&product=electricityandheat&year=201x

42 BASIC DATA Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (I) estimated environmental effects of electricity at charging point Austria 2014 2015 global warming (g CO2 eq /kwh) (1) 210 to 262 236 to 294 acidification (g SO2 eq /kwh) (2) 0.5 to 0.62 0.56 to 0.7 ozone formation (g C2H4 eq /kwh) (3) 0.36 to 0.45 0.4 to 0.5 particles (g/kwh) 0.06 to 0.07 0.06 to 0.08 fossil primary energy (kwh/kwh) (4) 0.86 to 1.1 0.96 to 1.2 nuclear primary energy (kwh/kwh) 0.02 to 0.02 0.02 to 0.02 total primary energy (kwh/kwh) (5) 1.6 to 2 1.7 to 2.1 (1) CO 2 -equivalent: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (2) SO 2 -equivalen: sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) (3) C 2 H 4 (ethylene)-eq: non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), CH 4, NO x, carbon monoxide (CO) (4) sum: raw oil, raw natural gas, coal (5) sum: raw oil, raw natural gas, coal, uranium, biomass, solar, wind, water, waste, residues, geothermal (6) energy share of coproduced electricity/heat in CHP plants: 57%/43% Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

43 BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (II) Austria Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

44 Austria BASIC DATA: Number of Electric Vehicle total number of passenger vehicles in Mio. (2015): 4.7 Source: IEA HEV annual report, EVI, ExCo members

45 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of national EV Fleet Austria Source: own calculations

Source: own calculations 46 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change of national EV Fleet estimated annual change of environmental effects (1), (2) 2014 2015 global warming (kt CO2 eq /a) -5.6 to -6.9-8.2 to -10 acidification (t SO2 eq /a) -24 to -29-35 to -44 ozone formation (t C2H4 eq /a) -25 to -31-38 to -47 particles (t/a) -4.7 to -5.9-7.2 to -8.9 fossil primary energy (GWh/a) -13 to -16-18 to -22 nuclear primary energy (GWh/a) <0.01 0.02 to 0.03 total primary energy (GWh/a) -5.5 to -6.8-7.1 to -8.8 Austria estimated change of environmental (1), (2) effects 2014 2015 global warming -48 to -60% -45 to -56% acidification -62 to -77% -59 to -74% ozone formation -68 to -85% -66 to -82% particles -71 to -89% -69 to -86% fossil primary energy -39 to -48% -34 to -43% nuclear primary energy -1.7 to -2.1% 4.8 to 5.9% total primary energy -15 to -19% -12 to -16% (1) of national EV fleet subsituting conventional ICE vehicles (2) reduction is negative value; increase is positive value

47 Main Conclusions Communication strategies are essential: Interaction with stakeholders, show database, explain assumption, communication&thinking in ranges Environmental effects depend on the national framework condition, e.g., national electricity generation. In most of the countries, a significant reduction of these LCA based emissions of up to 90% is reached Estimated broad ranges are mainly due to variation in: Emissions of national electricity production Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g., PM Maximizes environmental benefits with additional renewable electricity Adequate loading strategies to optimize the use of renewable electricity are essential for further significant reductions

48 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV Austria Conventional ICE EV (BEV & PHEV) Source: own calculations

49 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV Norway Conventional ICE EV (BEV & PHEV) Source: own calculations

50 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV USA Conventional ICE EV (BEV & PHEV) Source:

Content Conclusions Global EV Fleet Example Austria Activities in IEA HEV Introduction 51

52 IEA HEV Countries Total: 684,700 BASIC DATA: Number of Electric Vehicle Total: 716,908 EV&PHEV (2015) Source: IEA HEV annual report, EVI, ExCo members

53 BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (I) Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

54 BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ.Effects of Electricity (II) IEA HEV Countries Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

55 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (I) IEA HEV Countries Source: calculated by JOANNEUM RESEARCH and ARGONNE

56 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (II) World

57 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (III) IEA HEV Countries Source: own calculations

58 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (IV) World Source: own calculations

59 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change (I) IEA HEV Countries Source: own calculations

60 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change (II) IEA HEV Countries Source: own calculations

61 Total Results Estimation of the average environmental benefits of BEVs and PHEVs substituting diesel and gasoline globally shows GHG-reduction: - 25% to - 30% PM < 10 reduction: - 40% to - 50% Acidification: 0% to - 5% Ozone reduction: - 50% to - 60% Fossil primary energy reduction - 25% to - 30% Renewable primary energy increase + 10% to + 15% Nuclear primary energy increase + 600% to + 800% Total primary energy reduction - 15% to - 20%

62 Main Conclusions Communication strategies are essential: Interaction with stakeholders, show database, explain assumption, communication&thinking in ranges Environmental effects depend on the national framework condition, e.g., national electricity generation. In most of the countries, a significant reduction of these LCA based emissions of up to 90% is reached Estimated broad ranges are mainly due to variation in: Emissions of national electricity production Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g., PM Maximizes environmental benefits with additional renewable electricity Adequate loading strategies to optimize the use of renewable electricity are essential for further significant reductions

about 1.3 Mio. EVs worldwide (end of 2015): Main countries US, JP, CN, F, DE, NO Summary Additional renewable electricity with adequate charging strategies is essential for further significant reductions Broad estimated ranges mainly due to - Emissions of national electricity production - Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point - Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs - Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g. PM Estimation of environmental effects substituting diesel/gasoline positive environmental effcts Environmental Assessment of EVs only possible on Life Cycle Assessment compared to conventional vehicles

Gerfried Jungmeier JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbh. LIFE Centre for Climate, Energy and Society Future Energy Systems and Lifestyles Elisabethstraße 18 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA Your Contact +43 316 876-1313 www.joanneum.at/eng gerfried.jungmeier@joanneum.at www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-19-life-cycle-assessment-of-evs www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-30-assessment-of-environmental-effects-ofelectric-vehicles/