Emission Control of Vehicles A Road Map For Viet Nam

Emission Control of Vehicles A Road Map For Viet Nam Outline Review Process Summarize The EU Standards Vehicles Fuels Review Technologies June 4, 25 2 What are the Air Quality Concerns? Industrial Emissions Energy Consumption Vehicle Emissions Agriculture Pollutants Pollutants AIR QUALITY URBAN Human Health Concerns GLOBAL Global Warming Acid Rain Ozone Depletion June 4, 25 4

Integrating Science & Policy: How to Evaluate a Emissions Control Strategy? Select Pollution Reduction Strategy Model Changes in Emissions Model Changes in ambient air concentrations of pollutants Model Changes in human exposure Model Changes in Health Effects Model Value of Health Benefits Impact of Clean Vehicles and Fuels On Diesel Vehicle Emissions 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 4% 3% 2% 1% % EURO II Vehicles & Fuels with I/M Percent Reduction in Emissions EURO III Vehicles & Fuels with I/M EURO IV Vehicles & Fuels with I/M PM1 22 PM1 25 22 25 June 4, 25 Source: Camarsa, BAQ 23 6 Costs & Benefits of Clean Fuels and Vehicles Tier 2 Light-duty highway cost benefit Total Cost: $11 billion Total Benefits: $175 billion Preparation of proposals in the EU Consumer & Environmental NGO s MEMBER STATES Industry UN-ECE Source: European Commission Heavy-duty highway other related Commission services, legal service EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG ENTR/F/5 MVWG MVEG MWG WGRTN Tier 4 nonroad 2 4 6 8 1 $ Billion Annually in 23 June 4, 25 7 Commission proposal to the European Parliament & Council for a new Directive Commission proposal for adapting existing Directive to technical progress June 4, 25 8

European Process For Regulations Commission proposal for a new Directive Emissions from gasoline cars co-decision procedure % reduction Economic & Social Committee COUNCIL common position EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 1st reading 1 8 6 2nd reading 4 Possible conciliation Directive of the European Parliament & Council Implementation by Member States June 4, 25 9 2 1984 1986 1988 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 June 4, 25 1 2 22 24 26 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV 28 21 CO + Type-approval: 7/156/EEC MANUFACTURER APPROVAL AUTHORITY Examines & tests where necessary (according to Annex V); Verifies measures to ensure COP in accordance with Article 1 (Annex X); Grants Approvals according to Article 4. APPLICATION (according to Article 3) Documentation according to Annex I & Annex III & SD Approvals & Information folder or Approvals according to UN-ECE Regulations International Best Practice TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATE according to Annex 6 & according to Annex VIII Copies of Approvals to all MS MANUFACTURER issues Certificate of Conformity in accordance with Article 6 MEMBER STATES Register & permit entry into service according to Article 7 June 4, 25 11 June 4, 25 12

Meaningful Emission Control Reductions in New Vehicles Requires a Systems Approach Advanced Engine Designs Low Emissions High Quality Fuel and Lubricants Advanced Emission Controls Retrofit in the case of in-use vehicles June 4, 25 13 Gasoline Car Technology Euro 1: Closed loop three way catalyst; lambda sensor; canister (to control evaporative emissions) Euro II/III/IV: reduce engine out emissions improved catalysts June 4, 25 14 Best Practice Pollution Control System Internal Engine Improvements Improved Fuel System Revised Exhaust System Preheated Catalyst (selected applications) Improved Controls Revised Catalyst Formulation European Emission Standards for Diesel Cars State of the Art 1 5.8 [%] 8 9% 9 6 NO x & 4 1.9 2 ECE R15/4 1.36.56.3.97.9 1 21.2 [%] 8 97% 98% 6 CO 4 2 ECE R15/4 2.72 1..64.5 1 88/436/EEC Particulates.27 8.196 EU 1 81% 91% 6 Limits in [g/km].14 EU 2 4 GVW < 35kg.1 EU 3 Type Approval Values 2 EU 4.5.25 1985 199 1995 2 25 [%] Year DS/EMF2

Heavy-duty vehicles on ETC Limits and technologies % reduction 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 198 1982 1984 1986 1988 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 28 21 PM Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Particulates (g/kw.hr),2,15,1,5 Euro 2 Euro 3 DPF Euro 5 US 27 EGR Euro 4 18 12 8 de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 (g/kw.hr) 6 75 4 combustion process injection pressure # injection holes 5 # valves 2 2 injection rate shaping flexible start of injection June 4, 25 17 June 4, 25 18 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Diesel Particulate Filter CO Aldehydes PAH SO 2 CO 2 H 2 O SO 2 /SO 3 C 2 H 2n+2 Soot Metals PAH Flow through monolith with catalytic coating CO + 1/2 O 2 CO 2 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O PAH + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Aldehydes + O SO 2 +H 2 O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Soot Metals SO 2 +H 2 O June 4, 25 19 June 4, 25 2

PM Catalytic particulate trap cell catalysed filter Filter is regenerated by hot exhaust at a rate that varies with exhaust temperature (may plug if exhaust temperature stays low) Exhaust flow Engine control measures Reduction Exhaust treatment measures Continuously regenerating particulate trap (CRT) NO NO NO to NO2 Catalyst NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 (a good oxidant) causes combustion of filtered PM (thus regenerating the filter) Exhaust flow Fuel injection timing EGR Variable geometry turbocharger urea- SCR catalys t adsorber Active & Passsive de June 4, 25 21 June 4, 25 22 NO NO Adsorber Catalyst NO2 NO2 Urea-Selective Catalytic Reduction SCR Catalyst (S) 4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2 4N 2 + 6H 2 O urea 2NH 3 + NO + NO 2 2N 2 + 3H 2 O (NH 2 ) 2 CO 8NH 3 + 6NO 2 7N 2 + 12H 2 O catalyst converts NO to NO2 Rich ( injection) Phase: >9% efficiency Injected fuel frees stored NO2 stored (as nitrate) on adsorber catalyst June 4, 25 23 CO 3-way catalyst cleans up exhaust H2O N2 CO2 Exhaust Gas V Oxidation Catalyst (V) 2NO + O 2 2NO 2 4 + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O 2CO + O 2 2CO 2 H S O Hydrolysis Catalyst (H) Oxidation Catalyst (O) 4NH 3 + 3O 2 2N 2 + 6H 2 O (NH 2 ) 2 CO + H 2 O 2NH 3 + CO 2 Source June 4, 25 - AECC 24

ÖL Different Crude Oils and Refineries Different Fuels = Different Emissions Blending with 5-12 + Additives different Components Sulfur Olefins Paraff./Napht. Aromatics + Additives Olefins Aromatics Paraff.Napth. Sulfur Gasoline ~2 + Air Different Combustion NO x ~3 Diesel _2129 Formulation? Formulation? CO 2 CO C 6H 6 PAH SO 2 PM Requirement 1996 (Euro 2) 2 (Euro 3) 25 (Euro 4) 29 (Euro 5) Gasoline Selective EU Fuel Quality Requirements Vapour Pressure (Summer) 6 6? max kpa Benzene max Vol % 1 1? Aromatics max Vol % 42 35? Sulphur max ppm 5 15 5/1 1 Diesel Cetane Number min 48 51 51? Density max kg/m3 845 845? Polycyclic Aromatics max Mass % 11 11? Sulphur max ppm 5 35 5/1 1 June 4, 25 26 Fuelchange Gasoline Effects on Emissions Reduction of : Benzene Aromatics Olefins Sulphur Vapor pressure Adjustment Volatility Emissions Addition Oxygenates + 2 % Regulated Unregulated CO Benzene Butadiene Aldehyde o + o ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + + ++ +++ - -- --- - - 2-1 % 1-2 % > 2 % } o --- o o o o ++ o + + + o o o o o/+ o o o o + +++ ++?? o o o Improvement or Deterioration o --- -- Effect Diesel-Fuel Effects on Emissions Poly-Aromatics Back End Distillation (T95) Increase of... Cetane Number - 2-1 % Improvement -- 1-2 % or o + } - 2 % --- > 2 % Deterioration _2137 Vehicle - Emissions LDV / HDV CO Particulates Diesel fuelchange Reduction of: Sulphur o o? / o +/++ Density ++/- ++/ -- o/ + ++/o -/o -/ + +/ o + o/- - /- - -/o +/o + ++ +++ +++/++ +++/+ o - / o

Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel (Gasoline) Percent Increase Compared to 15 PPM Sulfur Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel (Diesel) Percent Increase Compared to 15 PPM Sulfur 6% 5 ppm 8 ppm 1% 94% 35 ppm 5 ppm 67% 9% 7% 8% 4% 7% 33% 3% 6% 4 74% 3% 2% 4% 33% 26% 1% 3% 16% % 2% CO/1 1% % % PM June 4, 25 Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards 29 June 4, 25 Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards 3 Fuel Sulfur Negatively Affects All Catalyst- Based Emission Control Technology Impacts of Sulfur SO 2 Sticks to Catalyst Sites (Chemisorption) Inhibits Gaseous Catalytic Reactions Catalytic Oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 SO 3 Adds to Tailpipe PM Emissions Up to 4 to of SO 2 Can Be Oxidized to SO 3 SO 3 Reacts with Catalyst Base Metal Oxides to Form Metal Sulfate which reduces catalytic activity For Catalyst-Based Diesel Particulate Filters, Sulfur Adversely Effects the Regeneration of the Filter For Adsorbers, Sulfate Clogs Up and Shuts Down the Storage Mechanism O 2 SO 2 Precious Metal Sulfur Effects SO 3 Sulfur inhibition Zeolite or refractory oxide support H 2 SO 4 SO 4 Sulfate make Sulfate Poisoning Transition Metal June 4, 25 31 June 4, 25 32

International Best Practice Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Spreading 5 45 4 35 3 PPM 25 2 15 1 5 US US 26 EU 2 EU 25 EU 25-9 Denmark Sweden Class 1 Germany 23 Japan Japan 24 Japan 25-7 Hong Kong South Korea 26 Taipei, China 27 Australia 26 Thailand 21 Santiago, Chile 24 June 4, 25 33 MMT is An Emerging Fuels Problem Fuel octane under pressure due to elimination of lead Organo-metallic additives are a cheap way to increase octane Experience with these additives shows that they can cause Health problems Technical problems June 4, 25 34 Implications of Recent Study The finding that manganese transport out of the brain occurs via the slow process of diffusion, rather than via carrier-mediated transport, is important: it suggests that no mechanism exists to protect the brain from accumulating manganese. This finding has important implications for neurotoxicity resulting from chronic manganese exposure. Experience with MMT China: Blocked catalytic converter Red Deposits of Manganese-Oxide After 33. km June 4, 25 35 June 4, 25 Source: Schindler, VW 36

CEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCH CEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCH ICCT Conclusions Regarding MMT Considering the available information, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is unable to conclude that the use of MMT will not result in direct adverse health impacts nor that emissions of CO, and from catalyst equipped cars will not increase. Based upon the precautionary principle, the California Air Resources Board banned the use of MMT in unleaded gasoline in 1976. In 1996, the Administrator of the EPA stated, the American public should not be used as a laboratory to test the safety of MMT (Browner 1996). The ICCT believes this statement to be true for the citizens of every country. Consistent with the precautionary principle, the ICCT recommends that countries delay any use of MMT in gasoline at this time, pending the outcome of ongoing health-based studies and further review of the vehicle impacts. Copies of the ICCT Report Available at http://www.cleantransportcouncil.org/index.php Type Approval EC Directives/UN ECE Regulations require third party approval Testing, certification and production of conformity assessment by an independent body Each Member State (MS) required to appoint: Approval Authority: to issue approvals Technical Service: to carry out testing Approval issued by one Approval Authority will be accepted by all MS June 4, 25 37 Dynamometer test cycle Initial 4 seconds warm-up (no sampling) now deleted Sampling from key-on Light Duty: Certification/ R&D Test System Work Shop Analyzer Gasoline UDC EUDC Diesel SOF Pre-Filter Pre-Filter R&D Extension Vietnam Register Emission Laboratory Light Duty Car - Emission System Layout June 4, 25 39 June 4, 25 4

European Steady Cycle (ESC) European Steady Cycle (ESC) Load 1 75 5 25 Mode Speed Load 1 idle - 2 A 1 3 B 5 4 B 75 5 A 5 6 A 75 7 A 25 8 B 1 9 B 25 1 C 1 11 C 25 12 C 75 13 C 5 8% 9% 1% 1% 1% 8% Net power [% of net Pmax] 1 P Pmax max 5 % of P of max Pmax 7% of of P 8 max Pmax 6 4 2 = Control Area = = = = = 1 idle 5 A 75 B C Engine speed 1 idle n lo A B C Engine speed n ref n hi June 4, 25 41 June 4, 25 42 European Load Response (ELR) European Transient Cycle (ETC) Speed C B A 1% Load Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Selected Point Vehicle Speed in km/h 12 1 8 6 4 Urban Rural Motorways 1% 2 Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in sec June 4, 25 43 June 4, 25 44

CEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCH CEB COMBUSTION EMISSION BENCH Heavy Duty: Certification/ R&D Test System R&D Extension 415 439 SOF Pre-Filter Pre-Filter 8 Conformity of Production Witnessed certification testing, issuing of Separate Directive Approvals by the Member State authority, and issue of the WVTA. Audits of COP data/facilities/test facility quality processes on a regular basis (i.e. every 1-2 years). Mandatory COP checks and testing by the manufacturer / holder of the Approval. New for Stage III Light Duty Emission Directive: In-service conformity, potential authority surveillance testing and provision for mandatory recall. Vietnam Register Emission Laboratory Heavy Duty - Emission System Layout June 4, 25 45 Conformity In-Service In-Service Testing For 1 years, Sweden conducted formal (A- 6) in-service surveillance testing to identify models/engine Families not meeting their 5 year / 8,km emission durability requirement for passenger cars. Early testing in Sweden identified concerns for many manufacturers, but later in-service tests have shown a high level of compliance. Conformity In-Service In-Service Testing Stage III emission Directive 98/69/EC introduces specific in-service test criteria /recall provisions: from Jan. 2/21 Stage III limits for 5 years / 8,km, from January 25, Stage IV limits for 5 years / 1,km, In-use compliance testing is a two stage process carried out by the original typeapproval authority: audit of manufacturer supplied information; selection and possible testing of in-use vehicles

In-use Compliance audit TAA reviews manufacturer s in-use compliance report As a requirement of typeapproval, manufacturer submits in-use compliance testing report to TAA for audit Manufacturer provides additional information or test data In use Compliance: Testing Test a minimum three vehicles of the type Increase sample by one vehicle no Outlying emitters? (one test) yes (two tests) Increase sample by one vehicle Does TAA agree manufacturer s inuse report confirms acceptability of vehicle(s)? YES Process complete No further actions NO Does TAA decide that the information is insufficient to reach a decision? NO YES TAA begins formal in-use compliance survey programme on suspect vehicle type(s) no Apply test statistic FAIL? yes no yes PASS? More than one? yes SAMPLE yes has Same cause? FAILED no SAMPLE has PASSED yes Max. sample size? no no