Linking CMV Driver History Records with Crashes Lidia Kostyniuk, Ph.D., P.E. Truck Talk April, 28, 2010
Background Project : Strategies to Reduce CMV-involved Crashes, Fatalities, and injuries in Michigan Client: Michigan Truck Safety Commission Team : Kostyniuk, Blower, Zakrajsek, Compton Included: Use of state driver history data in comparisons of drivers with and without commercial driver licenses (CDLs) Slide 2
Commercial Driver License CDL CDL required for trucks with GVWR or GCWR over 26,000 lb; bus 16+ passengers; school bus; hazmat transport. CDL Issued by states FMCSA standards Knowledge and skills tests No CDL required for trucks w/gvwr 10,000 to 26,000 lb; or small bus. Slide 3
Three questions Do drivers with CDL have better driving records than other drivers? Are previous offenses and crashes reasonable predictors of future offenses and crashes of drivers with CDL? What are the differences between CMV crashes involving drivers with and without CDLs? Slide 4
Data sources Michigan Driver Database (from MDOS) of Dec. 2007 Client data set Driver data set CDL Data set Activity data (conviction file, crash file, action files) Locator Data set Michigan Vehicle Crash Data File (2001-2007) Crash file and Crash location file Unit File and Party file Harmful Even File Driver license File Driver Condition File Driver Condition file Commercial vehicle file from supplemental area of UD-10 Slide 5
Approach Compare records of CDL drivers and light vehicle drivers Compare 2006-07 crashes and offenses of CDL drivers based on their 2001-2005 record Crash-involved CMV drivers Compare CDL drivers with non-cdl drivers Compare drivers with hazardous action in crash vs. those with no hazardous action Slide 6
1. CDL drivers and light vehicle drivers: MI Driver History Records Compare crashes and offenses 2001-2005 Driver had CDL before 2005 Yes CDL Driver No - Light Vehicle Driver All drivers age 21-69 284,459 light vehicle drivers (random sample) 22% 21-29, 57% 30-54, 21% 55-69 52% male 191,590 CDL drivers 4% 21-29, 67% 30-54, 29% 55-69 88% male Slide 7
Crashes % of CDL driver crashes in truck and light vehicle Slide 8
Average per driver per year Light veh driver CDL driver Crashes 0.056 0.133 Injury crashes 0.013 0.026 Fatal crashes 0.00008 0.00062 Alcohol crashes 0.0014 0.0019 Offenses 0.158 0.180 Serious offenses* 0.029 0.032 Alcohol offenses 0.011 0.009 Speeding offenses 0.074 0.102 * Serious offense 3+ points, deliberate risk taking behavior Slide 9
Correcting for exposure Truckers drive more miles than average passenger car driver No good data on miles driven by truckers Especially within the state 2003 average vehicle mileage - FHWA data (VIUS) 11,879 miles - Passenger car and other 2 axle, 4-tire vehicles 27,071 miles SU 2 axle, 6-tire and combination trucks We made following assumptions 1 - Assume driver miles equal vehicle miles 2 - Assume CDL driver also drives light vehicle (assume 6,000 miles year) Slide 10
Average per million miles of travel Light veh driver CDL driver 1 CDL driver 2 Crashes 4.74 4.92 4.02 Injury crashes 1.12 0.96 0.79 Fatal crashes 0.0069 0.0229 0.0188 Alcohol crashes 0.116 0.072 0.059 Offenses 13.31 6.66 5.46 Serious Offenses* 2.45 1.18 0.97 Alcohol Offenses 0.089 0.035 0.029 Speeding Offenses 6.27 3.75 3.07 *Serious offense - 3+ points, deliberate risk taking behavior Slide 11
1. Summary Rates (per driver per year) CDL drivers to light vehicle drivers ~2 X - crashes, injury crashes ~8 X - fatal crashes ~ same - alcohol crashes, offenses, serious offenses, alcohol offenses little higher - speeding offenses Correcting for exposure, rates per vmt ~same or lower - crashes, injury crashes, all offenses lower for alcohol crashes higher - fatal crashes amount depends on assumptions for exposure Slide 12
2. Compare 2006-07 07 crashes and offenses of CDL drivers by 2001 2005 record 7 groups of CDL drivers (age 25-69) All CDL drivers No crashes No crashes or offenses 2+ crashes 2+ speeding offenses 1+ alcohol offense 2+ serious offenses* *Serious offense - 3+ points, deliberate risk taking behavior Slide 13
Age and sex distribution of CDL holder groups CDL driver group 25-29 30-54 55-69 % female All 190,081 (100%) 3.1 68.0 28.9 12.1 No crashes 107,687 (56.7%) 2.4 66.0 31.6 12.2 No crashes or offenses 1.4 61.7 36.9 14.3 69,818 (36.7%) 2+ crashes 28,949 (15.2%) 5.1 72.8 22.1 11.9 2+ speeding offenses 21,882 (11.5%) 7.1 76.6 16.3 5.9 1+ alcohol offense 7,330 (3.9%) 5.8 80.9 13.4 4.4 2+ serious* offenses 4,334 (2.3%) 8.7 77.6 13.6 5.0 * Serious offense - 3+ points, deliberate risk taking behavior Slide 14
Average number of crashes in after period Slide 15
Average number of alcohol crashes in after period Slide 16
Offenses in after period No crash or offense group lowest offense rate for all offenses 2+ speeding offense group highest speeding offense rate 1+ alcohol offense group highest alcohol offense rate (more in light veh than in truck, but highest rate in truck) 2+ serious offense group highest overall offense rate, high speeding offense rate Rate of offenses in truck lower than in light vehicle for all offenses Slide 17
2. Summary Crashes and offenses in past predict crashes and offenses in future High crash rates in after period high crash rate in before period High rate of speed offenses CDL drivers with alcohol offenses in before period highest alcohol crash rate in after period alcohol crashes in trucks in after period Crash rates and offense rates for CDL drivers higher in light veh than in truck Slide 18
3. Crash-Involved CMV Drivers How do CMV drivers with a CDL compare with those who don t have a CDL? Types of crashes and operations Less likely to contribute to crash? Better driving record prior to crash? How do CMV drivers coded with hazardous action compare with those with none? Does a driver s record predict unsafe actions? Slide 19
Comparison of crash-involved truck drivers with CDL to truck drivers with no CDL Match drivers in 2001-2005 Crash file with driver records in Driver history file. 59,215 records matched. Driver considered to have a CDL if held CDL at any point 2001-2005 Slide 20
CMV Drivers in Crashes 2001-2005 by Possession of CDL No CDL, 8.3 CDL, 91.7 59,215 total relevant involvements in the period. 54,301 CMV driver had CDL. 4,914 truck CMV had no CDL. Slide 21
Crash Severity for CMV Drivers with CDL and with No CDL CDL holders Fatal, 0.7 Injury, 18.7 No CDL Fatal, 0.5 Injury, 19.6 PDO, 80.6 PDO, 79.8 Slide 22
Crashes of non-cdl Holders Consistent with Operations Other than Trucking Higher percentage of weekend (11.8% to 7.1%) Crashes less on interstates (10.4% to 15.9%), more on local roads (56.7% to 48.5%) Somewhat more daytime (84.0% to 80.4%) Lower percentage of female (7.2% to 12.8%) Slide 23
Fatigue, Alcohol, Drug Use by CDL Slide 26
Contribution of CMV Drivers to Crashes Use hazardous action coded by police officer to indicate contribution. Compare incidence of hazardous actions for CDL drivers and other CMV drivers. Compare previous driving record of CMV drivers coded with hazardous action. Slide 27
Proportion Coded with Hazardous Action and Citation by CDL License Hazard action 47.9 59.3 Citation 16.0 23.7 No CDL CDL 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 Slide 28
Prior Record of Truck Drivers by CDL Serious offenses 0.240 0.160 Offenses Alcohol crashes Crashes 0.011 0.006 0.560 0.690 1.380 0.890 No CDL CDL 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 Average number of offenses or crashes Note: All differences statistically significant. Slide 29
Prior Record of Truck Drivers by Hazardous Action in Crash Serious offenses 0.190 0.137 Offenses Alcohol crashes Crashes 0.008 0.005 0.785 0.690 0.660 1.086 Haz. Action None 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 Average number of offenses or crashes Note: All differences statistically significant. Slide 30
3. Summary of Driver History of Crash-Involved CMV Drivers Non-CDL holders only 8.3% of crashinvolved drivers. Crash severity similar Non-CDL CMV drivers higher rates: o Hazardous actions o Citations o Alcohol-involvement Slide 31
3. Summary of Driver History of Crash-Involved CMV Drivers Non-CDL CMV drivers have higher rates of prior alcohol crashes, offenses, and serious offenses. CDL holders have higher rates of crashes. At-fault CMV drivers have higher rates of prior crashes, alcohol-related crashes, offenses, and serious offenses. Slide 32
Thank you! Slide 33