Evaluation of the suitability to European conditions of the WNTE control zone concept as set out in the OCE GTR Henk Dekker - TNO Stefan Hausberger, Martin Rexeis - TUG Patrik Soltic EMPA Heinz Steven - TUEV Nord 10 October 2006
WNTE Evaluation European driving conditions European ambient conditions Evaluation WNTE control zone and alternative approaches 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 2
WNTE Ambient Conditions Proposal Measurements valid if altitude < 1680 m above sea level humidity between 7.14 and 10.71 g water per kg dry air. Outside these conditions: correction factors for the emissions. ambient temperature between 12 and approximately 35 C (two options exist). Below 12 C : correction factors, above about 35 C correction factors (option A) or invalidity (option B) 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 3
Analysis of Ambient Conditions in Europe Main alp-crossing transitions Brenner (1375 m), Frejus (1312 m) and Gotthard (1175 m ) lie below the proposed 1680 m Weather: Analysis of daily European weather stations data of the year 2005 (source: NOAA) 2000 3500 70 65 1800 1600 3000 latitude [ ] 60 55 50 1400 1200 1000 800 altitude [m.a.s.l.] number of stations 2500 2000 1500 45 600 1000 40 400 200 500 35-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 station altitude [m.a.s.l.] Average daily temperature of all stations: 9.6 C 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 4
Frequency Distribution of Temperature and Humidity 50 40 hot&dry zone (total 0%) hot zone (total 0%) hot&wet zone (total 0%) 9 8 7 average temperature [ C] 30 20 10 0 dry zone (total 2.5%) cold&dry zone (total 47.2%) WNTE zone (total 20.4%) cold zone (total 11.4%) wet zone (total 18.5%) cold&wet zone (total 0%) 6 5 4 3 2 1 Frequency (%) -10 0 5 10 15 humidity [g/kg] Only 20.4% of average temperatures in 2005 lied within the proposed WNTE conditions 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 5
Geographical Distribution of the Weather Conditions latitude [ ] hot&dry: T > 35 C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg 70 total :0.00016% 60 50 hot: T > 35 C & humidity 7.14...10.71 g/kg 100 100 70 total :0.00016% 80 80 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] hot&wet: T > 35 C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg 70 total :0.0016% 60 50 100 80 60 40 Frequency (%) 40 20 40 20 40 20-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0 dry: T 12...35 C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg 70 total :2.56% 100 70 in WNTE ambient boundaries total :20.4% 100 wet: T 12...35 C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg 70 total :18.5% 100 80 80 80 latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) 40 20 40 20 40 20-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] 0 cold&dry: T < 12 C & humidity < 7.14 g/kg 70 total :47.2% 100 cold: T < 12 C & humidity 7.14...10.71 g/kg 70 total :11.4% 100 cold&wet: T < 12 C & humidity > 10.71 g/kg 70 total :0% 100 80 80 80 latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) latitude [ ] 60 50 60 40 Frequency (%) 40 20 40 20 40 20 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] longitude [ ] northern European and alpine countries are often cold and dry 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 longitude [ ] southern European countries are often wet 0 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 6
Influence of Widening the Zone 5 4.5 contour label: coverage of average 2005 daily conditions (%) 4 80 delta humidity range [g/kg] 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 70 60 50 40 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 minimum zone temperature [ C] 30 current proposal If the minimum zone temperature would be lowered to 5 C and the humidity range would be widened by 3 g/kg, about 65 % of the average European conditions could be covered (instead of ~ 20% with the current proposal) without the use of correction factors. 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 7
Evaluation OCE monitoring approaches Requirements OCE monitoring approach: include all relevant operating conditions shall be able to detect defeat strategies compliant with PEMS 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 8
Methodology Real life driving data 12 representative HDV applications : 45 hours driving from WHDC database - rigid truck (mot / rur / urb) - truck trailer 30t (mot / rur / urb) - truck trailer 40t (mot / rur / urb) - garbage truck (urb) - urban bus (rur / urb) Emission data EURO III: measurements on 24 engines 1 representative engine selected EURO V: only 1 engine measured (SCR concept) Emission model PHEM Measurements Emissions for real life driving Engine load patterns Engine emissions (in 1 Hz resolution) Evaluation of OCE monitoring approaches Covered percentage of HDV applications # monitored emission events max / min / average of emission events Comparison of monitored emission levels with total emission levels 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 9
WNTE current draft Brake specific NOx emissions [g/kwh] / EURO III 350 300 NTE control area 5.0 5.1 5.4 engine power [kw] 250 200 150 6.9 5.6 7.4 4.9 5.0 5.3 100 10.5 4.3 4.9 12.1 4.5 5.3 50 11.5 8.5 6.8 6.7 6.4 15.0 12.2 0 g/kwh = Infinite 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 4.5 engine speed [rpm] 4.6 4.3 5.0 4.4 Minimum sampling period: 30 seconds 4.9 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 10
Distribution of NOx emissions urban bus / urban total WNTE 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 11
Coverage of the draft WNTE (all HDV) (example: EURO III) Coverage total HDV driving in Europe: ~22% time ~33% NOx ~28% PM 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 12
Modified control area based concepts Basic WNTE version: Coverage total HDV fleet (example EURO III): ~22% time ~33% NOx ~28% PM Alternative WNTE version #1: - unchanged control area - minimum sampling period reduced to 10s ~33% time ~53% NOx ~46% PM Alternative WNTE version #2: - enlarged control area - minimum sampling period reduced to 10s ~41% time ~63% NOx ~57% PM Problems: - highly transient operation not covered - interpretability of short emission peaks - PM mass measurement with filter not applicable 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 13
Enlarged WNTE control zone 2500 25% percentile of cumulative engine speed WHTC cycle 2000 70% max power Engine Torque [Nm] 1500 1000 modified NTE Control Area 500 PM carve out 20% max torque 20% max power 0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Engine speed [rpm] 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 14
Alternative approach: Work window Method: Total driving time is measured and evaluated Calculation of [g/kwh] averaged over a fixed amount of engine work ( work window ) engine power [kw] 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 engine power [kw] cumulative positive engine work [kw] 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 cumulative positive engine work [kwh] fixed work window NOx [g/s] 0.450 0.400 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 NOx [g/s] cumulative NOx emissions [g] 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 cumulative NOx emissions [g] 0 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 time [s] 0 0.000 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 time [s] 0 variable time window variable time window 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 15
Work window based emission events 400.0 instantaneous NOx emissions [g/min] work-window events NOx [g/kwh] 6 350.0 W WHTC 5 instantaneous NOx emissions [g/h]. 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 4 3 2 1 work window based NTE events NOx [g/kwh] 0.0 0 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601 2801 3001 3201 3401 3601 3801 4001 4201 4401 4601 4801 5001 time 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 16
Method: Alternative approach: CO 2 specific Total driving time is measured and evaluated Calculation of [g/kg CO 2 ] averaged over a fixed amount of emitted CO 2 ( CO 2 window ) Coverage total HDV fleet (example EURO III): ~99% time ~99% NOx ~99% PM Features of work window and CO 2 specific method: - all relevant operation conditions covered - classification of emission events possible (unavoidable high or defeat strategy ) if boundary conditions for test trip are well defined - PM mass measurement with filter is applicable 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 17
Alternative approach: CO 2 specific Extra advantages CO 2 specific method: - No tricks needed to prevent excessive emissions in [g/kwh] at low loads - Less sensitive to ambient conditions - No ECM, kw or engine speed data necessary - Less sensitive for possible PEMS flow measurement errors 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 18
Alternative approaches: CO2 specific methods CO2 specific NOx emissions [g/kg] / EURO III 350 300 8.0 8.0 8.5 engine power [kw] 250 7.9 7.2 7.9 6.8 200 9.0 7.8 150 11.4 6.4 7.3 11.5 6.6 8.0 100 15.9 19.4 5.7 6.0 6.2 7.4 50 15.0 5.7 5.5 8.7 6.5 18.9 14.6 12.4 0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 engine speed [rpm] 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 19
Alternative approaches: CO2 specific methods within WNTE engine map and 30' window within WNTE engine map and 30' window 120.0% 120.0% relative to emissions within the WNTE ambient conditions zone 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% NOx mass / work NOx mass / CO2 mass relative to emissions within the WNTE ambient conditions zone 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% THC mass / work THC mass / CO2 mass 0.0% all ambient conditions WNTE ambient conditions zone wet zone hot&wet zone hot and hot&dry zone 0.0% all ambient conditions WNTE ambient conditions zone wet zone hot&wet zone hot and hot&dry zone 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 20
Comparison OCE monitoring approaches OCE monitoring approach coverage of relevant operating conditions unavoidable high emissions excluded feasibility with PEMS (*) ECU data necessary WNTE draft WNTE + 10s minimum sampling period - - - + + - - - - - yes yes 10s + enlarged control area o - - - yes Alternatives Work window Compliance factor based on CO 2 specific emissions WNTE + minimum sampling period & work window for averaging of emission events + + o + + + + + + + + - - yes no yes (*) incl. filter-based measurement of PM emissions 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 21
Summary I Findings are based on a large set of driving conditions from the WHDC database & emission data from ARTEMIS + COST 346 + D.A.CH.-NL (only one EURO V HDV): All approaches have specific advantages and disadvantages The actual proposal with a 30 second sampling period covers ~30% of European HDV emissions (large gaps especially in urban and rural driving) > no large additional value to existing type approval Only ~20% of the European weather conditions are covered without the use of correction factors Reducing the minimum temperature from 12 C to 5 C & widening the humidity range by 3 g/kg, leads to a much better coverage of weather conditions (65% instead of 20%) 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 22
Summary II PM mass measurement with filter is not applicable for control area based approaches An alternative with 10 second sampling and enlarged control area covers ~55% of European HDV emissions, but transient and low load urban driving is still not covered > reasonable additional value to existing type approval The work window based approach and the CO 2 specific approach cover all relevant driving situations > large additional value to existing type approval The CO 2 based approach showed lower sensitivity to operating + ambient conditions and does not need measurement of engine work PM mass measurement with filter would be applicable 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 23
Summary III At least for work window and the CO 2 specific approach further boundary conditions for the test trip would have to be defined The test trips and the evaluation should be divided at least into urban driving and highway driving The measured EURO V vehicle would have failed all OCE approaches due to increased emission levels after highly transient load changes and with inactive SCR in low loads; although the overall emission level was low (on average < 2g/kWh but scattering from 0.5 to 8 g/kwh) Without introducing OCE approaches EURO V and VI may have high NOx emission levels in several urban driving conditions which frequently occur 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 24
Open questions Policy questions to define the boundary conditions: Shall OCE monitoring cover the thermal management of the engine and the exhaust gas after treatment too (e.g. cool down of SCR in stop&go)? If yes, low load driving has to be included in the trips Shall future HDV have low NOx emissions also in very unfavourable traffic situations (e.g. highly transient conditions)? If yes, the control area based approach is not suitable Feasibility and costs for manufacturers should be considered too Technological question: How can particulate mass be measured comparable to the type approval with filter method? 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 25
Thank you for your attention! 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 26
Backup Slides 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 27
HDV mileage distribution country / weighting factor share on total HDV mileage mix GER NL A 100.0% 82.3% 10.6% 7.1% motorway 10.9% 9.2% 22.1% 13.5% rigid truck rural 11.0% 10.9% 12.1% 10.4% urban 7.7% 8.1% 5.2% 7.2% motorway 13.9% 14.2% 9.9% 15.7% truck&trailer (GVM: 30t) rural 5.2% 5.4% 3.4% 4.4% urban 2.8% 2.8% 4.0% 2.0% truck&(semi)trailer (GVM: 40t) motorway rural urban 31.4% 10.9% 3.2% 32.5% 11.5% 2.2% 22.9% 8.2% 10.3% 31.4% 8.8% 4.0% garbage truck urban 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% urban bus rural urban 1.1% 1.5% 1.2% 1.6% 0.7% 1.1% 0.2% 2.0% TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 28
Cumulative NOx emissions truck + semitrailer 40t / motorway total WNTE 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 29
WNTE control area + variants Euro III 7.00 9.00 6.00 5.00 5.55 5.84 4.91 4.35 NOx 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.55 8.03 NOx [g/kwh] 4.00 3.00 [g/kwh] 5.00 4.00 4.98 4.23 2.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum 0.00 overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum total trip (overall weighted) WNTE event total trip (overall weighted) NTE event (10s minimum sampling period) 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 9.27 NOx [g/kwh] 6.00 5.00 4.00 5.55 5.13 4.15 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 total trip (overall weighted) overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum NTE event (enlarged control area + 10s minimum sampling period) 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 30
WNTE control area Euro III 7.00 6.00 minimum sampling period: 30s rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 31
WNTE control area variants Euro III WNTE events / NOx brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 minimum sampling period: 10s rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 32
WNTE control area variants Euro III WNTE events / NOx brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 enlarged control area minimum sampling period: 10s rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 33
Work Window approach #1 Euro III 12.00 rigid truck / mot brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 34
Work Window approach #3 Euro III brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 35
CO 2 based compliance factor Euro III Compliance Factor [-] 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 36
WNTE control area + variants - Euro V 3.00 2.50 2.74 2.22 NOx 8.00 7.00 6.00 7.42 NOx [g/kwh] 2.00 1.50 1.92 1.56 [g/kwh] 5.00 4.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.92 1.91 0.50 1.00 0.00 total trip (overall weighted) overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum WNTE event 0.00 total trip (overall weighted) 0.04 overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum NTE event (10s minimum sampling period) 10.00 9.00 8.00 8.61 NOx 7.00 6.00 [g/kwh] 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1.92 total trip (overall weighted) 1.78 0.00 overall maximum overall weighted average overall minimum NTE event (enlarged control area + 10s minimum sampling period) 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 37
WNTE current draft 8.0 Emission events detected for the EURO V (40t truck trailer) brake specific NOx emissions [g/kwh] 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil Total range of emissions with inactive SCR Total range of emissions with active SCR Only 3 events (total duration: 120s) within 10.000 seconds of measurements 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 38
WNTE control area variants - Euro V 3.0 8.0 2.5 7.0 NOx event [g/kwh] 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 NOx event [g/kwh] 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil 10.0 8.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 NOx event [g/kwh] 6.0 5.0 4.0 NOx event [g/kwh] 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 39
Alternative approach: Work Window Euro V 5.0 4.5 Approach 1: W_WHTC Approach 2: 0.5*W_WHTC Approach 3: WHTC; Pmin=4% 10.0 9.0 Approach 1: W_WHTC Approach 2: 0.5*W_WHTC Approach 3: WHTC; Pmin=4% 4.0 8.0 3.5 7.0 NOx [g/kwh] 3.0 2.5 2.0 NOx [g/kwh] 6.0 5.0 4.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% quantil 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% quantil 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 40
Alternative approach: CO 2 Euro V 2.0 3.5 1.8 1.6 NOx CO HC PM 3.0 NOx CO HC PM 1.4 2.5 Compliance Factor [-] 1.2 1.0 0.8 Compliance Factor [-] 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% percentil percentil 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 41
Work Window approach #1 Euro V sim brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur urban bus / urb 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 42
Work Window approach #3 Euro V sim brake specific emissions [g/kwh] 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 43
CO 2 based Euro V (simulated engine) 1.60 1.40 rigid truck / mot rigid truck / rur rigid truck / urb Compliance Factor [-] 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% quantile truck+trailer 30t / mot truck+trailer 30t / rur truck+trailer 30t / urb truck+semitrailer 40t / mot truck+semitrailer 40t / rur truck+semitrailer 40t / urb garbage truck / urb urban bus / rur urban bus / urb 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 44
WNTE limits WNTE limits for EURO III engines EURO III ETC limit [g/kwh] WNTE limit [g/kwh] NOx OICA proposal 04/2006 5.00 6.25 OICA proposal 06/2006 6.36 PM OICA proposal 04/2006 0.16 0.200 OICA proposal 06/2006 0.211 HC 0.78 0.98 CO 5.45 6.81 WNTE limits for EURO V engines EURO V NOx PM ETC limit [g/kwh] WNTE limit [g/kwh] OICA proposal 04/2006 2.00 3.00 OICA proposal 06/2006 2.50 OICA proposal 04/2006 0.03 0.045 OICA proposal 06/2006 0.039 HC 0.55 0.83 CO 4.00 5.00 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 45
Alternative approach: CO 2 specific 1. Assessment of the CO 2 -specific emission behaviour in the type approval cycle TA based on the according emission limits: TA [g emissions /g CO2 ] = (emission limit) transient TA cycle [g/kwh] (carbon content) fuel[ ] 190[g/kWh] 0,273 2. Determination of the CO 2 specific emission events during the OCE monitoring OCE : Boundary constraint: a) In the OCE testing the same fuel has to be used as in type approval test b) The emission events OCE are calculated by averaging the CO 2 specific emissions over periods fixed by the amount of CO 2 emitted in the type approval test: OCE [g emissions /g CO2 ] = (mass CO2) transient TA cycle (mass CO (mass emissions) 2 ) transient TA cycle [g] OCE test [g] 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 46
Alternative approach: CO 2 specific 3. The considered OCE test complies with the regulations, if all compliance factor events CF OCE (calculated by division of the CO 2 specific emission events in the OCE monitoring OCE by the constant CO 2 -specific emission behaviour in the type approval cycle TA ) are lower or equal the defined limit for the compliance factor for passing the OCE regulations CF Fail : CF OCE = OCE TA! CF Fail 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 47
Reasons for HDV OCE monitoring Example: 1 manufacturer, 3 emission standards EURO I EURO II EURO III NOx [(g/h)/kw_ratedpower] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.0 0.9 0.8 Pe/P_rated 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.10.20.3 0.4 0.50.60.7 n_norm 0.8 0.91.0 Nox[(g/h)/kW_ratedpower] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.0 0.8 Pe/P_rated 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 n_norm 1.2 NOx[(g/h)/kW_ratedPower] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-0.2 Pe/P_rated 0.0 0.10.20.3 0.4 0.50.60.7 n_norm 0.8 0.91.0 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 48
Reasons for HDV OCE monitoring 14 12 10 Only one engine measured (SCRconcept) BS NOx [g/kwh] 8 6 4 type approval limit Inactive SCR system (low catalyst temperature) type approval measured 2 real world highway real world city 0 Pre EURO EURO I EURO II EURO III EURO V 1993/94 1995/96 2000/01 2008/09 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 49
Current WNTE control zone 2500 25% percentile of cumulative engine speed WHTC cycle 2000 70% max power Engine Torque [Nm] 1500 1000 NTE Control Area PM carve out 500 30% max torque 30% max power 0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Engine speed [rpm] 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 50
European driving data Basis of the analysis was the European part of the WHDC database, used for the development of a Worldwide Harmonised Heavy-Duty Engine Emissions Test Cycle No of vehicles vehicle category gross vehicle mass in kg rated power in kw distance driven in km motorway rural urban total 1 coach 16000 310 259 136 108 503 1 garbage truck 26500 180 478 478 12 rigid truck 5600 to 24000 50 to 198 1321 1865 1224 4410 16 trailer/semitrailer truck 28000 to 41380 160 to 407 39754 18960 1318 60031 5 urban bus 12300 to 27600 137 to 177 75 958 1033 total 41334 21036 4087 66456 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 51
Percentage of driving time in WNTE zone percentage of time in NTE area related to driving time No time window vehicle category motorway rural urban coach 51.1% 36.2% 19.1% garbage truck 45.9% rigid truck 62.7% 45.1% 25.8% trailer/semitrailer truck 50.7% 44.6% 26.8% urban bus 32.2% 25.0% percentage of time of >= 30 s events in NTE area related to driving time 30 s time window vehicle category motorway rural urban coach 24.2% 4.2% 0.0% garbage truck 15.0% rigid truck 38.6% 13.7% 1.5% trailer/semitrailer truck 30.6% 16.5% 2.1% urban bus 3.6% 1.1% 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 52
Percentage of driving time in WNTE zone percentage of time of >= 20 s events in NTE area related to driving time 20 s time window vehicle category motorway rural urban coach 29.8% 9.8% 0.0% garbage truck 20.2% rigid truck 44.1% 17.7% 3.0% trailer/semitrailer truck 36.4% 22.5% 4.0% urban bus 8.1% 2.9% percentage of time of >= 10 s events in NTE area related to driving time 10 s time window vehicle category motorway rural urban coach 37.0% 19.9% 2.2% garbage truck 28.8% rigid truck 52.0% 27.2% 7.8% trailer/semitrailer truck 43.2% 32.7% 10.2% urban bus 16.5% 8.7% 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 53
Distribution of the duration of NTE events 100% 90% cum frequency 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% veh 3, motorway veh 3, rural veh 3, urban 20% 10% 0% 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 duration of NTE events in s 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 54
Distribution of the duration of NTE events 100% 90% cum frequency 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% veh 6, motorway veh 6, rural veh 6, urban 20% 10% 0% 0 30 60 90 120 150 duration of NTE events in s 10/10/2006 WNTE Evaluation 55