Targeting Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Projects Sam Borgeson Energy and Resource Group UC Berkeley sborgeson@berkeley.edu
EE and DR definitions (for this talk) Energy Efficiency is a permanent* reduction the in energy use associated with a specific energy service Demand Response is a temporary and ondemand reduction the in power allocated to a specific energy service *hopefully! Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 2
Problem Statement Both Energy Efficiency (EE) and Demand Response (DR) programs should* maximize the impact of their finite resources. Strategic approaches to targeting high EE/DR potential buildings can make the most of limited expertise, time, and money. * must? (ask your local utility commission!) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 3
Talk Summary 1. Opportunities for both EE and DR are extremely diverse, especially in commercial buildings 2. Recognizing that diversity and working with it can be extremely important to program outcomes 3. Existing energy meter data can be sufficient to identify high potential program participants 4. Such techniques stand to lower costs and improve outcomes for EE and DR programs Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 4
End uses by commercial building type Energy end use percentages by building type for US buildings. Data from CBECS 2003 (EIA 2006) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 5
Building energy use is highly variable Many factors contribute to building operating strategies and power demand Building type/purpose Site/weather Construction materials Major equipment Controls Occupancy Behavior Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 6
Commissioning: measures implemented Tweaks / Maintenance New Design / Equipment Operations/ Control Data Source: Mills (2009) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 7
Commissioning investment Driven by information Process, not an event or product Source: (Mills 2004) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 8
CA EE program savings (2006 2008) Source: CEC program evaluation Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 9
EE and DR types EE categories DR categories Equipment upgrade Equipment repair Control timing change Control timing change Control setpoint change Control setpoint change service Both intensity require service control intensity Substitution of services Substitution of services Service shutdown Process/service shutdown Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 10
Energy envelope W = winter break S = summer break W S W S Can we explain time varying demand from buildings well enough to inform EE and DR? Date Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 11
Visualizing load 340 Wurster load curve 320 300 280 kw 260 240 Wurster color coded load 220 2AM 4AM 6AM 8AM 10AM 12AM 2PM 4PM 6PM 8PM 10PM 12PM 220 240 260 280 300 320 200 12AM 3AM 6AM 9AM 12PM 3PM 6PM 9PM 12AM time of day Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 12
Building load heat map Winter break day count Fan schedule change 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Wurster Hall (kw) 20 40 60 80 period (15 minute) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 13
Building load curve metrics max (kw) range (kw) high duration (hrs) min, aka base (kw) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 14
What happened in Wurster Hall? 25% reduction in energy } } } } Fan schedule change (high duration) lighting retrofit (min/range) Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR Variable speed ventilation fans (max/range) 15
Load attributes: Daily duration of high load 22 Daily high duration (hrs) 20 18 16 hrs/day 14 12 10 8 6 Fan schedule change 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Days after meter install Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 16
Clusters: Daily max / min Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 17
Outdoor temp vs. energy (Wurster) 9000 Wurster Hall Energy demand vs. degs C above annual min 8000 7000 kwh/day 6000 5000 No A/C 4000 3000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C above minimum temp Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 18
Outdoor temp vs. energy (LSA) kwh/day 3.8 x 104 Life Science Addition Energy demand vs. degs C above annual min 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 A/C dominated 1.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 C above minimum temp Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 19
Building energy metric baselines Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 20
CA ISO Demand Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 21
Building demand vs. Grid demand 100 kw Top 1% Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 22
Conclusions EE and DR opportunities are as diverse as the building stock Both require good information to capture and often rely on well functioning controls Energy meter data contains sufficient information to improve targeting and therefore measurable outcomes of EE and DR programs Questions? Data to analyze? sborgeson@berkeley.edu Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 23
Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 24
Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 25
Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 26
Building load finite difference map Wurster Hall (kw) 50 100 100 day count 150 200 250 300 50 0 350 400-50 450 500 20 40 60 80 period (15 minute) -100 Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 27
Load attributes: Daily max and min 500 Daily max/min (kw) 450 400 350 kw 300 250 200 150 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Days after meter install Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 28
Load attributes: Daily range of load 300 Daily range (kw) Range = max min (kw) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Days after meter install Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 29
Sam Borgeson: Targeting EE & DR 30