Sanitation & Faecal Sludge and Septage Management - Status, Progress, Challenges and Way Forward Arumugam Kalimuthu Program Director WASH Institute WASH Inst.
Basics 1.27 billion people (17.5% of world population) 29 states and 7 union territories National/State/District/Block/Gram Panchayat Village / Hamlet WASH : Two ministries Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) National Govt Policy /Guidelines Financial Assistance State Implementation (Water & Sanitation is State subject)
Sanitation Status
1.2 billion people practise open defecation, 83 per cent of whom live in 13 countries Rest of world, 205 In millions of people India, 665 Indonesia, 66 Ethiopia, 52 Pakistan, 50 China, 37 Nigeria, 29 Brazil, 18 Bangladesh, 18 Sudan, 14 Nepal, 14 Niger, 11 Viet Nam, 10 Mozambique, 10 Rest of world, 205 Globally 1.2 billion people practice open defecation, 55% of them are in India. Among the South Asian countries, again in India is worst performer in term of sanitation coverage. On an average 1000 children die due to diarrhoea in India caused by poor sanitation. It is estimated that around 180 million work days to be lost each year due to poor sanitation in the country. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 India % of Open Defecation in Rural areas in South Asian countries (2006) Nepal Pakistan Afghanistan Maldives Bangladesh % of Open Defecation in Rural areas
Sanitation Coverage Status
The Need $ India has spent over USD 20 Bn on WASH projects in the last 20 years Initiatives, such as, Total Sanitation Campaign (1998), National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (2012) have been undertaken yet ~18% ~24% $54 Bn Over 18% Urban households in India lack individual toilets & ~12% households defecate in open / Only ~6% coverage of public & community toilets Over 24% young girls drop out due to lack of toilets at home or school / ~30% schools don t have separate toilet for girls Lack of Measures for effective containment, transportation and disposal of faecal waste India loses over USD 54 Billion per year due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure (health related, tourism) - 6.4% of GDP or ~$48 per capita
Why Sanitation is critical? Sanitation saves lives of children Diarrhea responsible for 13% child deaths in India Kills an estimated 200,000 children every year Health and nutrition Lack of sanitation leads to physical and cognitive stunting in children, potentially leading to a less productive future workforce Women s security and dignity Open Defecation a serious threat to safety and dignity of women Linked to various crimes against women About 450 million people in rural India defecate in the open. That amounts to almost half of the world s population that defecates in the open. SDG 6 will be achieved only if SBM is successful. WASH Inst.
Sanitation Progress
How is SBM different from previous sanitation programs PM s flagship program + a people s movement Behaviour change at the heart of SBM s strategy (IEC/BCC) 1999 Total Sanitation 1986 Campaign CRSP 2012 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan 2014 Swachh Bharat Mission Focus shifted from outputs to outcomes - toilet construction to ODF Use of innovative techniques, technologies and partnerships Flexibility and autonomy to states Results based approach award the good performers Renewed focus on Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) WASH Inst.
WASH Priorities of Existing Govt. Programs (Urban) Swachh Bharat Mission AMRUT SMART Cities 100% Open Defecation Free (ODF) and 100% scientific waste management across 4041 statutory towns Sustainable Sanitation Practices & Services Delivery Water Supply- Augmentation & Rehabilitation of Existing systems Sewerage Facilities & Septage Management Faecal Sludge Management Adequate Water Supply & Sanitation Water Management: Smart Metering, Leakage identification and its preventive measures; water quality monitoring Waste Water Treatment
Snapshot of SBM-G Progress (crossed 60% coverage) % of rural Households with Toilets Dec-13: 38.81% Feb-17: 60.79% Toilets Built since Oct 2, 2014 34,004,156 No. of ODF Villages 1,61,100 No. of ODF Districts 94 No. of ODF States 3 (Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh & Kerala) States likely to become ODF by March 31st 1. Uttarakhand 2. Gujarat 3. Haryana Coverage Completed 67% - 99% 34% - 66% 0% - 33% WASH Inst. * as of January 31, 2017
Mission Progress-Toilets (Urban) 511 Cities certified Open Defecation Free 50,28,000 Individual Household Toilets completed or under-construction 238,000 Community/Public Toilets completed or under construction
Importance for Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Campaign) - New Currency carries the SBM Logo
Sanitation Challenges?
34 years
Demand Creation (BCC) : Sanitation is not a Hardware and it is a Software
Skill and Capacity Gaps
Source : The Hindu Source : The Times of India Sanitation Incentives ; Simplification of process
Bridge Financing
Technology Innovation
Supply Chain
Deskilling
Ensure sustainable water supply
Lack of Focus on FSSM
What is FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) is the management of safe containment, transportation, treatment, disposal and reuse of faecal sludge and septage.
Status of Sanitation in Urban India
With Decrease in City Size, Dependence on OSS Increases Source : CPR
Shit Flow Diagram
Centralized System : Not a Solution
Existing Situation in India Over 60% of household toilets are beyond the coverage of sewerage network. 7,000+ small towns do not have centralized sewerage systems and are unlikely to be covered by such systems in the near future. Improper design of OSS (septic tank) Illegal dumping of Faecal sludge Lack of private operators in small towns
Unsafe Disposal of Faecal Sludge:
Need For FSSM Weak sanitation has significant health costs and untreated faecal sludge and septage from cities is the single biggest source of water resource pollution in India. With the fast urbanization the conventional sewerage systems are not likely to keep pace with the growing demand in the developing countries like India Centralized system need High CAPEX and OPEX
FSSM : Global Issue Globally, around 2.7 billion people are served by onsite sanitation technologies and it is expected that the number is going to get doubled by 2030. With fast urbanization the conventional sewerage systems are not likely to keep pace with the growing demand in the developing countries Most of the Sewerage systems that have been constructed in low-income countries have failed because of high O & M costs.
The Recent Progress
The Way Forward
Focus on Sanitation ++ Household & Community Sanitation Faecal Sludge & Septage Management Grey Water Management
Village Gram Panchayats District wide Approach Move from Village Wide Approach to District Wide Approach : SCALE
Involvement of private sector in Sanitation Business?
Containment Emptying Need Innovation/Research in Sanitation and FSSM Products Transport Treatment Disposal / Reuse Simple Cost effective Low O&M
Protect Water Bodies by adopting right and appropriate sanitation technological options
Intensive BCC Not only for demand creation. Post implementation support is much more critical
Train / groom more personnel / Professional Ensure Social Engineering aspects part of the syllabus
Champion at Every GP Every Block Every District Every State Dr. P.B. Salim, I.A.S. Source: http://vetconcerns.org/2015/06/02/the-underprivileged-a-vets-saga/
Knowledge Management
Thank You akalimuthu@washinstitute.org Office@washinstitute.org www.washinstitute.org